Recent work has reported that AI classifiers trained on audio recordings can accurately predict severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV2) infection status. Here, we undertake a large scale study of audio-based deep learning classifiers, as part of the UK governments pandemic response. We collect and analyse a dataset of audio recordings from 67,842 individuals with linked metadata, including reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test outcomes, of whom 23,514 tested positive for SARS CoV 2. Subjects were recruited via the UK governments National Health Service Test-and-Trace programme and the REal-time Assessment of Community Transmission (REACT) randomised surveillance survey. In an unadjusted analysis of our dataset AI classifiers predict SARS-CoV-2 infection status with high accuracy (Receiver Operating Characteristic Area Under the Curve (ROCAUC) 0.846 [0.838, 0.854]) consistent with the findings of previous studies. However, after matching on measured confounders, such as age, gender, and self reported symptoms, our classifiers performance is much weaker (ROC-AUC 0.619 [0.594, 0.644]). Upon quantifying the utility of audio based classifiers in practical settings, we find them to be outperformed by simple predictive scores based on user reported symptoms.

Since early in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there has been interest in using artificial intelligence methods to predict COVID-19 infection status based on vocal audio signals, for example cough recordings. However, existing studies have limitations in terms of data collection and of the assessment of the performances of the proposed predictive models. This paper rigorously assesses state-of-the-art machine learning techniques used to predict COVID-19 infection status based on vocal audio signals, using a dataset collected by the UK Health Security Agency. This dataset includes acoustic recordings and extensive study participant meta-data. We provide guidelines on testing the performance of methods to classify COVID-19 infection status based on acoustic features and we discuss how these can be extended more generally to the development and assessment of predictive methods based on public health datasets.

The UK COVID-19 Vocal Audio Dataset is designed for the training and evaluation of machine learning models that classify SARS-CoV-2 infection status or associated respiratory symptoms using vocal audio. The UK Health Security Agency recruited voluntary participants through the national Test and Trace programme and the REACT-1 survey in England from March 2021 to March 2022, during dominant transmission of the Alpha and Delta SARS-CoV-2 variants and some Omicron variant sublineages. Audio recordings of volitional coughs, exhalations, and speech were collected in the 'Speak up to help beat coronavirus' digital survey alongside demographic, self-reported symptom and respiratory condition data, and linked to SARS-CoV-2 test results. The UK COVID-19 Vocal Audio Dataset represents the largest collection of SARS-CoV-2 PCR-referenced audio recordings to date. PCR results were linked to 70,794 of 72,999 participants and 24,155 of 25,776 positive cases. Respiratory symptoms were reported by 45.62% of participants. This dataset has additional potential uses for bioacoustics research, with 11.30% participants reporting asthma, and 27.20% with linked influenza PCR test results.

We study the use of model-based reinforcement learning methods, in particular, world models for continual reinforcement learning. In continual reinforcement learning, an agent is required to solve one task and then another sequentially while retaining performance and preventing forgetting on past tasks. World models offer a task-agnostic solution: they do not require knowledge of task changes. World models are a straight-forward baseline for continual reinforcement learning for three main reasons. Firstly, forgetting in the world model is prevented by persisting existing experience replay buffers across tasks, experience from previous tasks is replayed for learning the world model. Secondly, they are sample efficient. Thirdly and finally, they offer a task-agnostic exploration strategy through the uncertainty in the trajectories generated by the world model. We show that world models are a simple and effective continual reinforcement learning baseline. We study their effectiveness on Minigrid and Minihack continual reinforcement learning benchmarks and show that it outperforms state of the art task-agnostic continual reinforcement learning methods.

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.

横截面策略是一种经典且流行的交易方式，最近的高性能变体结合了复杂的神经体系结构。尽管这些策略已成功地应用于涉及具有悠久历史的成熟资产的数据丰富的设置，但将它们部署在具有有限样本的仪器上，通常会产生过度合适的模型，具有降级性能。在本文中，我们介绍了融合的编码器网络 - 混合参数共享转移排名模型。该模型融合了使用在源数据集上操作的编码器 - 注意模块提取的信息，该模块具有相似但单独的模块，该模块集中在较小的目标数据集上。除了减轻目标数据稀缺性问题外，模型的自我注意机制还可以考虑工具之间的相互作用，不仅在模型训练期间的损失水平，而且在推理时间处。融合的编码器网络专注于市场资本化应用于前十的加密货币，融合的编码器网络在大多数性能指标上优于参考基准，在大多数绩效指标上的参考基准，相对于古典动量，夏普的比率和改进的速度比较提高了三倍。在没有交易成本的情况下，大约50％的基准模型。即使考虑到与加密货币相关的高交易成本后，它仍会继续超过基准。

