以时间序列形式出现的信号测量是医疗机学习应用中使用的最常见数据类型之一。这样的数据集的大小通常很小，收集和注释昂贵，并且可能涉及隐私问题，这阻碍了我们培训用于生物医学应用的大型，最先进的深度学习模型的能力。对于时间序列数据，我们可以用来扩展数据集大小的数据增强策略套件受到维护信号的基本属性的限制。生成对抗网络（GAN）可以用作另一种数据增强工具。在本文中，我们提出了TTS-CGAN，这是一种基于变压器的条件GAN模型，可以在现有的多级数据集上进行训练，并生成特定于类的合成时间序列序列的任意长度。我们详细介绍了模型架构和设计策略。由我们的模型生成的合成序列与真实的序列无法区分，可以用来补充或替换相同类型的真实信号，从而实现了数据增强的目标。为了评估生成的数据的质量，我们修改小波相干度量指标，以比较两组信号之间的相似性，还可以进行案例研究，其中使用合成和真实数据的混合来训练深度学习模型用于序列分类。与其他可视化技术和定性评估方法一起，我们证明TTS-CGAN生成的合成数据类似于真实数据，并且我们的模型的性能优于为时间序列数据生成而构建的其他最先进的GAN模型。

以时间序列形式出现的信号测量是医疗机学习应用中使用的最常见数据类型之一。但是，这样的数据集通常很小，使深度神经网络体系结构的培训无效。对于时间序列，我们可以用来扩展数据集大小的数据增强技巧套件受到维护信号的基本属性的限制。生成对抗网络（GAN）生成的数据可以用作另一个数据增强工具。基于RNN的GAN遭受了这样一个事实，即它们无法有效地模拟具有不规则时间关系的长序列数据点。为了解决这些问题，我们介绍了TTS-GAN，这是一种基于变压器的GAN，可以成功生成与实际长度相似的任意长度的现实合成时间序列数据序列。 GAN模型的生成器和鉴别网络均使用纯变压器编码器体系结构构建。我们使用可视化和降低降低技术来证明真实和生成的时间序列数据的相似性。我们还将生成数据的质量与最佳现有替代方案进行了比较，即基于RNN的时间序列GAN。

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

基于可穿戴传感器的人类动作识别（HAR）最近取得了杰出的成功。但是，基于可穿戴传感器的HAR的准确性仍然远远落后于基于视觉模式的系统（即RGB视频，骨架和深度）。多样化的输入方式可以提供互补的提示，从而提高HAR的准确性，但是如何利用基于可穿戴传感器的HAR的多模式数据的优势很少探索。当前，可穿戴设备（即智能手表）只能捕获有限的非视态模式数据。这阻碍了多模式HAR关联，因为它无法同时使用视觉和非视态模态数据。另一个主要挑战在于如何在有限的计算资源上有效地利用可穿戴设备上的多模式数据。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种新型的渐进骨骼到传感器知识蒸馏（PSKD）模型，该模型仅利用时间序列数据，即加速度计数据，从智能手表来解决基于可穿戴传感器的HAR问题。具体而言，我们使用来自教师（人类骨架序列）和学生（时间序列加速度计数据）模式的数据构建多个教师模型。此外，我们提出了一种有效的渐进学习计划，以消除教师和学生模型之间的绩效差距。我们还设计了一种称为自适应信心语义（ACS）的新型损失功能，以使学生模型可以自适应地选择其中一种教师模型或所需模拟的地面真实标签。为了证明我们提出的PSKD方法的有效性，我们对伯克利-MHAD，UTD-MHAD和MMACT数据集进行了广泛的实验。结果证实，与以前的基于单传感器的HAR方法相比，提出的PSKD方法具有竞争性能。

Recent neural radiance field (NeRF) representation has achieved great success in the tasks of novel view synthesis and 3D reconstruction. However, they suffer from the catastrophic forgetting problem when continuously learning from streaming data without revisiting the previous training data. This limitation prohibits the application of existing NeRF models to scenarios where images come in sequentially. In view of this, we explore the task of incremental learning for neural radiance field representation in this work. We first propose a student-teacher pipeline to mitigate the catastrophic forgetting problem. Specifically, we iterate the process of using the student as the teacher at the end of each incremental step and let the teacher guide the training of the student in the next step. In this way, the student network is able to learn new information from the streaming data and retain old knowledge from the teacher network simultaneously. Given that not all information from the teacher network is helpful since it is only trained with the old data, we further introduce a random inquirer and an uncertainty-based filter to filter useful information. We conduct experiments on the NeRF-synthetic360 and NeRF-real360 datasets, where our approach significantly outperforms the baselines by 7.3% and 25.2% in terms of PSNR. Furthermore, we also show that our approach can be applied to the large-scale camera facing-outwards dataset ScanNet, where we surpass the baseline by 60.0% in PSNR.

