Accomplishing safe and efficient driving is one of the predominant challenges in the controller design of connected automated vehicles (CAVs). It is often more convenient to address these goals separately and integrate the resulting controllers. In this study, we propose a controller integration scheme to fuse performance-based controllers and safety-oriented controllers safely for the longitudinal motion of a CAV. The resulting structure is compatible with a large class of controllers, and offers flexibility to design each controller individually without affecting the performance of the others. We implement the proposed safe integration scheme on a connected automated truck using an optimal-in-energy controller and a safety-oriented connected cruise controller. We validate the premise of the safe integration through experiments with a full-scale truck in two scenarios: a controlled experiment on a test track and a real-world experiment on a public highway. In both scenarios, we achieve energy efficient driving without violating safety.
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平衡安全性和性能是现代控制系统设计中的主要挑战之一。此外,至关重要的是,在不诱导不必要的保守性降低绩效的情况下,确保安全至关重要。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种通过控制屏障功能(CBF)来进行安全关键控制合成的建设性方法。通过通过CBF过滤手工设计的控制器,我们能够达到性能行为,同时提供严格的安全保证。面对干扰,通过投入到国家安全的概念(ISSF)同时实现了稳健的安全性和性能。我们通过与倒置的示例同时开发CBF设计方法来采用教程方法,从而使设计过程混凝土中的挑战和敏感性。为了确定拟议方法的能力,我们考虑通过CBFS以无需拖车的8级卡车的形式来考虑通过CBF的CBF进行安全至关重要的设计。通过实验,我们看到了卡车驱动系统中未建模的干扰对CBF提供的安全保证的影响。我们表征了这些干扰并使用ISSF,生产出可靠的控制器,该控制器可以在不承认性能的情况下实现安全性。我们在模拟中评估了我们的设计,并且是在实验中首次在汽车系统上评估我们的设计。
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The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) is having a tremendous impact across most areas of science. Applications of AI in healthcare have the potential to improve our ability to detect, diagnose, prognose, and intervene on human disease. For AI models to be used clinically, they need to be made safe, reproducible and robust, and the underlying software framework must be aware of the particularities (e.g. geometry, physiology, physics) of medical data being processed. This work introduces MONAI, a freely available, community-supported, and consortium-led PyTorch-based framework for deep learning in healthcare. MONAI extends PyTorch to support medical data, with a particular focus on imaging, and provide purpose-specific AI model architectures, transformations and utilities that streamline the development and deployment of medical AI models. MONAI follows best practices for software-development, providing an easy-to-use, robust, well-documented, and well-tested software framework. MONAI preserves the simple, additive, and compositional approach of its underlying PyTorch libraries. MONAI is being used by and receiving contributions from research, clinical and industrial teams from around the world, who are pursuing applications spanning nearly every aspect of healthcare.
