原则上，稀疏的神经网络应该比传统的密集网络更有效。大脑中的神经元表现出两种类型的稀疏性;它们稀疏地相互连接和稀疏活跃。当组合时，这两种类型的稀疏性，称为重量稀疏性和激活稀疏性，提出了通过两个数量级来降低神经网络的计算成本。尽管存在这种潜力，但今天的神经网络只使用重量稀疏提供适度的性能益处，因为传统的计算硬件无法有效地处理稀疏网络。在本文中，我们引入了互补稀疏性，这是一种显着提高现有硬件对双稀疏网络性能的新技术。我们证明我们可以实现高性能运行的重量稀疏网络，我们可以通过结合激活稀疏性来乘以这些加速。采用互补稀疏性，我们显示出对FPGA的推断的吞吐量和能效提高了100倍。我们分析了典型的商业卷积网络等各种内核的可扩展性和资源权衡，例如Resnet-50和MobileNetv2。我们的互补稀疏性的结果表明，重量加激活稀疏性可以是有效的缩放未来AI模型的有效组合。

We introduce a new tool for stochastic convex optimization (SCO): a Reweighted Stochastic Query (ReSQue) estimator for the gradient of a function convolved with a (Gaussian) probability density. Combining ReSQue with recent advances in ball oracle acceleration [CJJJLST20, ACJJS21], we develop algorithms achieving state-of-the-art complexities for SCO in parallel and private settings. For a SCO objective constrained to the unit ball in $\mathbb{R}^d$, we obtain the following results (up to polylogarithmic factors). We give a parallel algorithm obtaining optimization error $\epsilon_{\text{opt}}$ with $d^{1/3}\epsilon_{\text{opt}}^{-2/3}$ gradient oracle query depth and $d^{1/3}\epsilon_{\text{opt}}^{-2/3} + \epsilon_{\text{opt}}^{-2}$ gradient queries in total, assuming access to a bounded-variance stochastic gradient estimator. For $\epsilon_{\text{opt}} \in [d^{-1}, d^{-1/4}]$, our algorithm matches the state-of-the-art oracle depth of [BJLLS19] while maintaining the optimal total work of stochastic gradient descent. We give an $(\epsilon_{\text{dp}}, \delta)$-differentially private algorithm which, given $n$ samples of Lipschitz loss functions, obtains near-optimal optimization error and makes $\min(n, n^2\epsilon_{\text{dp}}^2 d^{-1}) + \min(n^{4/3}\epsilon_{\text{dp}}^{1/3}, (nd)^{2/3}\epsilon_{\text{dp}}^{-1})$ queries to the gradients of these functions. In the regime $d \le n \epsilon_{\text{dp}}^{2}$, where privacy comes at no cost in terms of the optimal loss up to constants, our algorithm uses $n + (nd)^{2/3}\epsilon_{\text{dp}}^{-1}$ queries and improves recent advancements of [KLL21, AFKT21]. In the moderately low-dimensional setting $d \le \sqrt n \epsilon_{\text{dp}}^{3/2}$, our query complexity is near-linear.

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to demonstrate the utility of unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) in automated knee osteoarthritis (OA) phenotype classification using a small dataset (n=50). Materials and Methods: For this retrospective study, we collected 3,166 three-dimensional (3D) double-echo steady-state magnetic resonance (MR) images from the Osteoarthritis Initiative dataset and 50 3D turbo/fast spin-echo MR images from our institute (in 2020 and 2021) as the source and target datasets, respectively. For each patient, the degree of knee OA was initially graded according to the MRI Osteoarthritis Knee Score (MOAKS) before being converted to binary OA phenotype labels. The proposed UDA pipeline included (a) pre-processing, which involved automatic segmentation and region-of-interest cropping; (b) source classifier training, which involved pre-training phenotype classifiers on the source dataset; (c) target encoder adaptation, which involved unsupervised adaption of the source encoder to the target encoder and (d) target classifier validation, which involved statistical analysis of the target classification performance evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. Additionally, a classifier was trained without UDA for comparison. Results: The target classifier trained with UDA achieved improved AUROC, sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for both knee OA phenotypes compared with the classifier trained without UDA. Conclusion: The proposed UDA approach improves the performance of automated knee OA phenotype classification for small target datasets by utilising a large, high-quality source dataset for training. The results successfully demonstrated the advantages of the UDA approach in classification on small datasets.

By transferring knowledge from large, diverse, task-agnostic datasets, modern machine learning models can solve specific downstream tasks either zero-shot or with small task-specific datasets to a high level of performance. While this capability has been demonstrated in other fields such as computer vision, natural language processing or speech recognition, it remains to be shown in robotics, where the generalization capabilities of the models are particularly critical due to the difficulty of collecting real-world robotic data. We argue that one of the keys to the success of such general robotic models lies with open-ended task-agnostic training, combined with high-capacity architectures that can absorb all of the diverse, robotic data. In this paper, we present a model class, dubbed Robotics Transformer, that exhibits promising scalable model properties. We verify our conclusions in a study of different model classes and their ability to generalize as a function of the data size, model size, and data diversity based on a large-scale data collection on real robots performing real-world tasks. The project's website and videos can be found at robotics-transformer.github.io

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is having a tremendous impact across most areas of science. Applications of AI in healthcare have the potential to improve our ability to detect, diagnose, prognose, and intervene on human disease. For AI models to be used clinically, they need to be made safe, reproducible and robust, and the underlying software framework must be aware of the particularities (e.g. geometry, physiology, physics) of medical data being processed. This work introduces MONAI, a freely available, community-supported, and consortium-led PyTorch-based framework for deep learning in healthcare. MONAI extends PyTorch to support medical data, with a particular focus on imaging, and provide purpose-specific AI model architectures, transformations and utilities that streamline the development and deployment of medical AI models. MONAI follows best practices for software-development, providing an easy-to-use, robust, well-documented, and well-tested software framework. MONAI preserves the simple, additive, and compositional approach of its underlying PyTorch libraries. MONAI is being used by and receiving contributions from research, clinical and industrial teams from around the world, who are pursuing applications spanning nearly every aspect of healthcare.

