注意缺陷/多动症（ADHD）是一种神经发育障碍，高度流行，需要临床专家才能诊断。众所周知，个人的观察行为反映在眼睛运动中，直接与注意机制和高阶认知过程有关。因此，我们探讨了是否可以根据记录的眼动动作以及在免费观看任务中的视频刺激信息进行检测到多动症。为此，我们开发了一个基于端到端的深度学习序列模型％，该模型％使用眼动扫描路径，我们将其预先培训在相关任务上，该任务可获得更多数据。我们发现该方法实际上能够检测ADHD并胜过相关的基线。我们在消融研究中研究了输入特征的相关性。有趣的是，我们发现该模型的性能与视频内容密切相关，该视频为未来的实验设计提供了见解。

眼目光信息的收集为人类认知，健康和行为的许多关键方面提供了一个窗口。此外，许多神经科学研究补充了从眼睛跟踪中获得的行为信息，以及脑电图（EEG）提供的高时间分辨率和神经生理学标记。必不可少的眼睛跟踪软件处理步骤之一是将连续数据流的分割为与扫视，固定和眨眼等眼睛跟踪应用程序相关的事件。在这里，我们介绍了Detrtime，这是一个新颖的时间序列分割框架，该框架创建了不需要额外记录的眼睛跟踪模式并仅依靠脑电图数据的眼部事件检测器。我们的端到端基于深度学习的框架将计算机视觉的最新进展带到了脑电图数据的《时代》系列分割的最前沿。 Detr Time在各种眼睛追踪实验范式上实现眼部事件检测中的最新性能。除此之外，我们还提供了证据表明我们的模型在脑电图阶段分割的任务中很好地概括了。

苏黎世认知语言处理语料库（Zuco）提供了来自两种读取范例，正常读取和特定任务读数的眼跟踪和脑电图信号。我们分析了机器学习方法是否能够使用眼睛跟踪和EEG功能对这两个任务进行分类。我们使用聚合的句子级别功能以及细粒度的单词级别来实现模型。我们在主题内和交叉对象评估方案中测试模型。所有模型都在Zuco 1.0和Zuco 2.0数据子集上进行测试，其特征在于不同的记录程序，因此允许不同的概括水平。最后，我们提供了一系列的控制实验，以更详细地分析结果。

数据增强是自然语言处理（NLP）模型的鲁棒性评估的重要组成部分，以及增强他们培训的数据的多样性。在本文中，我们呈现NL-Cogmenter，这是一种新的参与式Python的自然语言增强框架，它支持创建两个转换（对数据的修改）和过滤器（根据特定功能的数据拆分）。我们描述了框架和初始的117个变换和23个过滤器，用于各种自然语言任务。我们通过使用其几个转换来分析流行自然语言模型的鲁棒性来证明NL-Upmenter的功效。基础架构，Datacards和稳健性分析结果在NL-Augmenter存储库上公开可用（\ url {https://github.com/gem-benchmark/nl-augmenter}）。

我们展示了一个新的数据集和基准，其目的是在大脑活动和眼球运动的交叉口中推进研究。我们的数据集EEGEYENET包括从三种不同实验范式中收集的356个不同受试者的同时脑电图（EEG）和眼睛跟踪（ET）录像。使用此数据集，我们还提出了一种评估EEG测量的凝视预测的基准。基准由三个任务组成，难度越来越高：左右，角度幅度和绝对位置。我们在该基准测试中运行大量实验，以便根据经典机器学习模型和大型神经网络提供实心基线。我们释放了我们的完整代码和数据，并提供了一种简单且易于使用的界面来评估新方法。

This article formulates a generic representation of a path-following controller operating under contained motion, which was developed in the context of surgical robotics. It reports two types of constrained motion: i) Bilateral Constrained Motion, also called Remote Center Motion (RCM), and ii) Unilaterally Constrained Motion (UCM). In the first case, the incision hole has almost the same diameter as the robotic tool. In contrast, in the second state, the diameter of the incision orifice is larger than the tool diameter. The second case offers more space where the surgical instrument moves freely without constraints before touching the incision wall. The proposed method combines two tasks that must operate hierarchically: i) respect the RCM or UCM constraints formulated by equality or inequality, respectively, and ii) perform a surgical assignment, e.g., scanning or ablation expressed as a 3D path-following task. The proposed methods and materials were tested first on our simulator that mimics realistic conditions of middle ear surgery, and then on an experimental platform. Different validation scenarios were carried out experimentally to assess quantitatively and qualitatively each developed approach. Although ultimate precision was not the goal of this work, our concept is validated with enough accuracy (inferior to 100 micrometres) for ear surgery.

