This short paper discusses continually updated causal abstractions as a potential direction of future research. The key idea is to revise the existing level of causal abstraction to a different level of detail that is both consistent with the history of observed data and more effective in solving a given task.
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线性程序(LPS)一直是机器学习的基础之一,并在学习系统的可区分优化器中获得了最新进步。尽管有用于高维LP的求解器,但理解高维解决方案带来了正交和未解决的问题。我们介绍了一种方法,我们考虑了LPS的神经编码,这些神经编码证明了为神经学习系统设计的可解释人工智能(XAI)的归因方法的应用。我们提出的几个编码功能都考虑到了方面,例如决策空间的可行性,附加到每个输入的成本或与特殊点的距离。我们研究了几种XAI方法对所述神经LP编码的数学后果。我们从经验上表明,归因方法的显着性和石灰揭示了无法区分的结果,直到扰动水平,一方面,我们提出了定向性的属性,这是显着性和石灰之间的主要判别标准,另一方面是基于扰动的特征置换方法。 。定向性指示归因方法是否给出了该功能增加的特征归因。我们进一步注意到集成梯度的经典计算机视觉设置之外的基线选择问题。
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The need for data privacy and security -- enforced through increasingly strict data protection regulations -- renders the use of healthcare data for machine learning difficult. In particular, the transfer of data between different hospitals is often not permissible and thus cross-site pooling of data not an option. The Personal Health Train (PHT) paradigm proposed within the GO-FAIR initiative implements an 'algorithm to the data' paradigm that ensures that distributed data can be accessed for analysis without transferring any sensitive data. We present PHT-meDIC, a productively deployed open-source implementation of the PHT concept. Containerization allows us to easily deploy even complex data analysis pipelines (e.g, genomics, image analysis) across multiple sites in a secure and scalable manner. We discuss the underlying technological concepts, security models, and governance processes. The implementation has been successfully applied to distributed analyses of large-scale data, including applications of deep neural networks to medical image data.
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Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.
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决策树集合中汇总分类估计的一种常见方法是使用投票或平均每个类别的概率。后者考虑了不确定性估计值的可靠性(可以说,“不确定性的不确定性”)。更普遍的是,如何最好地结合来自多个来源的概率估计值,这是未知的。在本文中,我们研究了许多替代预测方法。我们的方法受到概率,信念功能和可靠分类的理论的启发,以及我们称证据积累的原则。我们对各种数据集的实验是基于随机决策树,该决策树保证了要组合的预测中的高度多样性。出乎意料的是,我们发现将平均值超过概率实际上很难击败。但是,证据积累在除小叶子以外的所有叶子上都表现出更好的结果。
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由于分布式概括是一个普遍不足的问题,因此在不同的研究计划中研究了各种代理目标(例如,校准,对抗性鲁棒性,算法腐败,跨轮班的不变性),导致不同的研究计划,从而提出不同的建议。在共享相同的抱负目标的同时,这些方法从未在相同的实验条件下对真实数据进行测试。在本文中,我们对以前的工作进行了统一的看法,突出了我们经验解决的消息差异,并提供有关如何衡量模型鲁棒性以及如何改进它的建议。为此,我们收集了172个公开可用的数据集对,用于培训和分布外评估准确性,校准错误,对抗性攻击,环境不变性和合成腐败。我们从九个不同的架构中的九个不同的架构中微调了31k网络。我们的发现证实,分布的精度往往会共同增加,但表明它们的关系在很大程度上取决于数据集依赖性,并且通常比以前较小的规模研究所提出的更加细微和更复杂。
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放射线学使用定量医学成像特征来预测临床结果。目前,在新的临床应用中,必须通过启发式试验和纠正过程手动完成各种可用选项的最佳放射组方法。在这项研究中,我们提出了一个框架,以自动优化每个应用程序的放射线工作流程的构建。为此,我们将放射线学作为模块化工作流程,并为每个组件包含大量的常见算法。为了优化每个应用程序的工作流程,我们使用随机搜索和结合使用自动化机器学习。我们在十二个不同的临床应用中评估我们的方法,从而在曲线下导致以下区域:1)脂肪肉瘤(0.83); 2)脱粘型纤维瘤病(0.82); 3)原发性肝肿瘤(0.80); 4)胃肠道肿瘤(0.77); 5)结直肠肝转移(0.61); 6)黑色素瘤转移(0.45); 7)肝细胞癌(0.75); 8)肠系膜纤维化(0.80); 9)前列腺癌(0.72); 10)神经胶质瘤(0.71); 11)阿尔茨海默氏病(0.87);和12)头颈癌(0.84)。我们表明,我们的框架具有比较人类专家的竞争性能,优于放射线基线,并且表现相似或优于贝叶斯优化和更高级的合奏方法。最后,我们的方法完全自动优化了放射线工作流的构建,从而简化了在新应用程序中对放射线生物标志物的搜索。为了促进可重复性和未来的研究,我们公开发布了六个数据集,框架的软件实施以及重现这项研究的代码。
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AI正在经历范式转变,随着模型的兴起(例如Bert,Dall-E,GPT-3),这些模型经过大规模的数据训练,并且可以适应广泛的下游任务。我们称这些模型基础模型来强调其至关重要但不完整的特征。该报告提供了基础模型的机会和风险的详尽说明,包括其功能(例如语言,愿景,机器人技术,推理,人类互动)和技术原则(例如,模型架构,培训程序,数据,系统,安全,安全性,评估,理论)对其应用(例如法律,医疗保健,教育)和社会影响(例如不平等,滥用,经济和环境影响,法律和道德考虑)。尽管基础模型基于标准的深度学习和转移学习,但它们的规模导致了新的新兴能力,以及它们在许多任务中的有效性都激发了同质化。同质化提供了强大的杠杆作用,但要求谨慎,因为基础模型的缺陷均由下游的所有适应模型继承。尽管即将广泛地部署基础模型,但我们目前对它们的工作方式,失败以及由于其新兴属性的影响而缺乏清晰的了解。为了解决这些问题,我们认为基础模型的许多批判性研究都需要与他们的基本社会技术性质相称。
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Federated learning (FL) is a machine learning setting where many clients (e.g. mobile devices or whole organizations) collaboratively train a model under the orchestration of a central server (e.g. service provider), while keeping the training data decentralized. FL embodies the principles of focused data collection and minimization, and can mitigate many of the systemic privacy risks and costs resulting from traditional, centralized machine learning and data science approaches. Motivated by the explosive growth in FL research, this paper discusses recent advances and presents an extensive collection of open problems and challenges.
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Neural networks trained on datasets such as ImageNet have led to major advances in visual object classification. One obstacle that prevents networks from reasoning more deeply about complex scenes and situations, and from integrating visual knowledge with natural language, like humans do, is their lack of common sense knowledge about the physical world. Videos, unlike still images, contain a wealth of detailed information about the physical world. However, most labelled video datasets represent high-level concepts rather than detailed physical aspects about actions and scenes. In this work, we describe our ongoing collection of the "something-something" database of video prediction tasks whose solutions require a common sense understanding of the depicted situation. The database currently contains more than 100,000 videos across 174 classes, which are defined as caption-templates. We also describe the challenges in crowd-sourcing this data at scale.
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