根据图像回答语义复杂的问题是在视觉问题应答（VQA）任务中的具有挑战性。虽然图像可以通过深度学习来良好代表，但是始终简单地嵌入问题，并且不能很好地表明它的含义。此外，视觉和文本特征具有不同模式的间隙，很难对齐和利用跨模块信息。在本文中，我们专注于这两个问题，并提出了一种匹配关注（GMA）网络的图表。首先，它不仅为图像构建图形，而且在句法和嵌入信息方面构建了该问题的图表。接下来，我们通过双级图形编码器探讨了模特内的关系，然后呈现双边跨模型图匹配注意力以推断图像与问题之间的关系。然后将更新的跨模式特征发送到答案预测模块中以进行最终答案预测。实验表明，我们的网络在GQA数据集和VQA 2.0数据集上达到了最先进的性能。消融研究验证了GMA网络中每个模块的有效性。

The massive growth of self-supervised learning (SSL) has been witnessed in language, vision, speech, and audio domains over the past few years. While discrete label prediction is widely adopted for other modalities, the state-of-the-art audio SSL models still employ reconstruction loss for pre-training. Compared with reconstruction loss, semantic-rich discrete label prediction encourages the SSL model to abstract the high-level audio semantics and discard the redundant details as in human perception. However, a semantic-rich acoustic tokenizer for general audio pre-training is usually not straightforward to obtain, due to the continuous property of audio and unavailable phoneme sequences like speech. To tackle this challenge, we propose BEATs, an iterative audio pre-training framework to learn Bidirectional Encoder representation from Audio Transformers, where an acoustic tokenizer and an audio SSL model are optimized by iterations. In the first iteration, we use random projection as the acoustic tokenizer to train an audio SSL model in a mask and label prediction manner. Then, we train an acoustic tokenizer for the next iteration by distilling the semantic knowledge from the pre-trained or fine-tuned audio SSL model. The iteration is repeated with the hope of mutual promotion of the acoustic tokenizer and audio SSL model. The experimental results demonstrate our acoustic tokenizers can generate discrete labels with rich audio semantics and our audio SSL models achieve state-of-the-art results across various audio classification benchmarks, even outperforming previous models that use more training data and model parameters significantly. Specifically, we set a new state-of-the-art mAP 50.6% on AudioSet-2M for audio-only models without using any external data, and 98.1% accuracy on ESC-50. The code and pre-trained models are available at https://aka.ms/beats.

最近，蒙面的预测预训练在自我监督的学习（SSL）方面取得了显着的进展，以进行语音识别。它通常需要以无监督的方式获得的代码簿，从而使其准确和难以解释。我们提出了两种监督指导的代码书生成方法，以提高自动语音识别（ASR）的性能以及预训练效率，要么通过使用混合ASR系统来解码以生成音素级别对准（命名为PBERT），要么通过在上进行集群进行聚类。从端到端CTC模型（命名CTC聚类）提取的监督语音功能。混合动力和CTC模型均经过与微调相同的少量标记语音训练。实验表明，我们的方法对各种SSL和自我训练基准的优势具有显着优势，相对减少了17.0％。我们的预训练模型在非ASR语音任务中还显示出良好的可传递性。

最近，即使预训练目标是为语音识别而设计的，自我监督学习（SSL）即使在说话者的识别方面表现出了很强的表现。在本文中，我们研究了哪些因素导致对与说话者相关的任务的自我监督学习成功，例如扬声器验证（SV）通过一系列精心设计的实验。我们对Voxceleb-1数据集的经验结果表明，SSL对SV任务的好处是来自蒙版语音预测丢失，数据量表和模型大小的组合，而SSL量化器具有较小的影响。我们进一步采用了综合梯度归因方法和损失景观可视化，以了解说话者识别性能的自我监督学习的有效性。

最近，先驱工作发现，演讲预训练模型可以解决全堆栈语音处理任务，因为该模型利用底层学习扬声器相关信息和顶层以编码与内容相关的信息。由于网络容量有限，我们认为如果模型专用于音频内容信息学习，则可以进一步提高语音识别性能。为此，我们向自我监督学习（ILS-SSL）提出中间层监督，这将模型通过在中间层上添加额外的SSL丢失来尽可能地专注于内容信息。 LibrisPeech测试 - 其他集合的实验表明，我们的方法显着优于Hubert，这实现了基数/大型模型的W / O语言模型设置的相对字错误率降低了23.5％/ 11.6％。详细分析显示我们模型的底层与拼音单元具有更好的相关性，这与我们的直觉一致，并解释了我们对ASR的方法的成功。

