Ensuring safety is of paramount importance in physical human-robot interaction applications. This requires both an adherence to safety constraints defined on the system state, as well as guaranteeing compliant behaviour of the robot. If the underlying dynamical system is known exactly, the former can be addressed with the help of control barrier functions. Incorporation of elastic actuators in the robot's mechanical design can address the latter requirement. However, this elasticity can increase the complexity of the resulting system, leading to unmodeled dynamics, such that control barrier functions cannot directly ensure safety. In this paper, we mitigate this issue by learning the unknown dynamics using Gaussian process regression. By employing the model in a feedback linearizing control law, the safety conditions resulting from control barrier functions can be robustified to take into account model errors, while remaining feasible. In order enforce them on-line, we formulate the derived safety conditions in the form of a second-order cone program. We demonstrate our proposed approach with simulations on a two-degree of freedom planar robot with elastic joints.
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为了安全操作,机器人必须能够避免在不确定的环境中发生碰撞。现有的不确定性运动计划方法通常会对高斯和障碍几何形状做出保守的假设。尽管视觉感知可以对环境提供更准确的表示,但其用于安全运动计划的使用受到神经网络的固有错误校准的限制以及获得足够数据集的挑战。为了解决这些模仿,我们建议采用经过系统增强数据集训练的深层语义分割网络的合奏,以确保可靠的概率占用信息。为了避免在运动计划中进行保守主义,我们通过基于场景的路径计划方法直接采用了概率感知。速度调度方案被应用于路径上,以确保跟踪不准确的情况。我们证明了系统数据增强与深层合奏结合的有效性以及与最新方法相比的基于方案的计划方法,并在涉及人手的实验中验证了我们的框架。
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在将强化学习(RL)部署到现实世界系统中时,确保安全是一个至关重要的挑战。我们开发了基于置信的安全过滤器,这是一种基于概率动力学模型的标准RL技术,通过标准RL技术学到的名义策略来证明国家安全限制的控制理论方法。我们的方法基于对成本功能的国家约束的重新重新制定,从而将安全验证减少到标准RL任务。通过利用幻觉输入的概念,我们扩展了此公式,以确定对具有很高可能性的未知系统安全的“备份”策略。最后,在推出备用政策期间的每一个时间步骤中,标称政策的调整最少,以便以后可以保证安全恢复。我们提供正式的安全保证,并从经验上证明我们方法的有效性。
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我们提出了一种用于构建线性时间不变(LTI)模型的新颖框架,用于一类稳定的非线性动态的Koopman运算符的数据驱动表示。 Koopman操作员(发电机)将有限维非线性系统升压到可能无限的线性特征空间。为了利用它来建模,需要发现Koopman运算符的有限维表示。学习合适的功能是具有挑战性的,因为一种需要学习koopman-invariant(在动态下线性演变的LTI功能以及相关(跨越原始状态) - 一般无监督的学习任务。对于这个问题的理论上是良好的解决方案,我们通过用潜伏的线性模型的提升的聚集体系来组合扩散综合学习者来提出学习Koopman-Invoriant坐标。使用稳定矩阵的无约束参数化以及上述特征结构,我们学习Koopman操作员特征而不假设预定义的功能库或了解频谱,同时确保操作员近似精度而确保稳定性。我们展示了所提出的方法与众所周知的LASA手写数据集上的最先进方法的卓越效果。
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当信号通过物理传感器测量,它们被噪声干扰。为了减少噪音,低通滤波器,以便衰减高频分量的输入信号,如果无论它们来自噪声或实际信号被通常使用的。因此,低通滤波器必须仔细调整以避免信号的显著恶化。这种调整需要有关的信号,这往往不是在应用,如强化学习或基于学习控制提供先验知识。为了克服这种限制,我们提出了一种基于高斯过程回归自适应低通滤波器。通过考虑以前的意见,更新和预测足够快的现实世界的滤波应用的恒定窗口即可实现。此外,超参数导致的低通行为适配的在线优化,使得没有事先调整是必要的。我们表明,该方法的估计误差一致有界,并证明了该方法的灵活性和效率的几个模拟。
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由于治疗益处和减轻劳动密集型工作的能力,在临床应用中使用康复机器人技术的重要性提高了。但是,他们的实际效用取决于适当的控制算法的部署,这些算法根据每个患者的需求来适应任务辅助的水平。通常,通过临床医生的手动调整来实现所需的个性化,这很麻烦且容易出错。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种新颖的在线学习控制体系结构,能够在运行时个性化控制力量。为此,我们通过以前看不见的预测和更新率来部署基于高斯流程的在线学习。最后,我们在一项实验用户研究中评估了我们的方法,在该研究中,学习控制器被证明可以提供个性化的控制,同时还获得了安全的相互作用力。
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高斯流程已成为各种安全至关重要环境的有前途的工具,因为后方差可用于直接估计模型误差并量化风险。但是,针对安全 - 关键环境的最新技术取决于核超参数是已知的,这通常不适用。为了减轻这种情况,我们在具有未知的超参数的设置中引入了强大的高斯过程统一误差界。我们的方法计算超参数空间中的一个置信区域,这使我们能够获得具有任意超参数的高斯过程模型误差的概率上限。我们不需要对超参数的任何界限,这是相关工作中常见的假设。相反,我们能够以直观的方式从数据中得出界限。我们还采用了建议的技术来为一类基于学习的控制问题提供绩效保证。实验表明,界限的性能明显优于香草和完全贝叶斯高斯工艺。
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对于多种代理的动力学物理耦合的任务,例如,在合作操作中,各个代理之间的协调变得至关重要,这需要确切的相互作用动力学知识。通常使用集中式估计器来解决此问题,这可能会对整个系统的灵活性和鲁棒性产生负面影响。为了克服这一缺点,我们提出了一个新颖的分布式学习框架,用于使用贝叶斯原理进行合作操作的典范任务。仅使用局部状态信息,每个代理都会获得对象动力学和掌握运动学的估计。这些本地估计是使用动态平均共识组合的。由于该方法的概率基础很强,因此对象动力学和掌握运动学的每个估计都伴随着一种不确定性的度量,该度量允许以高概率保证有界的预测误差。此外,贝叶斯原理直接允许迭代学习以持续的复杂性,以便可以在实时应用程序中在线使用所提出的学习方法。该方法的有效性在模拟的合作操作任务中得到了证明。
