在本文中,我们使用最初提出的可变长度infilling(VLI)模型进行调查,该模型最初提出缺失缺失段,以“延长”在音乐界限下的现有音乐群。具体而言,作为一个案例研究,我们将20个音乐段扩展到16个条形图到16个条形,并检查VLI模型在使用少数客观指标中保留扩展结果中的音乐界限的程度,包括我们新提出的寄存器直方图相似度。结果表明,VLI模型有可能解决扩展任务。
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State space models (SSMs) have demonstrated state-of-the-art sequence modeling performance in some modalities, but underperform attention in language modeling. Moreover, despite scaling nearly linearly in sequence length instead of quadratically, SSMs are still slower than Transformers due to poor hardware utilization. In this paper, we make progress on understanding the expressivity gap between SSMs and attention in language modeling, and on reducing the hardware barrier between SSMs and attention. First, we use synthetic language modeling tasks to understand the gap between SSMs and attention. We find that existing SSMs struggle with two capabilities: recalling earlier tokens in the sequence and comparing tokens across the sequence. To understand the impact on language modeling, we propose a new SSM layer, H3, that is explicitly designed for these abilities. H3 matches attention on the synthetic languages and comes within 0.4 PPL of Transformers on OpenWebText. Furthermore, a hybrid 125M-parameter H3-attention model that retains two attention layers surprisingly outperforms Transformers on OpenWebText by 1.0 PPL. Next, to improve the efficiency of training SSMs on modern hardware, we propose FlashConv. FlashConv uses a fused block FFT algorithm to improve efficiency on sequences up to 8K, and introduces a novel state passing algorithm that exploits the recurrent properties of SSMs to scale to longer sequences. FlashConv yields 2$\times$ speedup on the long-range arena benchmark and allows hybrid language models to generate text 1.6$\times$ faster than Transformers. Using FlashConv, we scale hybrid H3-attention language models up to 1.3B parameters on the Pile and find promising initial results, achieving lower perplexity than Transformers and outperforming Transformers in zero- and few-shot learning on a majority of tasks in the SuperGLUE benchmark.
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Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in natural language understanding and generation, but the quality bar for medical and clinical applications is high. Today, attempts to assess models' clinical knowledge typically rely on automated evaluations on limited benchmarks. There is no standard to evaluate model predictions and reasoning across a breadth of tasks. To address this, we present MultiMedQA, a benchmark combining six existing open question answering datasets spanning professional medical exams, research, and consumer queries; and HealthSearchQA, a new free-response dataset of medical questions searched online. We propose a framework for human evaluation of model answers along multiple axes including factuality, precision, possible harm, and bias. In addition, we evaluate PaLM (a 540-billion parameter LLM) and its instruction-tuned variant, Flan-PaLM, on MultiMedQA. Using a combination of prompting strategies, Flan-PaLM achieves state-of-the-art accuracy on every MultiMedQA multiple-choice dataset (MedQA, MedMCQA, PubMedQA, MMLU clinical topics), including 67.6% accuracy on MedQA (US Medical License Exam questions), surpassing prior state-of-the-art by over 17%. However, human evaluation reveals key gaps in Flan-PaLM responses. To resolve this we introduce instruction prompt tuning, a parameter-efficient approach for aligning LLMs to new domains using a few exemplars. The resulting model, Med-PaLM, performs encouragingly, but remains inferior to clinicians. We show that comprehension, recall of knowledge, and medical reasoning improve with model scale and instruction prompt tuning, suggesting the potential utility of LLMs in medicine. Our human evaluations reveal important limitations of today's models, reinforcing the importance of both evaluation frameworks and method development in creating safe, helpful LLM models for clinical applications.
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Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.
