We present a differentiable formulation of rigid-body contact dynamics for objects and robots represented as compositions of convex primitives. Existing optimization-based approaches simulating contact between convex primitives rely on a bilevel formulation that separates collision detection and contact simulation. These approaches are unreliable in realistic contact simulation scenarios because isolating the collision detection problem introduces contact location non-uniqueness. Our approach combines contact simulation and collision detection into a unified single-level optimization problem. This disambiguates the collision detection problem in a physics-informed manner. Compared to previous differentiable simulation approaches, our formulation features improved simulation robustness and a reduction in computational complexity by more than an order of magnitude. We illustrate the contact and collision differentiability on a robotic manipulation task requiring optimization-through-contact. We provide a numerically efficient implementation of our formulation in the Julia language called Silico.jl.
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Humans form mental images of 3D scenes to support counterfactual imagination, planning, and motor control. Our abilities to predict the appearance and affordance of the scene from previously unobserved viewpoints aid us in performing manipulation tasks (e.g., 6-DoF kitting) with a level of ease that is currently out of reach for existing robot learning frameworks. In this work, we aim to build artificial systems that can analogously plan actions on top of imagined images. To this end, we introduce Mental Imagery for Robotic Affordances (MIRA), an action reasoning framework that optimizes actions with novel-view synthesis and affordance prediction in the loop. Given a set of 2D RGB images, MIRA builds a consistent 3D scene representation, through which we synthesize novel orthographic views amenable to pixel-wise affordances prediction for action optimization. We illustrate how this optimization process enables us to generalize to unseen out-of-plane rotations for 6-DoF robotic manipulation tasks given a limited number of demonstrations, paving the way toward machines that autonomously learn to understand the world around them for planning actions.
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已经证明,经过代码完成培训的大型语言模型(LLMS)能够合成DocStrings的简单Python程序[1]。我们发现这些代码编写的LLM可以被重新使用以编写机器人策略代码,给定自然语言命令。具体而言,策略代码可以表达处理感知输出的功能或反馈循环(例如,从对象检测器[2],[3])并参数化控制原始API。当作为输入提供了几个示例命令(格式为注释)后,然后是相应的策略代码(通过少量提示),LLMS可以接收新命令并自主重新编写API调用以分别生成新的策略代码。通过链接经典的逻辑结构并引用第三方库(例如,numpy,shapely)执行算术,以这种方式使用的LLM可以编写(i)(i)表现出空间几何推理的机器人策略,(ii)(ii)将其推广到新的说明和新指令和新指令和(iii)根据上下文(即行为常识)规定模棱两可的描述(例如“更快”)的精确值(例如,速度)。本文将代码作为策略介绍:语言模型生成程序的以机器人为中心的形式化(LMP),该程序可以代表反应性策略(例如阻抗控制器),以及基于Waypoint的策略(基于远见的选择,基于轨迹,基于轨迹,控制),在多个真实的机器人平台上展示。我们方法的核心是促使层次代码 - 代码(递归定义未定义的功能),该代码可以编写更复杂的代码,还可以改善最新的代码,以解决HOMANEVAL [1]基准中的39.8%的问题。代码和视频可从https://code-as-policies.github.io获得。
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最近的作品表明,如何将大语言模型(LLM)的推理能力应用于自然语言处理以外的领域,例如机器人的计划和互动。这些具体的问题要求代理商了解世界上许多语义方面:可用技能的曲目,这些技能如何影响世界以及对世界的变化如何映射回该语言。在体现环境中规划的LLMS不仅需要考虑要做什么技能,还需要考虑如何以及何时进行操作 - 答案随着时间的推移而变化,以响应代理商自己的选择。在这项工作中,我们调查了在这种体现的环境中使用的LLM在多大程度上可以推论通过自然语言提供的反馈来源,而无需任何其他培训。我们建议,通过利用环境反馈,LLM能够形成内部独白,使他们能够在机器人控制方案中进行更丰富的处理和计划。我们研究了各种反馈来源,例如成功检测,场景描述和人类互动。我们发现,闭环语言反馈显着改善了三个领域的高级指导完成,包括模拟和真实的桌面顶部重新排列任务以及现实世界中厨房环境中的长途移动操作任务。
