本报告描述了一组新生儿脑电图（EEG）记录，根据背景模式中异常的严重程度分级。该数据集由来自新生儿重症监护病房记录的53个新生儿的169小时多通道脑电图组成。所有新生儿均诊断出低氧缺血性脑病（HIE），这是全年前婴儿脑损伤的最常见原因。对于每种新生儿，选择了多个1小时的高质量脑电图，然后对背景异常进行评分。分级系统评估eeg属性，例如振幅和频率，连续性，睡眠循环，对称性和同步以及异常波形。然后将背景严重程度分为4年级：正常或轻度异常，中度异常，严重异常和不活跃的脑电图。数据可用作用于HIE，用于脑电图训练目的的新生儿的多通道脑电图的参考集，或用于开发和评估自动化等级算法。
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While the capabilities of autonomous systems have been steadily improving in recent years, these systems still struggle to rapidly explore previously unknown environments without the aid of GPS-assisted navigation. The DARPA Subterranean (SubT) Challenge aimed to fast track the development of autonomous exploration systems by evaluating their performance in real-world underground search-and-rescue scenarios. Subterranean environments present a plethora of challenges for robotic systems, such as limited communications, complex topology, visually-degraded sensing, and harsh terrain. The presented solution enables long-term autonomy with minimal human supervision by combining a powerful and independent single-agent autonomy stack, with higher level mission management operating over a flexible mesh network. The autonomy suite deployed on quadruped and wheeled robots was fully independent, freeing the human supervision to loosely supervise the mission and make high-impact strategic decisions. We also discuss lessons learned from fielding our system at the SubT Final Event, relating to vehicle versatility, system adaptability, and re-configurable communications.
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Dyadic and small group collaboration is an evolutionary advantageous behaviour and the need for such collaboration is a regular occurrence in day to day life. In this paper we estimate the perceived personality traits of individuals in dyadic and small groups over thin-slices of interaction on four multimodal datasets. We find that our transformer based predictive model performs similarly to human annotators tasked with predicting the perceived big-five personality traits of participants. Using this model we analyse the estimated perceived personality traits of individuals performing tasks in small groups and dyads. Permutation analysis shows that in the case of small groups undergoing collaborative tasks, the perceived personality of group members clusters, this is also observed for dyads in a collaborative problem solving task, but not in dyads under non-collaborative task settings. Additionally, we find that the group level average perceived personality traits provide a better predictor of group performance than the group level average self-reported personality traits.
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Federated learning (FL) enables the building of robust and generalizable AI models by leveraging diverse datasets from multiple collaborators without centralizing the data. We created NVIDIA FLARE as an open-source software development kit (SDK) to make it easier for data scientists to use FL in their research and real-world applications. The SDK includes solutions for state-of-the-art FL algorithms and federated machine learning approaches, which facilitate building workflows for distributed learning across enterprises and enable platform developers to create a secure, privacy-preserving offering for multiparty collaboration utilizing homomorphic encryption or differential privacy. The SDK is a lightweight, flexible, and scalable Python package, and allows researchers to bring their data science workflows implemented in any training libraries (PyTorch, TensorFlow, XGBoost, or even NumPy) and apply them in real-world FL settings. This paper introduces the key design principles of FLARE and illustrates some use cases (e.g., COVID analysis) with customizable FL workflows that implement different privacy-preserving algorithms. Code is available at https://github.com/NVIDIA/NVFlare.
