目的：机器学习技术已广泛用于12铅心电图（ECG）分析。对于生理时间序列，基于领域知识的深度学习（DL）优势（FE）方法仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。此外，尚不清楚将DL与FE结合起来是否可以提高性能。方法：我们考虑了要解决这些研究差距的三个任务：心律不齐的诊断（多类 - 甲状腺素分类），房颤风险预测（二进制分类）和年龄估计（回归）。我们使用2.3m 12铅ECG录音的总体数据集来培训每个任务的以下模型：i）随机森林将FE作为输入作为经典的机器学习方法培训； ii）端到端DL模型； iii）Fe+DL的合并模型。结果：FE得出的结果与DL产生了可比的结果，同时需要较少的两个分类任务数据，并且对于回归任务而言，DL的表现优于DL。对于所有任务，将FE与DL合并并不能单独提高DL的性能。结论：我们发现，对于传统的12铅ECG诊断任务，DL并未对FE产生有意义的改进，而它显着改善了非传统回归任务。我们还发现，将FE与DL相结合并不能单独改善DL，这表明FE与DL学到的功能是多余的。意义：我们的发现提供了有关哪种机器学习策略和数据制度的重要建议，可以选择基于12 Lead ECG开发新机器学习模型的任务。

Non-invasive prostate cancer detection from MRI has the potential to revolutionize patient care by providing early detection of clinically-significant disease (ISUP grade group >= 2), but has thus far shown limited positive predictive value. To address this, we present an MRI-based deep learning method for predicting clinically significant prostate cancer applicable to a patient population with subsequent ground truth biopsy results ranging from benign pathology to ISUP grade group~5. Specifically, we demonstrate that mixed supervision via diverse histopathological ground truth improves classification performance despite the cost of reduced concordance with image-based segmentation. That is, where prior approaches have utilized pathology results as ground truth derived from targeted biopsies and whole-mount prostatectomy to strongly supervise the localization of clinically significant cancer, our approach also utilizes weak supervision signals extracted from nontargeted systematic biopsies with regional localization to improve overall performance. Our key innovation is performing regression by distribution rather than simply by value, enabling use of additional pathology findings traditionally ignored by deep learning strategies. We evaluated our model on a dataset of 973 (testing n=160) multi-parametric prostate MRI exams collected at UCSF from 2015-2018 followed by MRI/ultrasound fusion (targeted) biopsy and systematic (nontargeted) biopsy of the prostate gland, demonstrating that deep networks trained with mixed supervision of histopathology can significantly exceed the performance of the Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) clinical standard for prostate MRI interpretation.

Synthetic data generation has recently gained widespread attention as a more reliable alternative to traditional data anonymization. The involved methods are originally developed for image synthesis. Hence, their application to the typically tabular and relational datasets from healthcare, finance and other industries is non-trivial. While substantial research has been devoted to the generation of realistic tabular datasets, the study of synthetic relational databases is still in its infancy. In this paper, we combine the variational autoencoder framework with graph neural networks to generate realistic synthetic relational databases. We then apply the obtained method to two publicly available databases in computational experiments. The results indicate that real databases' structures are accurately preserved in the resulting synthetic datasets, even for large datasets with advanced data types.

Evaluating new techniques on realistic datasets plays a crucial role in the development of ML research and its broader adoption by practitioners. In recent years, there has been a significant increase of publicly available unstructured data resources for computer vision and NLP tasks. However, tabular data -- which is prevalent in many high-stakes domains -- has been lagging behind. To bridge this gap, we present Bank Account Fraud (BAF), the first publicly available privacy-preserving, large-scale, realistic suite of tabular datasets. The suite was generated by applying state-of-the-art tabular data generation techniques on an anonymized,real-world bank account opening fraud detection dataset. This setting carries a set of challenges that are commonplace in real-world applications, including temporal dynamics and significant class imbalance. Additionally, to allow practitioners to stress test both performance and fairness of ML methods, each dataset variant of BAF contains specific types of data bias. With this resource, we aim to provide the research community with a more realistic, complete, and robust test bed to evaluate novel and existing methods.