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可变形的对象操作需要与机器人感应方式兼容的计算有效表示。在本文中,我们提出了Virdo:可变形弹性对象的隐式,多模式和连续表示。Virdo直接在视觉(点云)和触觉(反作用力)方式上运行,并了解了接触位置和力量丰富的潜在嵌入,以预测受外部接触的物体变形。 - 具有密集无监督的对应关系的模式重建,ii)概括为看不见的接触地层,iii)抑制了局部粘膜反馈的状态估计
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我们为双级轨迹优化提供了一个框架,其中系统的动态被编码为对受约束优化问题的解决方案,并且将该较低级别问题的平滑梯度传递给上限轨迹优化器。基于优化的动态表示可实现约束处理,附加变量和非平滑行为,以便远离上层优化器,并允许经典的无约束优化器合成用于更复杂的系统的轨迹。我们提供了一种路径,以便有效地评估受限的动态,并利用隐式功能定理来计算此表示的平滑梯度。我们通过从机器人,航空航天和操纵域建模系统展示了框架,包括:杂志,带有联合限制,卡车杆受到库仑摩擦,Raibert Hopper,火箭落地的推力限制,以及基于优化的动态的平面推送任务然后使用迭代LQR优化轨迹。
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我们调查视觉跨实施的模仿设置,其中代理商学习来自其他代理的视频(例如人类)的策略,示范相同的任务,但在其实施例中具有缺点差异 - 形状,动作,终效应器动态等。在这项工作中,我们证明可以从对这些差异强大的跨实施例证视频自动发现和学习基于视觉的奖励功能。具体而言,我们介绍了一种用于跨实施的跨实施的自我监督方法(XIRL),它利用时间周期 - 一致性约束来学习深度视觉嵌入,从而从多个专家代理的示范的脱机视频中捕获任务进度,每个都执行相同的任务不同的原因是实施例差异。在我们的工作之前,从自我监督嵌入产生奖励通常需要与参考轨迹对齐,这可能难以根据STARK实施例的差异来获取。我们凭经验显示,如果嵌入式了解任务进度,则只需在学习的嵌入空间中占据当前状态和目标状态之间的负距离是有用的,作为培训与加强学习的培训政策的奖励。我们发现我们的学习奖励功能不仅适用于在训练期间看到的实施例,而且还概括为完全新的实施例。此外,在将现实世界的人类示范转移到模拟机器人时,我们发现XIRL比当前最佳方法更具样本。 https://x-irl.github.io提供定性结果,代码和数据集
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机器人操纵可以配制成诱导一系列空间位移:其中移动的空间可以包括物体,物体的一部分或末端执行器。在这项工作中,我们提出了一个简单的模型架构,它重新排列了深度功能,以从视觉输入推断出可视输入的空间位移 - 这可以参数化机器人操作。它没有对象的假设(例如规范姿势,模型或关键点),它利用空间对称性,并且比我们学习基于视觉的操纵任务的基准替代方案更高的样本效率,并且依赖于堆叠的金字塔用看不见的物体组装套件;从操纵可变形的绳索,以将堆积的小物体推动,具有闭环反馈。我们的方法可以表示复杂的多模态策略分布,并推广到多步顺序任务,以及6dof拾取器。 10个模拟任务的实验表明,它比各种端到端基线更快地学习并概括,包括使用地面真实对象姿势的政策。我们在现实世界中使用硬件验证我们的方法。实验视频和代码可在https://transporternets.github.io获得
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Traditionally, data analysis and theory have been viewed as separate disciplines, each feeding into fundamentally different types of models. Modern deep learning technology is beginning to unify these two disciplines and will produce a new class of predictively powerful space weather models that combine the physical insights gained by data and theory. We call on NASA to invest in the research and infrastructure necessary for the heliophysics' community to take advantage of these advances.
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Accurate and timely rain prediction is crucial for decision making and is also a challenging task. This paper presents a solution which won the 2 nd prize in the Weather4cast 2022 NeurIPS competition using 3D U-Nets and EarthFormers for 8-hour probabilistic rain prediction based on multi-band satellite images. The spatial context effect of the input satellite image has been deeply explored and optimal context range has been found. Based on the imbalanced rain distribution, we trained multiple models with different loss functions. To further improve the model performance, multi-model ensemble and threshold optimization were used to produce the final probabilistic rain prediction. Experiment results and leaderboard scores demonstrate that optimal spatial context, combined loss function, multi-model ensemble, and threshold optimization all provide modest model gain. A permutation test was used to analyze the effect of each satellite band on rain prediction, and results show that satellite bands signifying cloudtop phase (8.7 um) and cloud-top height (10.8 and 13.4 um) are the best predictors for rain prediction. The source code is available at https://github.com/bugsuse/weather4cast-2022-stage2.
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