Pavement Distress Recognition (PDR) is an important step in pavement inspection and can be powered by image-based automation to expedite the process and reduce labor costs. Pavement images are often in high-resolution with a low ratio of distressed to non-distressed areas. Advanced approaches leverage these properties via dividing images into patches and explore discriminative features in the scale space. However, these approaches usually suffer from information loss during image resizing and low efficiency due to complex learning frameworks. In this paper, we propose a novel and efficient method for PDR. A light network named the Kernel Inversed Pyramidal Resizing Network (KIPRN) is introduced for image resizing, and can be flexibly plugged into the image classification network as a pre-network to exploit resolution and scale information. In KIPRN, pyramidal convolution and kernel inversed convolution are specifically designed to mine discriminative information across different feature granularities and scales. The mined information is passed along to the resized images to yield an informative image pyramid to assist the image classification network for PDR. We applied our method to three well-known Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), and conducted an evaluation on a large-scale pavement image dataset named CQU-BPDD. Extensive results demonstrate that KIPRN can generally improve the pavement distress recognition of these CNN models and show that the simple combination of KIPRN and EfficientNet-B3 significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art patch-based method in both performance and efficiency.
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语言模型既展示了定量的改进,又展示了新的定性功能,随着规模的增加。尽管它们具有潜在的变革性影响,但这些新能力的特征却很差。为了为未来的研究提供信息,为破坏性的新模型能力做准备,并改善社会有害的效果,至关重要的是,我们必须了解目前和近乎未来的能力和语言模型的局限性。为了应对这一挑战,我们介绍了超越模仿游戏基准(Big Bench)。 Big Bench目前由204个任务组成,由132家机构的442位作者贡献。任务主题是多样的,从语言学,儿童发展,数学,常识性推理,生物学,物理学,社会偏见,软件开发等等。 Big-Bench专注于被认为超出当前语言模型的功能的任务。我们评估了OpenAI的GPT型号,Google内部密集变压器体系结构和大型基础上的开关稀疏变压器的行为,跨越了数百万到数十亿个参数。此外,一个人类专家评估者团队执行了所有任务,以提供强大的基准。研究结果包括:模型性能和校准都随规模改善,但绝对的术语(以及与评估者的性能相比);在模型类中的性能非常相似,尽管带有稀疏性。逐渐和预测的任务通常涉及大量知识或记忆成分,而在临界规模上表现出“突破性”行为的任务通常涉及多个步骤或组成部分或脆性指标;社交偏见通常会随着含糊不清的环境而随着规模而增加,但这可以通过提示来改善。
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我们提出了一种简单有效的自我监督学习方法,以供语音识别。该方法以随机预测量化器生成的离散标签的形式学习了一个模型,以预测蒙版的语音信号。尤其是量化器的语音输入带有随机初始化的矩阵,并在随机限制的代码簿中进行最近的邻居查找。在自我监督的学习过程中,矩阵和密码簿均未更新。由于未对随机预测量化器进行训练,并与语音识别模型分开,因此该设计使该方法具有灵活性,并且与通用语音识别体系结构兼容。在LibrisPeech上,我们的方法与以前的工作相比,使用非流式模型获得了与以前的工作相似的单词率,并且比WAV2VEC 2.0和WAP2VEC 2.0和w2v-bert提供了较低的单词率率和延迟。在多语言任务上,该方法还提供了与WAV2VEC 2.0和W2V-bert的显着改进。
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数据增强是自然语言处理(NLP)模型的鲁棒性评估的重要组成部分,以及增强他们培训的数据的多样性。在本文中,我们呈现NL-Cogmenter,这是一种新的参与式Python的自然语言增强框架,它支持创建两个转换(对数据的修改)和过滤器(根据特定功能的数据拆分)。我们描述了框架和初始的117个变换和23个过滤器,用于各种自然语言任务。我们通过使用其几个转换来分析流行自然语言模型的鲁棒性来证明NL-Upmenter的功效。基础架构,Datacards和稳健性分析结果在NL-Augmenter存储库上公开可用(\ url {https://github.com/gem-benchmark/nl-augmenter})。
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我们提出了一种叫做SkullEngine的多级粗内CNN框架,可通过协作,集成和可扩展的JSD模型和三个分段和地标检测细化模型进行高分辨率分割和大规模地标检测。我们在临床数据集中评估了由170 CBCT / CT图像组成的临床数据集,用于分割2骨骼(Midface和Mabless)的任务,并在骨骼,牙齿和软组织上检测175个临床普通的地标。