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机器学习(ML)研究通常集中在模型上,而最突出的数据集已用于日常的ML任务,而不考虑这些数据集对基本问题的广度,困难和忠诚。忽略数据集的基本重要性已引起了重大问题,该问题涉及现实世界中的数据级联以及数据集驱动标准的模型质量饱和,并阻碍了研究的增长。为了解决此问题,我们提出Dataperf,这是用于评估ML数据集和数据集工作算法的基准软件包。我们打算启用“数据棘轮”,其中培训集将有助于评估相同问题的测试集,反之亦然。这种反馈驱动的策略将产生一个良性的循环,该循环将加速以数据为中心的AI。MLCommons协会将维护Dataperf。
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白质图微观结构已显示出影响认知表现的神经心理学评分。但是,尚未尝试从白质图数据中预测这些分数。在本文中,我们提出了一个基于深度学习的框架,用于使用从扩散磁共振成像(DMRI)片段估计的微观结构测量结果进行神经心理学评分的预测,该框架的重点是基于接受语言的关键纤维纤维小道的接受性词汇评估任务的性能弓形筋膜(AF)。我们直接利用来自纤维道中所有点的信息,而无需按照传统上沿着光纤的平均数据进行扩散MRI Tractometry方法所要求的。具体而言,我们将AF表示为点云,每个点都有微观结构测量,从而可以采用基于点的神经网络。我们通过拟议的配对 - 塞亚姆损失来改善预测性能,该损失利用了有关连续神经心理学评分之间差异的信息。最后,我们提出了一种关键区域定位(CRL)算法来定位包含对预测结果有很大贡献的点的信息解剖区域。我们的方法对来自人类Connectome项目数据集的806名受试者的数据进行了评估。结果表明,与基线方法相比,神经心理评分的预测表现优异。我们发现,AF中的关键区域在受试者之间非常一致,额叶皮质区域的强大贡献最多(即,尾部中间额叶,pars opercularis和pars triangularis)与关键区域有着强烈的影响用于语言过程。
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语言模型既展示了定量的改进,又展示了新的定性功能,随着规模的增加。尽管它们具有潜在的变革性影响,但这些新能力的特征却很差。为了为未来的研究提供信息,为破坏性的新模型能力做准备,并改善社会有害的效果,至关重要的是,我们必须了解目前和近乎未来的能力和语言模型的局限性。为了应对这一挑战,我们介绍了超越模仿游戏基准(Big Bench)。 Big Bench目前由204个任务组成,由132家机构的442位作者贡献。任务主题是多样的,从语言学,儿童发展,数学,常识性推理,生物学,物理学,社会偏见,软件开发等等。 Big-Bench专注于被认为超出当前语言模型的功能的任务。我们评估了OpenAI的GPT型号,Google内部密集变压器体系结构和大型基础上的开关稀疏变压器的行为,跨越了数百万到数十亿个参数。此外,一个人类专家评估者团队执行了所有任务,以提供强大的基准。研究结果包括:模型性能和校准都随规模改善,但绝对的术语(以及与评估者的性能相比);在模型类中的性能非常相似,尽管带有稀疏性。逐渐和预测的任务通常涉及大量知识或记忆成分,而在临界规模上表现出“突破性”行为的任务通常涉及多个步骤或组成部分或脆性指标;社交偏见通常会随着含糊不清的环境而随着规模而增加,但这可以通过提示来改善。
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结构磁共振成像研究表明,大脑解剖异常与早产儿的认知缺陷有关。脑成熟和几何特征可以与机器学习模型一起使用,以预测以后的神经发育缺陷。但是,传统的机器学习模型将遭受较大的功能比率(即大量功能,但少数实例/样本)。合奏学习是一种范式,从战略上生成和集成了机器学习分类器库,并已成功地用于各种预测性建模问题,以提高模型性能。属性(即功能)包装方法是最常用的特征分区方案,它随机和反复从整个功能集中绘制特征子集。尽管属性装袋方法可以有效地降低特征维度以处理大型功能与实用比率,但它缺乏对域知识和特征之间的潜在关系的考虑。在这项研究中,我们提出了一种新型的本体论引导属性分区(OAP)方法,以通过考虑特征之间的特定于域的关系来更好地绘制特征子集。有了更好的分区功能子集,我们开发了一个合奏学习框架,该框架称为OAP汇总学习(OAP-EL)。我们应用了OAP-EL,以使用定量脑成熟和在非常早产的年龄在期限年龄获得的定量脑成熟和几何特征来预测2岁年龄的认知缺陷。我们证明,提出的OAP-EL方法显着优于同行集合学习和传统的机器学习方法。
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为了实现长文档理解的构建和测试模型,我们引入质量,具有中文段的多项选择QA DataSet,具有约5,000个令牌的平均长度,比典型的当前模型更长。与经过段落的事先工作不同,我们的问题是由阅读整个段落的贡献者编写和验证的,而不是依赖摘要或摘录。此外,只有一半的问题是通过在紧缩时间限制下工作的注释器来应答,表明略读和简单的搜索不足以一直表现良好。目前的模型在此任务上表现不佳(55.4%),并且落后于人类性能(93.5%)。
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代码摘要可帮助开发人员理解程序并减少在软件维护过程中推断程序功能的时间。最近的努力诉诸深度学习技术,例如序列到序列模型,以生成准确的代码摘要,其中基于变压器的方法已实现了有希望的性能。但是,在此任务域中,有效地将代码结构信息集成到变压器中的情况不足。在本文中,我们提出了一种名为SG-Trans的新方法,将代码结构属性纳入变压器。具体而言,我们将局部符号信息(例如,代码令牌和语句)和全局句法结构(例如,数据流程图)注入变压器的自我发项模块中。为了进一步捕获代码的层次结构特征,局部信息和全局结构旨在分布在下层和变压器高层的注意力头中。广泛的评估表明,SG-trans的表现优于最先进的方法。与表现最佳的基线相比,SG-Trans在流星评分方面仍然可以提高1.4%和2.0%,这是一个广泛用于测量发电质量的度量,分别在两个基准数据集上。
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