语言模型既展示了定量的改进,又展示了新的定性功能,随着规模的增加。尽管它们具有潜在的变革性影响,但这些新能力的特征却很差。为了为未来的研究提供信息,为破坏性的新模型能力做准备,并改善社会有害的效果,至关重要的是,我们必须了解目前和近乎未来的能力和语言模型的局限性。为了应对这一挑战,我们介绍了超越模仿游戏基准(Big Bench)。 Big Bench目前由204个任务组成,由132家机构的442位作者贡献。任务主题是多样的,从语言学,儿童发展,数学,常识性推理,生物学,物理学,社会偏见,软件开发等等。 Big-Bench专注于被认为超出当前语言模型的功能的任务。我们评估了OpenAI的GPT型号,Google内部密集变压器体系结构和大型基础上的开关稀疏变压器的行为,跨越了数百万到数十亿个参数。此外,一个人类专家评估者团队执行了所有任务,以提供强大的基准。研究结果包括:模型性能和校准都随规模改善,但绝对的术语(以及与评估者的性能相比);在模型类中的性能非常相似,尽管带有稀疏性。逐渐和预测的任务通常涉及大量知识或记忆成分,而在临界规模上表现出“突破性”行为的任务通常涉及多个步骤或组成部分或脆性指标;社交偏见通常会随着含糊不清的环境而随着规模而增加,但这可以通过提示来改善。
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磁共振(MR)图像重建来自高度缺点$ K $ -space数据在加速MR成像(MRI)技术中至关重要。近年来,基于深度学习的方法在这项任务中表现出很大的潜力。本文提出了一种学习的MR图像重建半二次分割算法,并在展开的深度学习网络架构中实现算法。我们比较我们提出的方法对针对DC-CNN和LPDNET的公共心先生数据集的性能,我们的方法在定量结果和定性结果中表现出其他方法,具有更少的模型参数和更快的重建速度。最后,我们扩大了我们的模型,实现了卓越的重建质量,并且改善为1.76美元$ 276 $ 274美元的LPDNET以5美元\倍率为5美元的峰值信噪比。我们的方法的代码在https://github.com/hellopipu/hqs-net上公开使用。
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The NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) is an essential tool for researchers that allows them to explore the astronomy and astrophysics scientific literature, but it has yet to exploit recent advances in natural language processing. At ADASS 2021, we introduced astroBERT, a machine learning language model tailored to the text used in astronomy papers in ADS. In this work we: - announce the first public release of the astroBERT language model; - show how astroBERT improves over existing public language models on astrophysics specific tasks; - and detail how ADS plans to harness the unique structure of scientific papers, the citation graph and citation context, to further improve astroBERT.
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Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.
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在整个计算科学中,越来越需要利用原始计算马力的持续改进,通过对蛮力的尺度锻炼的尺度增加,以增加网状元素数量的增加。例如,如果不考虑分子水平的相互作用,就不可能对纳米多孔介质的转运进行定量预测,即从紧密的页岩地层提取至关重要的碳氢化合物。同样,惯性限制融合模拟依赖于数值扩散来模拟分子效应,例如非本地转运和混合,而无需真正考虑分子相互作用。考虑到这两个不同的应用程序,我们开发了一种新颖的功能,该功能使用主动学习方法来优化局部细尺度模拟的使用来告知粗尺度流体动力学。我们的方法解决了三个挑战:预测连续性粗尺度轨迹,以推测执行新的精细分子动力学计算,动态地更新细度计算中的粗尺度,并量化神经网络模型中的不确定性。
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最近一年带来了电动汽车(EV)和相关基础设施/通信的大幅进步。入侵检测系统(ID)被广泛部署在此类关键基础架构中的异常检测。本文提出了一个可解释的异常检测系统(RX-ADS),用于在电动汽车中的CAN协议中进行入侵检测。贡献包括:1)基于窗口的特征提取方法; 2)基于深度自动编码器的异常检测方法; 3)基于对抗机器学习的解释生成方法。在两个基准CAN数据集上测试了提出的方法:OTID和汽车黑客。将RX-ADS的异常检测性能与这些数据集的最新方法进行了比较:HID和GID。 RX-ADS方法提出的性能与HIDS方法(OTIDS数据集)相当,并且具有超出HID和GID方法(CAR HACKING DATASET)的表现。此外,所提出的方法能够为因各种侵入而引起的异常行为产生解释。这些解释后来通过域专家使用的信息来检测异常来验证。 RX-ADS的其他优点包括:1)该方法可以在未标记的数据上进行培训; 2)解释有助于专家理解异常和根课程分析,并有助于AI模型调试和诊断,最终改善了对AI系统的用户信任。
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数据增强是自然语言处理(NLP)模型的鲁棒性评估的重要组成部分,以及增强他们培训的数据的多样性。在本文中,我们呈现NL-Cogmenter,这是一种新的参与式Python的自然语言增强框架,它支持创建两个转换(对数据的修改)和过滤器(根据特定功能的数据拆分)。我们描述了框架和初始的117个变换和23个过滤器,用于各种自然语言任务。我们通过使用其几个转换来分析流行自然语言模型的鲁棒性来证明NL-Upmenter的功效。基础架构,Datacards和稳健性分析结果在NL-Augmenter存储库上公开可用(\ url {https://github.com/gem-benchmark/nl-augmenter})。
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用于探索美国国家航空航天局的搜索工具(广告)可以相当丰富和赋予(例如,类似和趋势的运营商),但研究人员尚未允许完全杠杆语义搜索。例如,对“普朗克任务的结果”查询应该能够区分普朗克(人,任务,常量,机构和更多)的所有各种含义,而无需从用户进一步澄清。在广告中,我们正在将现代机器学习和自然语言处理技术应用于我们最近的天文出版物的数据集,以培训Astrobert,这是一种基于Google研究的深刻语境语言模型。使用AstrBert,我们的目标是丰富广告数据集并提高其可发现性,特别是我们正在开发自己的命名实体识别工具。我们在这里展示我们初步的结果和经验教训。
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We present a conceptually simple, flexible, and general framework for few-shot learning, where a classifier must learn to recognise new classes given only few examples from each. Our method, called the Relation Network (RN), is trained end-to-end from scratch. During meta-learning, it learns to learn a deep distance metric to compare a small number of images within episodes, each of which is designed to simulate the few-shot setting. Once trained, a RN is able to classify images of new classes by computing relation scores between query images and the few examples of each new class without further updating the network. Besides providing improved performance on few-shot learning, our framework is easily extended to zero-shot learning. Extensive experiments on five benchmarks demonstrate that our simple approach provides a unified and effective approach for both of these two tasks.
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Designing experiments often requires balancing between learning about the true treatment effects and earning from allocating more samples to the superior treatment. While optimal algorithms for the Multi-Armed Bandit Problem (MABP) provide allocation policies that optimally balance learning and earning, they tend to be computationally expensive. The Gittins Index (GI) is a solution to the MABP that can simultaneously attain optimality and computationally efficiency goals, and it has been recently used in experiments with Bernoulli and Gaussian rewards. For the first time, we present a modification of the GI rule that can be used in experiments with exponentially-distributed rewards. We report its performance in simulated 2- armed and 3-armed experiments. Compared to traditional non-adaptive designs, our novel GI modified design shows operating characteristics comparable in learning (e.g. statistical power) but substantially better in earning (e.g. direct benefits). This illustrates the potential that designs using a GI approach to allocate participants have to improve participant benefits, increase efficiencies, and reduce experimental costs in adaptive multi-armed experiments with exponential rewards.
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