Manual prescription of the field of view (FOV) by MRI technologists is variable and prolongs the scanning process. Often, the FOV is too large or crops critical anatomy. We propose a deep-learning framework, trained by radiologists' supervision, for automating FOV prescription. An intra-stack shared feature extraction network and an attention network are used to process a stack of 2D image inputs to generate output scalars defining the location of a rectangular region of interest (ROI). The attention mechanism is used to make the model focus on the small number of informative slices in a stack. Then the smallest FOV that makes the neural network predicted ROI free of aliasing is calculated by an algebraic operation derived from MR sampling theory. We retrospectively collected 595 cases between February 2018 and February 2022. The framework's performance is examined quantitatively with intersection over union (IoU) and pixel error on position, and qualitatively with a reader study. We use the t-test for comparing quantitative results from all models and a radiologist. The proposed model achieves an average IoU of 0.867 and average ROI position error of 9.06 out of 512 pixels on 80 test cases, significantly better (P<0.05) than two baseline models and not significantly different from a radiologist (P>0.12). Finally, the FOV given by the proposed framework achieves an acceptance rate of 92% from an experienced radiologist.

展开的神经网络最近实现了最先进的MRI重建。这些网络通过在基于物理的一致性和基于神经网络的正则化之间交替来展开迭代优化算法。但是，它们需要大型神经网络的几次迭代来处理高维成像任务，例如3D MRI。这限制了基于反向传播的传统训练算法，这是由于较大的记忆力和计算梯度和存储中间激活的计算要求。为了应对这一挑战，我们提出了加速MRI（GLEAM）重建的贪婪学习，这是一种高维成像设置的有效培训策略。 GLEAM将端到端网络拆分为脱钩的网络模块。每个模块都以贪婪的方式优化，并通过脱钩的梯度更新，从而减少了训练过程中的内存足迹。我们表明，可以在多个图形处理单元（GPU）上并行执行解耦梯度更新，以进一步减少训练时间。我们介绍了2D和3D数据集的实验，包括多线圈膝，大脑和动态心脏Cine MRI。我们观察到：i）闪闪发光的概括以及最先进的记忆效率基线，例如具有相同内存足迹的梯度检查点和可逆网络，但训练速度更快1.3倍； ii）对于相同的内存足迹，闪光在2D中产生1.1dB PSNR的增益，而3D在端到端基线中产生1.8 dB。

在临床实践中，MR图像通常首先在扫描后长期看到辐射药剂。如果图像质量不充分，则患者必须返回额外的扫描，或者呈现次优解释。自动图像质量评估（IQA）将实现实时修复。对于MRI的现有IQA工作仅提供一般的质量得分，不可知论是对低质量扫描的原因和解决方案。此外，放射科医师的图像质量要求随扫描类型和诊断任务而异。因此，相同的分数可能对不同的扫描具有不同的影响。我们提出了一个训练训练的多任务CNN模型的框架，并用校准标签推断出来。由人类投入校准的标签遵循明确明确和高效的标签任务。图像统治者解决了不同的质量标准，并提供了一种从CNN中解释原始分数的具体方法。该模型支持对MRI中两个最常见的工件的评估：噪音和运动。它达到了约90％的准确度，比以前的最佳方法更好地达到6％，比噪声评估的人类专家更好3％。我们的实验表明，标签校准，图像统治者和多任务培训提高了模型的性能和概括性。

我们描述了两层向量输出relu神经网络训练问题的凸半无限频体。该半无限的双重承认有限尺寸表示，但其支持在难以表征的凸起集中。特别是，我们证明非凸神经网络训练问题相当于有限维凸形成形程序。我们的工作是第一个确定全球神经网络的全球最佳与连阳性方案之间的强大联系。因此，我们展示了神经网络如何通过半非环境矩阵分解来隐化地揭示求解连接成型程序，并从该配方中汲取关键见解。我们描述了第一算法，用于可证明导航的全局最小值的导航神经网络训练问题，这些算法是固定数据等级的样本数量的多项式，但维度指数是指数。然而，在卷积架构的情况下，计算复杂性在所有其他参数中仅在滤波器大小和多项式中是指数的。我们描述了我们能够完全找到这种神经网络训练问题的全球最佳的环境，并提供了软阈值的SVD，并提供了一种成交量松弛，保证确切地用于某些问题，并与随机的解决方案相对应实践中的梯度下降。

We demonstrate a proof-of-concept of a large language model conducting corporate lobbying related activities. We use an autoregressive large language model (OpenAI's text-davinci-003) to determine if proposed U.S. Congressional bills are relevant to specific public companies and provide explanations and confidence levels. For the bills the model deems as relevant, the model drafts a letter to the sponsor of the bill in an attempt to persuade the congressperson to make changes to the proposed legislation. We use hundreds of ground-truth labels of the relevance of a bill to a company to benchmark the performance of the model, which outperforms the baseline of predicting the most common outcome of irrelevance. However, we test the ability to determine the relevance of a bill with the previous OpenAI GPT-3 model (text-davinci-002), which was state-of-the-art on many language tasks until text-davinci-003 was released on November 28, 2022. The performance of text-davinci-002 is worse than simply always predicting that a bill is irrelevant to a company. These results suggest that, as large language models continue to improve core natural language understanding capabilities, performance on corporate lobbying related tasks will continue to improve. We then discuss why this could be problematic for societal-AI alignment.

