尽管U-NET体系结构已广泛用于分割医学图像，但我们解决了这项工作中的两个缺点。首先，当分割目标区域的形状和尺寸显着变化时，香草U-NET的精度会降低。即使U-NET已经具有在各种尺度上分析特征的能力，我们建议在U-NET编码器的每个卷积模块中明确添加多尺度特征图，以改善组织学图像的分割。其次，当监督学习的注释嘈杂或不完整时，U-NET模型的准确性也会受到影响。由于人类专家在非常精确，准确地识别和描述所有特定病理的所有实例的固有困难，因此可能发生这种情况。我们通过引入辅助信心图来应对这一挑战，该辅助信心图较少强调给定目标区域的边界。此外，我们利用深网的引导属性智能地解决了丢失的注释问题。在我们对乳腺癌淋巴结私有数据集的实验中，主要任务是分割生发中心和窦性组织细胞增多症，我们观察到了基于两个提出的增强的U-NET基线的显着改善。

Migraine is a high-prevalence and disabling neurological disorder. However, information migraine management in real-world settings could be limited to traditional health information sources. In this paper, we (i) verify that there is substantial migraine-related chatter available on social media (Twitter and Reddit), self-reported by migraine sufferers; (ii) develop a platform-independent text classification system for automatically detecting self-reported migraine-related posts, and (iii) conduct analyses of the self-reported posts to assess the utility of social media for studying this problem. We manually annotated 5750 Twitter posts and 302 Reddit posts. Our system achieved an F1 score of 0.90 on Twitter and 0.93 on Reddit. Analysis of information posted by our 'migraine cohort' revealed the presence of a plethora of relevant information about migraine therapies and patient sentiments associated with them. Our study forms the foundation for conducting an in-depth analysis of migraine-related information using social media data.

Multi-Task Learning (MTL) has shown its importance at user products for fast training, data efficiency, reduced overfitting etc. MTL achieves it by sharing the network parameters and training a network for multiple tasks simultaneously. However, MTL does not provide the solution, if each task needs training from a different dataset. In order to solve the stated problem, we have proposed an architecture named TreeDNN along with it's training methodology. TreeDNN helps in training the model with multiple datasets simultaneously, where each branch of the tree may need a different training dataset. We have shown in the results that TreeDNN provides competitive performance with the advantage of reduced ROM requirement for parameter storage and increased responsiveness of the system by loading only specific branch at inference time.

Predicting the political polarity of news headlines is a challenging task that becomes even more challenging in a multilingual setting with low-resource languages. To deal with this, we propose to utilise the Inferential Commonsense Knowledge via a Translate-Retrieve-Translate strategy to introduce a learning framework. To begin with, we use the method of translation and retrieval to acquire the inferential knowledge in the target language. We then employ an attention mechanism to emphasise important inferences. We finally integrate the attended inferences into a multilingual pre-trained language model for the task of bias prediction. To evaluate the effectiveness of our framework, we present a dataset of over 62.6K multilingual news headlines in five European languages annotated with their respective political polarities. We evaluate several state-of-the-art multilingual pre-trained language models since their performance tends to vary across languages (low/high resource). Evaluation results demonstrate that our proposed framework is effective regardless of the models employed. Overall, the best performing model trained with only headlines show 0.90 accuracy and F1, and 0.83 jaccard score. With attended knowledge in our framework, the same model show an increase in 2.2% accuracy and F1, and 3.6% jaccard score. Extending our experiments to individual languages reveals that the models we analyze for Slovenian perform significantly worse than other languages in our dataset. To investigate this, we assess the effect of translation quality on prediction performance. It indicates that the disparity in performance is most likely due to poor translation quality. We release our dataset and scripts at: https://github.com/Swati17293/KG-Multi-Bias for future research. Our framework has the potential to benefit journalists, social scientists, news producers, and consumers.

Agriculture is at the heart of the solution to achieve sustainability in feeding the world population, but advancing our understanding on how agricultural output responds to climatic variability is still needed. Precision Agriculture (PA), which is a management strategy that uses technology such as remote sensing, Geographical Information System (GIS), and machine learning for decision making in the field, has emerged as a promising approach to enhance crop production, increase yield, and reduce water and nutrient losses and environmental impacts. In this context, multiple models to predict agricultural phenotypes, such as crop yield, from genomics (G), environment (E), weather and soil, and field management practices (M) have been developed. These models have traditionally been based on mechanistic or statistical approaches. However, AI approaches are intrinsically well-suited to model complex interactions and have more recently been developed, outperforming classical methods. Here, we present a Natural Language Processing (NLP)-based neural network architecture to process the G, E and M inputs and their interactions. We show that by modeling DNA as natural language, our approach performs better than previous approaches when tested for new environments and similarly to other approaches for unseen seed varieties.