我们提出了一个新的框架，用于对凸函数的差异私有优化，这些功能是任意规范$ \ normx {\ cdot} $中的Lipschitz。我们的算法基于一种正规的指数机制，该机制从密度$ \ propto \ exp（-k（f+\ mu r））$中进行样品，其中$ f $是经验损失，$ r $是一种常规化器，它与强烈的convex convex converize尊重$ \ normx {\ cdot} $，将\ cite {gll22}的最新作品推广到非Euclidean设置。我们表明，这种机制可以满足高斯差异隐私，并通过使用凸几何形状的本地化工具来解决DP-MER（经验风险最小化）和DP-SCO（随机凸优化）。我们的框架是第一个在一般规范空间中适用于私有凸优化的框架，并直接恢复了镜下下降的非私有SCO率，作为隐私参数$ \ eps \ to \ infty $。作为应用程序，对于LipsChitz优化了$ \ ell_p $ norms for（1，2）$中的所有$ p \ norms，我们获得了第一个最佳隐私性权衡权衡；对于$ p = 1 $，我们提高了最近的作品\ cite {asifkt21，bassilygn21}获得的权衡，至少通过对数因素。我们的$ \ ell_p $ norm和schatten- $ p $规范优化框架与多项式时间采样器相辅相成，我们的查询复杂性明确绑定。

贝叶斯优化（BO）已成为许多昂贵现实世界功能的全球优化的流行策略。与普遍认为BO适合优化黑框功能的信念相反，它实际上需要有关这些功能特征的域知识才能成功部署BO。这样的领域知识通常表现在高斯流程先验中，这些先验指定了有关功能的初始信念。但是，即使有专家知识，选择先验也不是一件容易的事。对于复杂的机器学习模型上的超参数调谐问题尤其如此，在这种模型中，调整目标的景观通常很难理解。我们寻求一种设定这些功能性先验的替代实践。特别是，我们考虑了从类似功能的数据中，使我们可以先验地进行更紧密的分布。为了验证我们在现实的模型培训设置中的方法，我们通过训练在流行图像和文本数据集上的数以万计的近状态模型配置来收集了大型多任务超参数调谐数据集，以及蛋白质序列数据集。我们的结果表明，平均而言，我们的方法能够比最佳竞争方法更有效地定位良好的超参数。

语言模型既展示了定量的改进，又展示了新的定性功能，随着规模的增加。尽管它们具有潜在的变革性影响，但这些新能力的特征却很差。为了为未来的研究提供信息，为破坏性的新模型能力做准备，并改善社会有害的效果，至关重要的是，我们必须了解目前和近乎未来的能力和语言模型的局限性。为了应对这一挑战，我们介绍了超越模仿游戏基准（Big Bench）。 Big Bench目前由204个任务组成，由132家机构的442位作者贡献。任务主题是多样的，从语言学，儿童发展，数学，常识性推理，生物学，物理学，社会偏见，软件开发等等。 Big-Bench专注于被认为超出当前语言模型的功能的任务。我们评估了OpenAI的GPT型号，Google内部密集变压器体系结构和大型基础上的开关稀疏变压器的行为，跨越了数百万到数十亿个参数。此外，一个人类专家评估者团队执行了所有任务，以提供强大的基准。研究结果包括：模型性能和校准都随规模改善，但绝对的术语（以及与评估者的性能相比）；在模型类中的性能非常相似，尽管带有稀疏性。逐渐和预测的任务通常涉及大量知识或记忆成分，而在临界规模上表现出“突破性”行为的任务通常涉及多个步骤或组成部分或脆性指标；社交偏见通常会随着含糊不清的环境而随着规模而增加，但这可以通过提示来改善。

大型语言模型已被证明可以使用少量学习来实现各种自然语言任务的出色表现，这大大减少了将模型调整到特定应用程序所需的特定任务培训示例的数量。为了进一步了解量表对少量学习的影响，我们培训了一个5400亿个参数，密集激活的变压器语言模型，我们称之为“途径”语言模型棕榈。我们使用Pathways在6144 TPU V4芯片上训练了Palm，这是一种新的ML系统，可在多个TPU POD上进行高效的训练。我们通过在数百种语言理解和产生基准的基准方面实现最先进的学习结果来证明扩展的持续好处。在这些任务中，Palm 540B实现了突破性的表现，在一系列多步推理任务上表现出色，超过了最新的最新表现，并且在最近发布的Big Benchmark上表现优于平均人类表现。大量的大型基础任务显示出与模型量表的不连续改进，这意味着当我们扩展到最大模型时，性能急剧增加。 Palm在多语言任务和源代码生成方面也具有很强的功能，我们在各种基准测试中证明了这一点。我们还提供了有关偏见和毒性的全面分析，并研究了训练数据记忆的程度，相对于模型量表。最后，我们讨论与大语言模型有关的道德考虑，并讨论潜在的缓解策略。