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在本文中,我们提出了一条基于截短的签名距离函数(TSDF)体积的接触点检测的新型抓紧管道,以实现闭环7度自由度(7-DOF)在杂物环境上抓住。我们方法的关键方面是1)提议的管道以多视图融合,接触点采样和评估以及碰撞检查,可提供可靠且无碰撞的7-DOF抓手姿势,并带有真实的碰撞 - 时间性能;2)基于接触的姿势表示有效地消除了基于正常方法的歧义,从而提供了更精确和灵活的解决方案。广泛的模拟和实体机器人实验表明,在模拟和物理场景中,就掌握成功率而言,提出的管道可以选择更多的反物和稳定的抓握姿势,并优于基于正常的基线。
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自动扬声器验证(ASV)已在现实生活中广泛用于身份认证。但是,随着语音转换的快速发展,语音合成算法和记录设备质量的提高,ASV系统很容易受到欺骗攻击。近年来,有关合成和重播语音检测的许多作品,研究人员提出了许多基于手工制作的特征的反欺骗方法,以提高合成和重播语音检测系统的准确性和鲁棒性。但是,使用手工制作的功能而不是原始波形将丢失某些信息进行抗旋转,这将降低系统的检测性能。受图像分类任务中Convnext的有希望的性能的启发,我们将Convnext网络体系结构相应地扩展到SPOOF攻击任务,并提出了端到端的反欺骗模型。通过将扩展体系结构与频道注意块相结合,提出的模型可以专注于最有用的语音表示子频段,以改善反欺骗性的性能。实验表明,对于ASVSPOOF 2019 LA评估数据集和PA评估数据集,我们提出的最佳单个系统可以达到1.88%和2.79%的误差率,这证明了该模型的抗SpoFofing能力。
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现有的数据驱动和反馈流量控制策略不考虑实时数据测量的异质性。此外,对于缺乏数据效率,传统的加固学习方法(RL)方法通常会缓慢收敛。此外,常规的最佳外围控制方案需要对系统动力学的精确了解,因此对内源性不确定性会很脆弱。为了应对这些挑战,这项工作提出了一种基于不可或缺的增强学习(IRL)的方法来学习宏观交通动态,以进行自适应最佳周边控制。这项工作为运输文献做出了以下主要贡献:(a)开发连续的时间控制,并具有离散增益更新以适应离散时间传感器数据。 (b)为了降低采样复杂性并更有效地使用可用数据,将体验重播(ER)技术引入IRL算法。 (c)所提出的方法以“无模型”方式放松模型校准的要求,该方式可以稳健地进行建模不确定性,并通过数据驱动的RL算法增强实时性能。 (d)通过Lyapunov理论证明了基于IRL的算法和受控交通动力学的稳定性的收敛性。最佳控制定律被参数化,然后通过神经网络(NN)近似,从而缓解计算复杂性。在不需要模型线性化的同时,考虑了状态和输入约束。提出了数值示例和仿真实验,以验证所提出方法的有效性和效率。
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ICECUBE是一种用于检测1 GEV和1 PEV之间大气和天体中微子的光学传感器的立方公斤阵列,该阵列已部署1.45 km至2.45 km的南极的冰盖表面以下1.45 km至2.45 km。来自ICE探测器的事件的分类和重建在ICeCube数据分析中起着核心作用。重建和分类事件是一个挑战,这是由于探测器的几何形状,不均匀的散射和冰中光的吸收,并且低于100 GEV的光,每个事件产生的信号光子数量相对较少。为了应对这一挑战,可以将ICECUBE事件表示为点云图形,并将图形神经网络(GNN)作为分类和重建方法。 GNN能够将中微子事件与宇宙射线背景区分开,对不同的中微子事件类型进行分类,并重建沉积的能量,方向和相互作用顶点。基于仿真,我们提供了1-100 GEV能量范围的比较与当前ICECUBE分析中使用的当前最新最大似然技术,包括已知系统不确定性的影响。对于中微子事件分类,与当前的IceCube方法相比,GNN以固定的假阳性速率(FPR)提高了信号效率的18%。另外,GNN在固定信号效率下将FPR的降低超过8(低于半百分比)。对于能源,方向和相互作用顶点的重建,与当前最大似然技术相比,分辨率平均提高了13%-20%。当在GPU上运行时,GNN能够以几乎是2.7 kHz的中位数ICECUBE触发速率的速率处理ICECUBE事件,这打开了在在线搜索瞬态事件中使用低能量中微子的可能性。
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基于最大元素间间距(IES)约束(MISC)标准,提出了一种新型的稀疏阵列(SA)结构。与传统的MISC阵列相比,所提出的SA配置称为改进的MISC(IMISC),显着提高了均匀的自由度(UDOF)并减少了相互耦合。特别是,IMISC阵列由六个均匀的线性阵列(ULA)组成,可以由IES集确定。IES集受两个参数的约束,即最大IE和传感器数。也得出了IMISC阵列的UDOF,并且也分析了IMISC阵列的重量函数。拟议的IMISC阵列在对现有SAS的UDOF方面具有很大的优势,而它们的相互耦合保持低水平。进行模拟以证明IMISC阵列的优势。
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脑小血管疾病的成像标记提供了有关脑部健康的宝贵信息,但是它们的手动评估既耗时又受到实质性内部和间际变异性的阻碍。自动化评级可能受益于生物医学研究以及临床评估,但是现有算法的诊断可靠性尚不清楚。在这里,我们介绍了\ textIt {血管病变检测和分割}(\ textit {v textit {where valdo?})挑战,该挑战是在国际医学图像计算和计算机辅助干预措施(MICCAI)的卫星事件中运行的挑战(MICCAI) 2021.这一挑战旨在促进大脑小血管疾病的小而稀疏成像标记的自动检测和分割方法的开发,即周围空间扩大(EPVS)(任务1),脑微粒(任务2)和预先塑造的鞋类血管起源(任务3),同时利用弱和嘈杂的标签。总体而言,有12个团队参与了针对一个或多个任务的解决方案的挑战(任务1 -EPVS 4,任务2 -Microbleeds的9个,任务3 -lacunes的6个)。多方数据都用于培训和评估。结果表明,整个团队和跨任务的性能都有很大的差异,对于任务1- EPV和任务2-微型微型且对任务3 -lacunes尚无实际的结果,其结果尤其有望。它还强调了可能阻止个人级别使用的情况的性能不一致,同时仍证明在人群层面上有用。
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