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我们总结了使用巨大的自动语音识别(ASR)模型的大量努力的结果,该模型使用包含大约一百万小时音频的大型,多样的未标记数据集进行了预训练。我们发现,即使对于拥有数万个小时的标记数据的非常大的任务,预训练,自我培训和扩大模型大小的组合也大大提高了数据效率。特别是,在具有34K小时标记数据的ASR任务上,通过微调80亿个参数预先训练的构象异构体模型,我们可以匹配最先进的(SOTA)性能(SOTA)的性能,只有3%的培训数据和通过完整的训练集可以显着改善SOTA。我们还报告了从使用大型预训练和自我训练的模型来完成一系列下游任务所获得的普遍利益,这些任务涵盖了广泛的语音域,并涵盖了多个数据集大小的大小,包括在许多人中获得SOTA性能公共基准。此外,我们利用预先训练的网络的学会表示,在非ASR任务上实现SOTA结果。
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随机上下文的匪徒问题,建造了勘探和开发之间的权衡取舍,具有许多真实的应用,包括推荐系统,在线广告和临床试验。与许多其他机器学习算法一样,上下文匪徒算法通常具有一个或多个超参数。例如,在大多数最佳的随机上下文匪徒算法中,有一个未知的探索参数可以控制勘探和开发之间的权衡。适当的超参数选择对于上下文的匪徒算法表现良好至关重要。但是,由于没有预采用的数据集,因此必须使用离线调谐方法在上下文匪徒环境中选择超参数,并且必须实时做出决策。为了解决这个问题,我们首先提出了一个两层匪徒结构,用于自动调整勘探参数并将其进一步推广到联合匪徒框架,该框架可以在上下文的匪徒环境中动态学习多个超参数。我们得出了我们提议的联合匪徒框架的遗憾界限,并表明它可以避免对要调整的超参数的数量成倍依赖。此外,它在某些情况下达到了最佳的遗憾界限。联合匪徒框架足够通用,可以在许多流行的上下文匪徒算法(例如Linucb,Lints,UCB-GLM等)中处理调整任务。在合成数据集和真实数据集上进行了实验,以验证我们提出的框架的有效性。
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我们利用Libri-Light数据集的未标记音频来获得半监督学习中最新的发展的最新发展,以获得自动语音识别的最新结果。更确切地说,我们使用使用WAV2VEC 2.0预训练的巨型构象模型进行了嘈杂的学生培训,并使用巨型构象模型进行了训练。通过这样做,我们能够在Librispeech测试/测试中获得1.4%/2.6%的单词率率(WERS),而目前的最新设备为1.7%/3.3%。
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Recently Transformer and Convolution neural network (CNN) based models have shown promising results in Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), outperforming Recurrent neural networks (RNNs). Transformer models are good at capturing content-based global interactions, while CNNs exploit local features effectively. In this work, we achieve the best of both worlds by studying how to combine convolution neural networks and transformers to model both local and global dependencies of an audio sequence in a parameter-efficient way. To this regard, we propose the convolution-augmented transformer for speech recognition, named Conformer. Conformer significantly outperforms the previous Transformer and CNN based models achieving state-of-the-art accuracies. On the widely used LibriSpeech benchmark, our model achieves WER of 2.1%/4.3% without using a language model and 1.9%/3.9% with an external language model on test/testother. We also observe competitive performance of 2.7%/6.3% with a small model of only 10M parameters.
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Designing experiments often requires balancing between learning about the true treatment effects and earning from allocating more samples to the superior treatment. While optimal algorithms for the Multi-Armed Bandit Problem (MABP) provide allocation policies that optimally balance learning and earning, they tend to be computationally expensive. The Gittins Index (GI) is a solution to the MABP that can simultaneously attain optimality and computationally efficiency goals, and it has been recently used in experiments with Bernoulli and Gaussian rewards. For the first time, we present a modification of the GI rule that can be used in experiments with exponentially-distributed rewards. We report its performance in simulated 2- armed and 3-armed experiments. Compared to traditional non-adaptive designs, our novel GI modified design shows operating characteristics comparable in learning (e.g. statistical power) but substantially better in earning (e.g. direct benefits). This illustrates the potential that designs using a GI approach to allocate participants have to improve participant benefits, increase efficiencies, and reduce experimental costs in adaptive multi-armed experiments with exponential rewards.
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