Measuring and monitoring soil organic carbon is critical for agricultural productivity and for addressing critical environmental problems. Soil organic carbon not only enriches nutrition in soil, but also has a gamut of co-benefits such as improving water storage and limiting physical erosion. Despite a litany of work in soil organic carbon estimation, current approaches do not generalize well across soil conditions and management practices. We empirically show that explicit modeling of cause-and-effect relationships among the soil processes improves the out-of-distribution generalizability of prediction models. We provide a comparative analysis of soil organic carbon estimation models where the skeleton is estimated using causal discovery methods. Our framework provide an average improvement of 81% in test mean squared error and 52% in test mean absolute error.

With the rising adoption of Machine Learning across the domains like banking, pharmaceutical, ed-tech, etc, it has become utmost important to adopt responsible AI methods to ensure models are not unfairly discriminating against any group. Given the lack of clean training data, generative adversarial techniques are preferred to generate synthetic data with several state-of-the-art architectures readily available across various domains from unstructured data such as text, images to structured datasets modelling fraud detection and many more. These techniques overcome several challenges such as class imbalance, limited training data, restricted access to data due to privacy issues. Existing work focusing on generating fair data either works for a certain GAN architecture or is very difficult to tune across the GANs. In this paper, we propose a pipeline to generate fairer synthetic data independent of the GAN architecture. The proposed paper utilizes a pre-processing algorithm to identify and remove bias inducing samples. In particular, we claim that while generating synthetic data most GANs amplify bias present in the training data but by removing these bias inducing samples, GANs essentially focuses more on real informative samples. Our experimental evaluation on two open-source datasets demonstrates how the proposed pipeline is generating fair data along with improved performance in some cases.

随着技术的快速提升，出现了迫切需要以最高的准确性和效率来微调或优化某些过程，软件，模型或结构。优化算法比通过实验或仿真的其他优化方法优选，因为它们的通用问题解决能力和最少的人类干预效果有望有望。近来，自然现象诱导算法设计已经极大地触发了优化过程的效率，即使是复杂的多维，不连续，非差异和嘈杂的问题搜索空间。本章介绍了基于群体智能（SI）的算法或群优化算法，这些算法是更大的受启发性优化算法（NIOAS）的子集。群体智能涉及对个人及其相互作用的集体研究，从而导致群体的智能行为。本章介绍了各种基于人群的SI算法，它们的基本结构以及其数学模型。

本文研究了与可解释的AI（XAI）实践有关的两个不同但相关的问题。机器学习（ML）在金融服务中越来越重要，例如预批准，信用承销，投资以及各种前端和后端活动。机器学习可以自动检测培训数据中的非线性和相互作用，从而促进更快，更准确的信用决策。但是，机器学习模型是不透明的，难以解释，这是建立可靠技术所需的关键要素。该研究比较了各种机器学习模型，包括单个分类器（逻辑回归，决策树，LDA，QDA），异质集合（Adaboost，随机森林）和顺序神经网络。结果表明，整体分类器和神经网络的表现优于表现。此外，使用基于美国P2P贷款平台Lending Club提供的开放式访问数据集评估了两种先进的事后不可解释能力 - 石灰和外形来评估基于ML的信用评分模型。对于这项研究，我们还使用机器学习算法来开发新的投资模型，并探索可以最大化盈利能力同时最大程度地降低风险的投资组合策略。

众所周知，传统平台之间的竞争可以通过将平台的操作与用户偏好保持一致，从而改善用户实用性。但是，在数据驱动的市场中表现出多大的一致性？为了从理论的角度研究这个问题，我们介绍了一个双重垄断市场，平台动作是强盗算法，两个平台竞争用户参与。该市场的一个显着特征是，建议的质量取决于强盗算法和用户交互提供的数据量。算法性能与用户的动作之间的这种相互依赖性使市场平衡的结构及其在用户公用事业方面的质量复杂化。我们的主要发现是，该市场的竞争并不能完全使市场成果与用户公用事业完全融合。有趣的是，市场成果不仅在平台拥有单独的数据存储库时，而且在平台具有共享数据存储库时表现不对。尽管如此，数据共享假设会影响什么机制驱动未对准的机制，并影响未对准的特定形式（例如，最佳案例和最差的市场成果的质量）。从更广泛的角度来看，我们的工作说明了数字市场中的竞争对用户实用性产生了微妙的后果，值得进一步调查。