语言模型既展示了定量的改进，又展示了新的定性功能，随着规模的增加。尽管它们具有潜在的变革性影响，但这些新能力的特征却很差。为了为未来的研究提供信息，为破坏性的新模型能力做准备，并改善社会有害的效果，至关重要的是，我们必须了解目前和近乎未来的能力和语言模型的局限性。为了应对这一挑战，我们介绍了超越模仿游戏基准（Big Bench）。 Big Bench目前由204个任务组成，由132家机构的442位作者贡献。任务主题是多样的，从语言学，儿童发展，数学，常识性推理，生物学，物理学，社会偏见，软件开发等等。 Big-Bench专注于被认为超出当前语言模型的功能的任务。我们评估了OpenAI的GPT型号，Google内部密集变压器体系结构和大型基础上的开关稀疏变压器的行为，跨越了数百万到数十亿个参数。此外，一个人类专家评估者团队执行了所有任务，以提供强大的基准。研究结果包括：模型性能和校准都随规模改善，但绝对的术语（以及与评估者的性能相比）；在模型类中的性能非常相似，尽管带有稀疏性。逐渐和预测的任务通常涉及大量知识或记忆成分，而在临界规模上表现出“突破性”行为的任务通常涉及多个步骤或组成部分或脆性指标；社交偏见通常会随着含糊不清的环境而随着规模而增加，但这可以通过提示来改善。

已经发现，已经发现深度学习架构，特别是深度动量网络（DMNS）[1904.04912]是一种有效的势头和平均逆转交易的方法。然而，近年来一些关键挑战涉及学习长期依赖，在考虑返回交易成本净净额并适应新的市场制度时，绩效的退化，特别是在SARS-COV-2危机期间。注意机制或基于变换器的架构是对这些挑战的解决方案，因为它们允许网络专注于过去和长期模式的重要时间步骤。我们介绍了势头变压器，一种基于关注的架构，胜过基准，并且本质上是可解释的，为我们提供更大的深入学习交易策略。我们的模型是基于LSTM的DMN的扩展，它通过在风险调整的性能度量上优化网络，直接输出位置尺寸，例如锐利比率。我们发现注意力LSTM混合解码器仅时间融合变压器（TFT）样式架构是最佳的执行模型。在可解释性方面，我们观察注意力模式的显着结构，在动量转点时具有重要的重要性。因此，时间序列被分段为制度，并且该模型倾向于关注以前的制度中的先前时间步骤。我们发现ChangePoint检测（CPD）[2105.13727]，另一个用于响应政权变化的技术可以补充多抬头的注意力，特别是当我们在多个时间尺度运行CPD时。通过添加可解释的变量选择网络，我们观察CPD如何帮助我们的模型在日常返回数据上主要远离交易。我们注意到该模型可以智能地切换和混合古典策略 - 基于数据的决定。

由于其状态依赖性扩散系数，局部波动性是一种多功能期权定价模型。然而，校准是非平凡的，因为它涉及提出潜在函数的假设模型和用于将其拟合到数据的方法。在本文中，我们提出了与高斯流程前锋的新型贝叶斯推断。我们获得了众所周知的局部波动函数的代表性，具有附着在校准的不确定性的概率概念。我们提出了一种推理算法，并将我们的方法应用于标准普尔500指数数据。

从经典动力学系统到量子力学的许多领域，在许多领域的进步核心，有效，准确地求解微分方程。人们对使用物理知识的神经网络（PINN）来解决此类问题，这引起了人们的兴趣，因为它们比传统的数值方法提供了许多好处。尽管它们在求解微分方程方面的潜在好处，但仍在探索转移学习。在这项研究中，我们提出了转移学习PINN的一般框架，该框架对普通和部分微分方程的线性系统进行了单次推断。这意味着，可以在不重新培训整个网络的情况下即时获得许多未知微分方程的方法。我们通过解决了几个现实世界中的问题，例如一阶线性普通方程，泊松方程以及时间依赖时间依赖的schrodinger复合物配合物部分差分方程来证明拟议的深度学习方法的功效。