贝叶斯优化提供了一种优化昂贵黑匣子功能的有效方法。它最近已应用于流体动力学问题。本文研究并在一系列合成测试函数上从经验上比较了常见的贝叶斯优化算法。它研究了采集函数和训练样本数量的选择，采集功能的精确计算以及基于蒙特卡洛的方法以及单点和多点优化。该测试功能被认为涵盖了各种各样的挑战，因此是理想的测试床，以了解贝叶斯优化的性能，并确定贝叶斯优化表现良好和差的一般情况。这些知识可以用于应用程序中，包括流体动力学的知识，这些知识是未知的。这项调查的结果表明，要做出的选择与相对简单的功能不相关，而乐观的采集功能（例如上限限制）应首选更复杂的目标函数。此外，蒙特卡洛方法的结果与分析采集函数的结果相当。在目标函数允许并行评估的情况下，多点方法提供了更快的替代方法，但它可能需要进行更多的客观函数评估。

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have proven very effective in image classification and show promise for audio. We use various CNN architectures to classify the soundtracks of a dataset of 70M training videos (5.24 million hours) with 30,871 video-level labels. We examine fully connected Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), AlexNet [1], VGG [2], Inception [3], and ResNet [4]. We investigate varying the size of both training set and label vocabulary, finding that analogs of the CNNs used in image classification do well on our audio classification task, and larger training and label sets help up to a point. A model using embeddings from these classifiers does much better than raw features on the Audio Set [5] Acoustic Event Detection (AED) classification task.

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

Objective: Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) influence personal health outcomes and health systems interactions. Health systems capture SDOH information through structured data and unstructured clinical notes; however, clinical notes often contain a more comprehensive representation of several key SDOH. The objective of this work is to assess the SDOH information gain achievable by extracting structured semantic representations of SDOH from the clinical narrative and combining these extracted representations with available structured data. Materials and Methods: We developed a natural language processing (NLP) information extraction model for SDOH that utilizes a deep learning entity and relation extraction architecture. In an electronic health record (EHR) case study, we applied the SDOH extractor to a large existing clinical data set with over 200,000 patients and 400,000 notes and compared the extracted information with available structured data. Results: The SDOH extractor achieved 0.86 F1 on a withheld test set. In the EHR case study, we found 19\% of current tobacco users, 10\% of drug users, and 32\% of homeless patients only include documentation of these risk factors in the clinical narrative. Conclusions: Patients who are at-risk for negative health outcomes due to SDOH may be better served if health systems are able to identify SDOH risk factors and associated social needs. Structured semantic representations of text-encoded SDOH information can augment existing structured, and this more comprehensive SDOH representation can assist health systems in identifying and addressing social needs.

By transferring knowledge from large, diverse, task-agnostic datasets, modern machine learning models can solve specific downstream tasks either zero-shot or with small task-specific datasets to a high level of performance. While this capability has been demonstrated in other fields such as computer vision, natural language processing or speech recognition, it remains to be shown in robotics, where the generalization capabilities of the models are particularly critical due to the difficulty of collecting real-world robotic data. We argue that one of the keys to the success of such general robotic models lies with open-ended task-agnostic training, combined with high-capacity architectures that can absorb all of the diverse, robotic data. In this paper, we present a model class, dubbed Robotics Transformer, that exhibits promising scalable model properties. We verify our conclusions in a study of different model classes and their ability to generalize as a function of the data size, model size, and data diversity based on a large-scale data collection on real robots performing real-world tasks. The project's website and videos can be found at robotics-transformer.github.io

Objective: We aim to develop an open-source natural language processing (NLP) package, SODA (i.e., SOcial DeterminAnts), with pre-trained transformer models to extract social determinants of health (SDoH) for cancer patients, examine the generalizability of SODA to a new disease domain (i.e., opioid use), and evaluate the extraction rate of SDoH using cancer populations. Methods: We identified SDoH categories and attributes and developed an SDoH corpus using clinical notes from a general cancer cohort. We compared four transformer-based NLP models to extract SDoH, examined the generalizability of NLP models to a cohort of patients prescribed with opioids, and explored customization strategies to improve performance. We applied the best NLP model to extract 19 categories of SDoH from the breast (n=7,971), lung (n=11,804), and colorectal cancer (n=6,240) cohorts. Results and Conclusion: We developed a corpus of 629 cancer patients notes with annotations of 13,193 SDoH concepts/attributes from 19 categories of SDoH. The Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) model achieved the best strict/lenient F1 scores of 0.9216 and 0.9441 for SDoH concept extraction, 0.9617 and 0.9626 for linking attributes to SDoH concepts. Fine-tuning the NLP models using new annotations from opioid use patients improved the strict/lenient F1 scores from 0.8172/0.8502 to 0.8312/0.8679. The extraction rates among 19 categories of SDoH varied greatly, where 10 SDoH could be extracted from >70% of cancer patients, but 9 SDoH had a low extraction rate (<70% of cancer patients). The SODA package with pre-trained transformer models is publicly available at https://github.com/uf-hobiinformatics-lab/SDoH_SODA.

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.

模型校准衡量预测的概率估计与真实性可能性之间的一致性。正确的模型校准对于高风险应用至关重要。不幸的是，现代深层神经网络的校准不佳，损害了可信度和可靠性。由于组织边界的自然不确定性，医疗图像分割尤其遭受了这种情况。这对他们的损失功能感到愤怒，这有利于多数级别的过度自信。我们用Domino（一种域感知的模型校准方法）解决了这些挑战，该方法利用了类标签之间的语义混淆性和分层相似性。我们的实验表明，在头部图像分割中，我们受多米诺骨牌校准的深神经网络优于非校准模型和最先进的形态学方法。我们的结果表明，与这些方法相比，我们的方法可以始终如一地实现更好的校准，更高的准确性和更快的推理时间，尤其是在稀有类别上。该性能归因于我们的域知觉正规化，以告知语义模型校准。这些发现表明，班级标签之间语义联系在建立深度学习模型的信心中的重要性。该框架有可能提高通用医学图像分割模型的可信度和可靠性。本文的代码可在以下网址获得：https：//github.com/lab-smile/domino。

评估在不断增长的语料库中排名期限的重要性变化是理解词汇用法变化的强大工具。在本文中，我们分析了自由响应答案的语料库，其中要求33,993 LGBTQ一代受访者从13岁到24岁，在美国被要求自我描述他们的性取向。我们观察到某些标签，例如双性恋，pansexual和女同性恋，在各个年龄段中同样重要。其他标签的重要性，例如同性恋，死亡和异性恋，跨年龄段的发展。尽管Z世代通常被定型为均匀的观念，但在其中自我描述的性取向时，我们会明显观察到不同的标签用法。我们敦促感兴趣的各方必须经常向目标受众调查最重要的性取向标签，并刷新其材料（例如人口调查），以反映不断发展的LGBTQ社区并创造包容性的环境。

计算幽默检测系统很少对幽默反应的主观性进行建模，或者考虑对幽默的替代反应 - 即犯罪。我们分析了不同年龄段的男性和女性注释者的大量幽默和犯罪评级数据集。我们发现女性比男性更强烈地联系这两个概念，她们倾向于给出较低的幽默评分和更高的进攻得分。我们还发现，幽默与犯罪之间的相关性随着年龄的增长而增加。尽管幽默发现没有性别或年龄差异，但女性和较旧的注释者表示，她们比男性更频繁地理解笑话文本。我们讨论对计算幽默检测和下游任务的影响。