船上自治技术，如规划和调度，识别科学目标和基于内容的数据摘要，将导致令人兴奋的新空间科学任务。然而，尚未研究具有此类船上自治能力的经营任务的挑战，这是足以在使命概念中考虑的细节水平。这些自主功能需要更改当前的操作流程，实践和工具。我们制定了一个案例研究，以评估使运营商和科学家通过促进地面人员和车载算法之间的共同模型来运营自主航天器所需的变化。我们评估使运营商和科学家能够向航天器传达所需的新的操作工具和工作流程，并能够重建和解释船上和航天器状态的决定。这些工具的模型用于用户学习，了解过程和工具在实现共享理解框架方面的有效性，以及在运营商和科学家有效实现特派团科学目标的能力。

在现实世界中，教授多指的灵巧机器人在现实世界中掌握物体，这是一个充满挑战的问题，由于其高维状态和动作空间。我们提出了一个机器人学习系统，该系统可以进行少量的人类示范，并学会掌握在某些被遮挡的观察结果的情况下掌握看不见的物体姿势。我们的系统利用了一个小型运动捕获数据集，并为多指的机器人抓手生成具有多种多样且成功的轨迹的大型数据集。通过添加域随机化，我们表明我们的数据集提供了可以将其转移到策略学习者的强大抓地力轨迹。我们训练一种灵活的抓紧策略，该策略将对象的点云作为输入，并预测连续的动作以从不同初始机器人状态掌握对象。我们在模拟中评估了系统对22多伏的浮动手的有效性，并在现实世界中带有kuka手臂的23多杆Allegro机器人手。从我们的数据集中汲取的政策可以很好地概括在模拟和现实世界中的看不见的对象姿势

尽管近期因因果推断领域的进展，迄今为止没有关于从观察数据的收集治疗效应估算的方法。对临床实践的结果是，当缺乏随机试验的结果时，没有指导在真实情景中似乎有效的指导。本文提出了一种务实的方法，以获得从观察性研究的治疗效果的初步但稳健地估算，为前线临床医生提供对其治疗策略的信心程度。我们的研究设计适用于一个公开问题，估算Covid-19密集护理患者的拳击机动的治疗效果。

Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been widely used for medical image segmentation. In most studies, only the output layer is exploited to compute the final segmentation results and the hidden representations of the deep learned features have not been well understood. In this paper, we propose a prototype segmentation (ProtoSeg) method to compute a binary segmentation map based on deep features. We measure the segmentation abilities of the features by computing the Dice between the feature segmentation map and ground-truth, named as the segmentation ability score (SA score for short). The corresponding SA score can quantify the segmentation abilities of deep features in different layers and units to understand the deep neural networks for segmentation. In addition, our method can provide a mean SA score which can give a performance estimation of the output on the test images without ground-truth. Finally, we use the proposed ProtoSeg method to compute the segmentation map directly on input images to further understand the segmentation ability of each input image. Results are presented on segmenting tumors in brain MRI, lesions in skin images, COVID-related abnormality in CT images, prostate segmentation in abdominal MRI, and pancreatic mass segmentation in CT images. Our method can provide new insights for interpreting and explainable AI systems for medical image segmentation. Our code is available on: \url{https://github.com/shengfly/ProtoSeg}.

The lack of standardization is a prominent issue in magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. This often causes undesired contrast variations due to differences in hardware and acquisition parameters. In recent years, MR harmonization using image synthesis with disentanglement has been proposed to compensate for the undesired contrast variations. Despite the success of existing methods, we argue that three major improvements can be made. First, most existing methods are built upon the assumption that multi-contrast MR images of the same subject share the same anatomy. This assumption is questionable since different MR contrasts are specialized to highlight different anatomical features. Second, these methods often require a fixed set of MR contrasts for training (e.g., both Tw-weighted and T2-weighted images must be available), which limits their applicability. Third, existing methods generally are sensitive to imaging artifacts. In this paper, we present a novel approach, Harmonization with Attention-based Contrast, Anatomy, and Artifact Awareness (HACA3), to address these three issues. We first propose an anatomy fusion module that enables HACA3 to respect the anatomical differences between MR contrasts. HACA3 is also robust to imaging artifacts and can be trained and applied to any set of MR contrasts. Experiments show that HACA3 achieves state-of-the-art performance under multiple image quality metrics. We also demonstrate the applicability of HACA3 on downstream tasks with diverse MR datasets acquired from 21 sites with different field strengths, scanner platforms, and acquisition protocols.