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受欢迎程度的偏见是，推荐系统将在向用户推荐艺术家时过度偏爱流行艺术家。因此，他们可能会为赢家众多的市场做出贡献，其中少数艺术家几乎受到了所有关注，而同样不太可能被发现。在本文中，我们尝试衡量三种最先进的推荐系统模型（例如Slim，Multi-Vae，WRMF）和三种商用音乐流服务（Spotify，Amazon Music，YouTube）中的流行偏见。我们发现，最准确的模型（Slim）也具有最受欢迎的偏见，而准确的模型的流行性偏差较小。我们还没有根据模拟用户实验发现商业建议中流行偏见的证据。
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我们为处理顺序决策和外在不确定性的应用程序开发了增强学习（RL）框架，例如资源分配和库存管理。在这些应用中，不确定性仅由于未来需求等外源变量所致。一种流行的方法是使用历史数据预测外源变量，然后对预测进行计划。但是，这种间接方法需要对外源过程进行高保真模型，以确保良好的下游决策，当外源性过程复杂时，这可能是不切实际的。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种基于事后观察学习的替代方法，该方法避开了对外源过程进行建模的建模。我们的主要见解是，与Sim2real RL不同，我们可以在历史数据中重新审视过去的决定，并在这些应用程序中对其他动作产生反事实后果。我们的框架将事后最佳的行动用作政策培训信号，并在决策绩效方面具有强大的理论保证。我们使用框架开发了一种算法，以分配计算资源，以用于现实世界中的Microsoft Azure工作负载。结果表明，我们的方法比域特异性的启发式方法和SIM2REAL RL基准学习更好的政策。
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语言模型既展示了定量的改进，又展示了新的定性功能，随着规模的增加。尽管它们具有潜在的变革性影响，但这些新能力的特征却很差。为了为未来的研究提供信息，为破坏性的新模型能力做准备，并改善社会有害的效果，至关重要的是，我们必须了解目前和近乎未来的能力和语言模型的局限性。为了应对这一挑战，我们介绍了超越模仿游戏基准（Big Bench）。 Big Bench目前由204个任务组成，由132家机构的442位作者贡献。任务主题是多样的，从语言学，儿童发展，数学，常识性推理，生物学，物理学，社会偏见，软件开发等等。 Big-Bench专注于被认为超出当前语言模型的功能的任务。我们评估了OpenAI的GPT型号，Google内部密集变压器体系结构和大型基础上的开关稀疏变压器的行为，跨越了数百万到数十亿个参数。此外，一个人类专家评估者团队执行了所有任务，以提供强大的基准。研究结果包括：模型性能和校准都随规模改善，但绝对的术语（以及与评估者的性能相比）；在模型类中的性能非常相似，尽管带有稀疏性。逐渐和预测的任务通常涉及大量知识或记忆成分，而在临界规模上表现出“突破性”行为的任务通常涉及多个步骤或组成部分或脆性指标；社交偏见通常会随着含糊不清的环境而随着规模而增加，但这可以通过提示来改善。
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自动室内映射的问题解决了。目的是最大程度地减少达到预定百分比的暴露百分比，并以一定的确定性水平。在路径计划和地图构造中，都使用预训练的生成深神经网络，充当地图预测指标，以加快映射过程。该方法与两个不同的平面图数据集的几个基于边界的路径计划结合使用。对集成地图预测变量的多种配置进行了仿真，其结果表明，通过利用预测，可以大大减少映射时间。当预测均集成到路径规划和地图施工过程中时，表明在某些情况下，映射时间可能会减少50％以上。
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The recent increase in public and academic interest in preserving biodiversity has led to the growth of the field of conservation technology. This field involves designing and constructing tools that utilize technology to aid in the conservation of wildlife. In this article, we will use case studies to demonstrate the importance of designing conservation tools with human-wildlife interaction in mind and provide a framework for creating successful tools. These case studies include a range of complexities, from simple cat collars to machine learning and game theory methodologies. Our goal is to introduce and inform current and future researchers in the field of conservation technology and provide references for educating the next generation of conservation technologists. Conservation technology not only has the potential to benefit biodiversity but also has broader impacts on fields such as sustainability and environmental protection. By using innovative technologies to address conservation challenges, we can find more effective and efficient solutions to protect and preserve our planet's resources.
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A Digital Twin (DT) is a simulation of a physical system that provides information to make decisions that add economic, social or commercial value. The behaviour of a physical system changes over time, a DT must therefore be continually updated with data from the physical systems to reflect its changing behaviour. For resource-constrained systems, updating a DT is non-trivial because of challenges such as on-board learning and the off-board data transfer. This paper presents a framework for updating data-driven DTs of resource-constrained systems geared towards system health monitoring. The proposed solution consists of: (1) an on-board system running a light-weight DT allowing the prioritisation and parsimonious transfer of data generated by the physical system; and (2) off-board robust updating of the DT and detection of anomalous behaviours. Two case studies are considered using a production gas turbine engine system to demonstrate the digital representation accuracy for real-world, time-varying physical systems.
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