Several self-supervised representation learning methods have been proposed for reinforcement learning (RL) with rich observations. For real-world applications of RL, recovering underlying latent states is crucial, particularly when sensory inputs contain irrelevant and exogenous information. In this work, we study how information bottlenecks can be used to construct latent states efficiently in the presence of task-irrelevant information. We propose architectures that utilize variational and discrete information bottlenecks, coined as RepDIB, to learn structured factorized representations. Exploiting the expressiveness bought by factorized representations, we introduce a simple, yet effective, bottleneck that can be integrated with any existing self-supervised objective for RL. We demonstrate this across several online and offline RL benchmarks, along with a real robot arm task, where we find that compressed representations with RepDIB can lead to strong performance improvements, as the learned bottlenecks help predict only the relevant state while ignoring irrelevant information.

To face the dependency on fossil fuels and limit carbon emissions, fuel cells are a very promising technology and appear to be a key candidate to tackle the increase of the energy demand and promote the energy transition. To meet future needs for both transport and stationary applications, the time to market of fuel cell stacks must be drastically reduced. Here, a new concept to shorten their development time by introducing a disruptive and highefficiency data augmentation approach based on artificial intelligence is presented. Our results allow reducing the testing time before introducing a product on the market from a thousand to a few hours. The innovative concept proposed here can support engineering and research tasks during the fuel cell development process to achieve decreased development costs alongside a reduced time to market.

A learned system uses machine learning (ML) internally to improve performance. We can expect such systems to be vulnerable to some adversarial-ML attacks. Often, the learned component is shared between mutually-distrusting users or processes, much like microarchitectural resources such as caches, potentially giving rise to highly-realistic attacker models. However, compared to attacks on other ML-based systems, attackers face a level of indirection as they cannot interact directly with the learned model. Additionally, the difference between the attack surface of learned and non-learned versions of the same system is often subtle. These factors obfuscate the de-facto risks that the incorporation of ML carries. We analyze the root causes of potentially-increased attack surface in learned systems and develop a framework for identifying vulnerabilities that stem from the use of ML. We apply our framework to a broad set of learned systems under active development. To empirically validate the many vulnerabilities surfaced by our framework, we choose 3 of them and implement and evaluate exploits against prominent learned-system instances. We show that the use of ML caused leakage of past queries in a database, enabled a poisoning attack that causes exponential memory blowup in an index structure and crashes it in seconds, and enabled index users to snoop on each others' key distributions by timing queries over their own keys. We find that adversarial ML is a universal threat against learned systems, point to open research gaps in our understanding of learned-systems security, and conclude by discussing mitigations, while noting that data leakage is inherent in systems whose learned component is shared between multiple parties.

In intensively managed forests in Europe, where forests are divided into stands of small size and may show heterogeneity within stands, a high spatial resolution (10 - 20 meters) is arguably needed to capture the differences in canopy height. In this work, we developed a deep learning model based on multi-stream remote sensing measurements to create a high-resolution canopy height map over the "Landes de Gascogne" forest in France, a large maritime pine plantation of 13,000 km$^2$ with flat terrain and intensive management. This area is characterized by even-aged and mono-specific stands, of a typical length of a few hundred meters, harvested every 35 to 50 years. Our deep learning U-Net model uses multi-band images from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 with composite time averages as input to predict tree height derived from GEDI waveforms. The evaluation is performed with external validation data from forest inventory plots and a stereo 3D reconstruction model based on Skysat imagery available at specific locations. We trained seven different U-net models based on a combination of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 bands to evaluate the importance of each instrument in the dominant height retrieval. The model outputs allow us to generate a 10 m resolution canopy height map of the whole "Landes de Gascogne" forest area for 2020 with a mean absolute error of 2.02 m on the Test dataset. The best predictions were obtained using all available satellite layers from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 but using only one satellite source also provided good predictions. For all validation datasets in coniferous forests, our model showed better metrics than previous canopy height models available in the same region.