视网膜血管的拓扑和几何分析是早期检测许多常见疾病的成本效益。同时，在泛化能力方面仍然缺乏自动化血管分割和血管树分析。在这项工作中，我们构建了一种新的基准Reta，其中81个标记的船舶掩模，旨在促进视网膜血管分析。提出了一种半自动粗到精细的工作流到注释血管像素。在数据集建设期间，我们通过对自发专用软件进行多级注释和标签歧义来控制注释器间可变性和内部注入者的变化。除了二元血管面罩外，我们还获得了血管标记期间含有动脉/静脉面罩，血管骨骼，分叉，树木和异常的血管注释。标记船面罩的主观和客观质量验证都表现出在其他公共数据集上的显着提高。注释软件也公开可用于船舶注释可视化。用户可以使用我们的数据集开发船只分段算法或评估船只分段性能。此外，我们的数据集可能是跨型号管状结构分割的良好研究来源。

自我监督学习（SSL）在语音识别方面取得了巨大的成功，而有限的探索已尝试完成其他语音处理任务。由于语音信号包含多方面的信息，包括说话者身份，副语言学，口语内容等，学习所有语音任务的通用表示都具有挑战性。为了解决该问题，我们提出了一个新的预培训模型WAVLM，以解决全堆栈的下游语音任务。 Wavlm共同学习了蒙面的语音预测和预训练。通过这种方式，WAVLM不仅可以通过掩盖的语音预测来保持语音内容建模能力，而且还可以通过语音denoing来提高非ASR任务的潜力。此外，WAVLM还采用封闭式的变压器结构的封闭相对位置偏置，以更好地捕获输入语音的序列排序。我们还将培训数据集从60k小时扩展到94K小时。 WAVLM大型在精湛的基准上实现了最先进的性能，并在其代表性基准上为各种语音处理任务带来了重大改进。代码和预培训模型可在https://aka.ms/wavlm上找到。

Compressed videos often exhibit visually annoying artifacts, known as Perceivable Encoding Artifacts (PEAs), which dramatically degrade video visual quality. Subjective and objective measures capable of identifying and quantifying various types of PEAs are critical in improving visual quality. In this paper, we investigate the influence of four spatial PEAs (i.e. blurring, blocking, bleeding, and ringing) and two temporal PEAs (i.e. flickering and floating) on video quality. For spatial artifacts, we propose a visual saliency model with a low computational cost and higher consistency with human visual perception. In terms of temporal artifacts, self-attention based TimeSFormer is improved to detect temporal artifacts. Based on the six types of PEAs, a quality metric called Saliency-Aware Spatio-Temporal Artifacts Measurement (SSTAM) is proposed. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art metrics. We believe that SSTAM will be beneficial for optimizing video coding techniques.

As one of the most important psychic stress reactions, micro-expressions (MEs), are spontaneous and transient facial expressions that can reveal the genuine emotions of human beings. Thus, recognizing MEs (MER) automatically is becoming increasingly crucial in the field of affective computing, and provides essential technical support in lie detection, psychological analysis and other areas. However, the lack of abundant ME data seriously restricts the development of cutting-edge data-driven MER models. Despite the recent efforts of several spontaneous ME datasets to alleviate this problem, it is still a tiny amount of work. To solve the problem of ME data hunger, we construct a dynamic spontaneous ME dataset with the largest current ME data scale, called DFME (Dynamic Facial Micro-expressions), which includes 7,526 well-labeled ME videos induced by 671 participants and annotated by more than 20 annotators throughout three years. Afterwards, we adopt four classical spatiotemporal feature learning models on DFME to perform MER experiments to objectively verify the validity of DFME dataset. In addition, we explore different solutions to the class imbalance and key-frame sequence sampling problems in dynamic MER respectively on DFME, so as to provide a valuable reference for future research. The comprehensive experimental results show that our DFME dataset can facilitate the research of automatic MER, and provide a new benchmark for MER. DFME will be published via https://mea-lab-421.github.io.

Face Anti-spoofing (FAS) is essential to secure face recognition systems from various physical attacks. However, recent research generally focuses on short-distance applications (i.e., phone unlocking) while lacking consideration of long-distance scenes (i.e., surveillance security checks). In order to promote relevant research and fill this gap in the community, we collect a large-scale Surveillance High-Fidelity Mask (SuHiFiMask) dataset captured under 40 surveillance scenes, which has 101 subjects from different age groups with 232 3D attacks (high-fidelity masks), 200 2D attacks (posters, portraits, and screens), and 2 adversarial attacks. In this scene, low image resolution and noise interference are new challenges faced in surveillance FAS. Together with the SuHiFiMask dataset, we propose a Contrastive Quality-Invariance Learning (CQIL) network to alleviate the performance degradation caused by image quality from three aspects: (1) An Image Quality Variable module (IQV) is introduced to recover image information associated with discrimination by combining the super-resolution network. (2) Using generated sample pairs to simulate quality variance distributions to help contrastive learning strategies obtain robust feature representation under quality variation. (3) A Separate Quality Network (SQN) is designed to learn discriminative features independent of image quality. Finally, a large number of experiments verify the quality of the SuHiFiMask dataset and the superiority of the proposed CQIL.