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State space models (SSMs) have demonstrated state-of-the-art sequence modeling performance in some modalities, but underperform attention in language modeling. Moreover, despite scaling nearly linearly in sequence length instead of quadratically, SSMs are still slower than Transformers due to poor hardware utilization. In this paper, we make progress on understanding the expressivity gap between SSMs and attention in language modeling, and on reducing the hardware barrier between SSMs and attention. First, we use synthetic language modeling tasks to understand the gap between SSMs and attention. We find that existing SSMs struggle with two capabilities: recalling earlier tokens in the sequence and comparing tokens across the sequence. To understand the impact on language modeling, we propose a new SSM layer, H3, that is explicitly designed for these abilities. H3 matches attention on the synthetic languages and comes within 0.4 PPL of Transformers on OpenWebText. Furthermore, a hybrid 125M-parameter H3-attention model that retains two attention layers surprisingly outperforms Transformers on OpenWebText by 1.0 PPL. Next, to improve the efficiency of training SSMs on modern hardware, we propose FlashConv. FlashConv uses a fused block FFT algorithm to improve efficiency on sequences up to 8K, and introduces a novel state passing algorithm that exploits the recurrent properties of SSMs to scale to longer sequences. FlashConv yields 2$\times$ speedup on the long-range arena benchmark and allows hybrid language models to generate text 1.6$\times$ faster than Transformers. Using FlashConv, we scale hybrid H3-attention language models up to 1.3B parameters on the Pile and find promising initial results, achieving lower perplexity than Transformers and outperforming Transformers in zero- and few-shot learning on a majority of tasks in the SuperGLUE benchmark.
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Recently, Smart Video Surveillance (SVS) systems have been receiving more attention among scholars and developers as a substitute for the current passive surveillance systems. These systems are used to make the policing and monitoring systems more efficient and improve public safety. However, the nature of these systems in monitoring the public's daily activities brings different ethical challenges. There are different approaches for addressing privacy issues in implementing the SVS. In this paper, we are focusing on the role of design considering ethical and privacy challenges in SVS. Reviewing four policy protection regulations that generate an overview of best practices for privacy protection, we argue that ethical and privacy concerns could be addressed through four lenses: algorithm, system, model, and data. As an case study, we describe our proposed system and illustrate how our system can create a baseline for designing a privacy perseverance system to deliver safety to society. We used several Artificial Intelligence algorithms, such as object detection, single and multi camera re-identification, action recognition, and anomaly detection, to provide a basic functional system. We also use cloud-native services to implement a smartphone application in order to deliver the outputs to the end users.
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