Variational autoencoders model high-dimensional data by positing low-dimensional latent variables that are mapped through a flexible distribution parametrized by a neural network. Unfortunately, variational autoencoders often suffer from posterior collapse: the posterior of the latent variables is equal to its prior, rendering the variational autoencoder useless as a means to produce meaningful representations. Existing approaches to posterior collapse often attribute it to the use of neural networks or optimization issues due to variational approximation. In this paper, we consider posterior collapse as a problem of latent variable non-identifiability. We prove that the posterior collapses if and only if the latent variables are non-identifiable in the generative model. This fact implies that posterior collapse is not a phenomenon specific to the use of flexible distributions or approximate inference. Rather, it can occur in classical probabilistic models even with exact inference, which we also demonstrate. Based on these results, we propose a class of latent-identifiable variational autoencoders, deep generative models which enforce identifiability without sacrificing flexibility. This model class resolves the problem of latent variable non-identifiability by leveraging bijective Brenier maps and parameterizing them with input convex neural networks, without special variational inference objectives or optimization tricks. Across synthetic and real datasets, latent-identifiable variational autoencoders outperform existing methods in mitigating posterior collapse and providing meaningful representations of the data.

We introduce Argoverse 2 (AV2) - a collection of three datasets for perception and forecasting research in the self-driving domain. The annotated Sensor Dataset contains 1,000 sequences of multimodal data, encompassing high-resolution imagery from seven ring cameras, and two stereo cameras in addition to lidar point clouds, and 6-DOF map-aligned pose. Sequences contain 3D cuboid annotations for 26 object categories, all of which are sufficiently-sampled to support training and evaluation of 3D perception models. The Lidar Dataset contains 20,000 sequences of unlabeled lidar point clouds and map-aligned pose. This dataset is the largest ever collection of lidar sensor data and supports self-supervised learning and the emerging task of point cloud forecasting. Finally, the Motion Forecasting Dataset contains 250,000 scenarios mined for interesting and challenging interactions between the autonomous vehicle and other actors in each local scene. Models are tasked with the prediction of future motion for "scored actors" in each scenario and are provided with track histories that capture object location, heading, velocity, and category. In all three datasets, each scenario contains its own HD Map with 3D lane and crosswalk geometry - sourced from data captured in six distinct cities. We believe these datasets will support new and existing machine learning research problems in ways that existing datasets do not. All datasets are released under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license.

In this paper we derive a PAC-Bayesian-Like error bound for a class of stochastic dynamical systems with inputs, namely, for linear time-invariant stochastic state-space models (stochastic LTI systems for short). This class of systems is widely used in control engineering and econometrics, in particular, they represent a special case of recurrent neural networks. In this paper we 1) formalize the learning problem for stochastic LTI systems with inputs, 2) derive a PAC-Bayesian-Like error bound for such systems, 3) discuss various consequences of this error bound.

We demonstrate how efficient autonomous drone swarms can be in detecting and tracking occluded targets in densely forested areas, such as lost people during search and rescue missions. Exploration and optimization of local viewing conditions, such as occlusion density and target view obliqueness, provide much faster and much more reliable results than previous, blind sampling strategies that are based on pre-defined waypoints. An adapted real-time particle swarm optimization and a new objective function are presented that are able to deal with dynamic and highly random through-foliage conditions. Synthetic aperture sensing is our fundamental sampling principle, and drone swarms are employed to approximate the optical signals of extremely wide and adaptable airborne lenses.

Generative AI has matured to a point where large-scale models can generate text that seems indistinguishable from human-written text and remarkably photorealistic images. Automatically measuring how close the distribution of generated data is to the target real data distribution is a key step in diagnosing existing models and developing better models. We present MAUVE, a family of comparison measures between pairs of distributions such as those encountered in the generative modeling of text or images. These scores are statistical summaries of divergence frontiers capturing two types of errors in generative modeling. We explore four approaches to statistically estimate these scores: vector quantization, non-parametric estimation, classifier-based estimation, and parametric Gaussian approximations. We provide statistical bounds for the vector quantization approach. Empirically, we find that the proposed scores paired with a range of $f$-divergences and statistical estimation methods can quantify the gaps between the distributions of human-written text and those of modern neural language models by correlating with human judgments and identifying known properties of the generated texts. We conclude the paper by demonstrating its applications to other AI domains and discussing practical recommendations.