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.

科学机器学习（SCIML）是对几个不同应用领域的兴趣越来越多的领域。在优化上下文中，基于SCIML的工具使得能够开发更有效的优化方法。但是，必须谨慎评估和执行实施优化的SCIML工具。这项工作提出了稳健性测试的推论，该测试通过表明其结果尊重通用近似值定理，从而确保了基于多物理的基于SCIML的优化的鲁棒性。该测试应用于一种新方法的框架，该方法在一系列基准测试中进行了评估，以说明其一致性。此外，将提出的方法论结果与可行优化的可行区域进行了比较，这需要更高的计算工作。因此，这项工作为保证在多目标优化中应用SCIML工具的稳健性测试提供了比存在的替代方案要低的计算努力。

味道是遵循社会趋势和行为的风味行业的焦点。新调味剂和分子的研究和开发在该领域至关重要。另一方面，自然风味的发展在现代社会中起着至关重要的作用。鉴于此，目前的工作提出了一个基于科学机器学习的新颖框架，以在风味工程和行业中解决新的问题。因此，这项工作带来了一种创新的方法来设计新的自然风味分子。评估了有关合成可及性，原子数以及与天然或伪天然产物的相似性的分子。

从电影心脏磁共振（CMR）成像中恢复心脏的3D运动可以评估区域心肌功能，对于理解和分析心血管疾病很重要。但是，3D心脏运动估计是具有挑战性的，因为获得的Cine CMR图像通常是2D切片，它限制了对整个平面运动的准确估计。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一个新颖的多视图运动估计网络（Mulvimotion），该网络集成了以短轴和长轴平面获取的2D Cine CMR图像，以学习心脏的一致性3D运动场。在提出的方法中，构建了一个混合2D/3D网络，以通过从多视图图像中学习融合表示形式来生成密集的3D运动场。为了确保运动估计在3D中保持一致，在训练过程中引入了形状正则化模块，其中利用了来自多视图图像的形状信息，以提供3D运动估计的弱监督。我们对来自英国生物银行研究的580名受试者的2D Cine CMR图像进行了广泛评估，用于左心室心肌的3D运动跟踪。实验结果表明，该方法在定量和定性上优于竞争方法。

该论文描述了铁路数据集，这是葡萄牙波尔图市的城市地铁公共交通服务的预测维护项目的结果。数据是在2020年至2022年之间收集的，旨在开发用于在线异常检测和故障预测的机器学习方法。通过捕获几个类似的传感器信号（压力，温度，电流消耗），数字信号（控制信号，离散信号）和GPS信息（纬度，经度和速度），我们提供了一个框架，可以轻松使用和开发用于该框架新的机器学习方法。我们认为该数据集包含一些有趣的特征，并且可以成为预测维护模型的良好基准。

人类可以利用身体互动来教机器人武器。当人类的动力学通过示范引导机器人时，机器人学习了所需的任务。尽管先前的工作重点是机器人学习方式，但对于人类老师来说，了解其机器人正在学习的内容同样重要。视觉显示可以传达此信息；但是，我们假设仅视觉反馈就错过了人与机器人之间的物理联系。在本文中，我们介绍了一类新颖的软触觉显示器，这些显示器包裹在机器人臂上，添加信号而不会影响相互作用。我们首先设计一个气动驱动阵列，该阵列在安装方面保持灵活。然后，我们开发了这种包裹的触觉显示的单一和多维版本，并在心理物理测试和机器人学习过程中探索了人类对渲染信号的看法。我们最终发现，人们以11.4％的韦伯（Weber）分数准确区分单维反馈，并以94.5％的精度确定多维反馈。当物理教授机器人臂时，人类利用单维反馈来提供比视觉反馈更好的演示：我们包装的触觉显示会降低教学时间，同时提高演示质量。这种改进取决于包裹的触觉显示的位置和分布。您可以在此处查看我们的设备和实验的视频：https：//youtu.be/ypcmgeqsjdm