The application of natural language processing (NLP) to cancer pathology reports has been focused on detecting cancer cases, largely ignoring precancerous cases. Improving the characterization of precancerous adenomas assists in developing diagnostic tests for early cancer detection and prevention, especially for colorectal cancer (CRC). Here we developed transformer-based deep neural network NLP models to perform the CRC phenotyping, with the goal of extracting precancerous lesion attributes and distinguishing cancer and precancerous cases. We achieved 0.914 macro-F1 scores for classifying patients into negative, non-advanced adenoma, advanced adenoma and CRC. We further improved the performance to 0.923 using an ensemble of classifiers for cancer status classification and lesion size named entity recognition (NER). Our results demonstrated the potential of using NLP to leverage real-world health record data to facilitate the development of diagnostic tests for early cancer prevention.

血氧水平依赖性（BOLD）用母体高氧可以评估胎盘内的氧运输，并已成为研究胎盘功能的有前途的工具。测量信号随着时间的变化需要在时间序列的每个体积中分割胎盘。由于大胆的时间序列中的数量大量，现有研究依靠注册将所有卷映射到手动分段模板。由于胎盘由于胎儿运动，母体运动和收缩而导致大变形，因此这种方法通常会导致大量废弃体积，而注册方法失败。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个基于U-NET神经网络体系结构的机器学习模型，以自动以粗体MRI分割胎盘，并将其应用于时间序列中的每个卷。我们使用边界加权损失函数来准确捕获胎盘形状。我们的模型经过训练和测试，并在91位包含健康胎儿的受试者，胎儿生长限制的胎儿以及BMI高的母亲中进行了测试。当与地面真实标签匹配时，我们的骰子得分为0.83 +/- 0.04，并且我们的模型在粗体时间序列中可靠地分割量氧和高氧点的量。我们的代码和训练有素的模型可在https://github.com/mabulnaga/automatic-placenta-mentegation上获得。

电缆在许多环境中无处不在，但容易出现自我闭合和结，使它们难以感知和操纵。挑战通常会随着电缆长度而增加：长电缆需要更复杂的松弛管理和策略，以促进可观察性和可及性。在本文中，我们专注于使用双边机器人自动弄清长达3米的电缆。我们开发了新的运动原语，以有效地解开长电缆和专门用于此任务的新型Gripper Jaws。我们提出了缠结操作（SGTM）的滑动和抓握，该算法将这些原始物与RGBD视觉构成迭代性毫无障碍。SGTM在隔离的外手上取消了67％的成功率，图8节和更复杂的配置上的50％。可以在https://sites.google.com/view/rss-2022-untangling/home上找到补充材料，可视化和视频。

模拟到现实的转移已成为一种流行且非常成功的方法，用于培训各种任务的机器人控制政策。但是，确定在模拟中训练的政策何时准备将其转移到物理世界通常是一个挑战。部署经过很少的模拟数据训练的策略可能会导致物理硬件的不可靠和危险行为。另一方面，模拟中的过度训练会导致策略过度拟合模拟器的视觉外观和动力学。在这项工作中，我们研究了自动确定在模拟中训练的策略何时可以可靠地转移到物理机器人的策略。我们在机器人织物操纵的背景下专门研究了这些思想，因为成功建模织物的动力学和视觉外观的困难，成功的SIM2Real转移尤其具有挑战性。导致织物平滑任务表明我们的切换标准与实际的性能很好地相关。特别是，我们基于信心的切换标准在培训总预算的55-60％之内达到了87.2-93.7％的平均最终面料覆盖率。有关代码和补充材料，请参见https://tinyurl.com/lsc-case。

世界各地的隐私法律和法规的景观是复杂而不断变化的。国家和超国家法律，协议，法令和其他政府发行的规则构成了公司必须遵循的拼凑而成才能在国际上进行运作。为了检查该拼凑而成的状态和演变，我们介绍了1,043条隐私法，法规和准则的政府隐私指示语料库或GPI语料库，涵盖了182个司法管辖区。该语料库可以对法律焦点进行大规模定量和定性检查。我们检查了创建GPI的时间分布，并说明了过去50年中隐私立法的急剧增加，尽管较细粒度的检查表明，增加的速度取决于GPIS所说的个人数据类型。我们的探索还表明，大多数隐私法分别解决了相对较少的个人数据类型，这表明全面的隐私立法仍然很少见。此外，主题建模结果显示了GPI中常见主题的普遍性，例如财务，医疗保健和电信。最后，我们将语料库释放到研究界，以促进进一步的研究。