Domain shift widely exists in the visual world, while modern deep neural networks commonly suffer from severe performance degradation under domain shift due to the poor generalization ability, which limits the real-world applications. The domain shift mainly lies in the limited source environmental variations and the large distribution gap between source and unseen target data. To this end, we propose a unified framework, Style-HAllucinated Dual consistEncy learning (SHADE), to handle such domain shift in various visual tasks. Specifically, SHADE is constructed based on two consistency constraints, Style Consistency (SC) and Retrospection Consistency (RC). SC enriches the source situations and encourages the model to learn consistent representation across style-diversified samples. RC leverages general visual knowledge to prevent the model from overfitting to source data and thus largely keeps the representation consistent between the source and general visual models. Furthermore, we present a novel style hallucination module (SHM) to generate style-diversified samples that are essential to consistency learning. SHM selects basis styles from the source distribution, enabling the model to dynamically generate diverse and realistic samples during training. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our versatile SHADE can significantly enhance the generalization in various visual recognition tasks, including image classification, semantic segmentation and object detection, with different models, i.e., ConvNets and Transformer.

Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) is an NLP task aimed at determining the correct sense of a word in a sentence from discrete sense choices. Although current systems have attained unprecedented performances for such tasks, the nonuniform distribution of word senses during training generally results in systems performing poorly on rare senses. To this end, we consider data augmentation to increase the frequency of these least frequent senses (LFS) to reduce the distributional bias of senses during training. We propose Sense-Maintained Sentence Mixup (SMSMix), a novel word-level mixup method that maintains the sense of a target word. SMSMix smoothly blends two sentences using mask prediction while preserving the relevant span determined by saliency scores to maintain a specific word's sense. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to apply mixup in NLP while preserving the meaning of a specific word. With extensive experiments, we validate that our augmentation method can effectively give more information about rare senses during training with maintained target sense label.

Video-grounded Dialogue (VGD) aims to decode an answer sentence to a question regarding a given video and dialogue context. Despite the recent success of multi-modal reasoning to generate answer sentences, existing dialogue systems still suffer from a text hallucination problem, which denotes indiscriminate text-copying from input texts without an understanding of the question. This is due to learning spurious correlations from the fact that answer sentences in the dataset usually include the words of input texts, thus the VGD system excessively relies on copying words from input texts by hoping those words to overlap with ground-truth texts. Hence, we design Text Hallucination Mitigating (THAM) framework, which incorporates Text Hallucination Regularization (THR) loss derived from the proposed information-theoretic text hallucination measurement approach. Applying THAM with current dialogue systems validates the effectiveness on VGD benchmarks (i.e., AVSD@DSTC7 and AVSD@DSTC8) and shows enhanced interpretability.

Existing state-of-the-art method for audio-visual conditioned video prediction uses the latent codes of the audio-visual frames from a multimodal stochastic network and a frame encoder to predict the next visual frame. However, a direct inference of per-pixel intensity for the next visual frame from the latent codes is extremely challenging because of the high-dimensional image space. To this end, we propose to decouple the audio-visual conditioned video prediction into motion and appearance modeling. The first part is the multimodal motion estimation module that learns motion information as optical flow from the given audio-visual clip. The second part is the context-aware refinement module that uses the predicted optical flow to warp the current visual frame into the next visual frame and refines it base on the given audio-visual context. Experimental results show that our method achieves competitive results on existing benchmarks.

Semantic segmentation in 3D indoor scenes has achieved remarkable performance under the supervision of large-scale annotated data. However, previous works rely on the assumption that the training and testing data are of the same distribution, which may suffer from performance degradation when evaluated on the out-of-distribution scenes. To alleviate the annotation cost and the performance degradation, this paper introduces the synthetic-to-real domain generalization setting to this task. Specifically, the domain gap between synthetic and real-world point cloud data mainly lies in the different layouts and point patterns. To address these problems, we first propose a clustering instance mix (CINMix) augmentation technique to diversify the layouts of the source data. In addition, we augment the point patterns of the source data and introduce non-parametric multi-prototypes to ameliorate the intra-class variance enlarged by the augmented point patterns. The multi-prototypes can model the intra-class variance and rectify the global classifier in both training and inference stages. Experiments on the synthetic-to-real benchmark demonstrate that both CINMix and multi-prototypes can narrow the distribution gap and thus improve the generalization ability on real-world datasets.