建议制度，依靠历史观察数据来模仿用户和物品之间的复杂关系，取得了巨大的成功，在现实世界中取得了巨大的成功。选择偏见是现有的现有观测数据基于方法的最重要问题之一，其实际上是由多种类型的不观察室的暴露策略引起的（例如促销和假期效应）。虽然已经提出了各种方法来解决这个问题，但它们主要依赖于隐含的脱叠技术，但没有明确建立未观察的曝光策略。通过明确重建曝光策略（简称休息），我们将推荐问题正式化为反事实推理，并提出了脱叠的社会推荐方法。在休息时，我们假设项目的曝光由潜在曝光策略，用户和项目控制。基于上述生成过程，首先通过识别分析提供我们方法的理论保证。其次，在社交网络和项目的帮助下，我们采用了变分自动编码器来重建潜在的曝光策略。第三，我们通过利用回收的曝光策略制定基于反事实推理的建议算法。四个现实世界数据集的实验，包括三个已发布的数据集和一个私人微信官方帐户数据集，展示了几种最先进的方法的显着改进。

顺序推荐旨在为特定时间戳在特定时间戳提供历史行为中为用户选择最合适的项目。现有方法通常根据像马尔可夫链等转换的方法模拟用户行为序列。然而，这些方法也隐含地假设用户在不考虑用户之间的影响而彼此独立。实际上，这种影响在序列推荐中发挥着重要作用，因为用户的行为容易受其他人的影响。因此，期望聚合用户行为和用户之间的影响，这些用户在时间上演化并涉及用户和项目的异构图。在本文中，我们纳入了动态用户项异构图，提出了一种新的顺序推荐框架。结果，可以考虑历史行为以及用户之间的影响。为此，我们首先将顺序建议形式正式确定估计时间动态异构图和用户行为序列的条件概率的问题。之后，我们利用条件随机字段来聚合异构图形和用户行为以进行概率估计，并采用伪似然方法来得出易行目标函数。最后，我们提供所提出的框架的可扩展和灵活的实现。三个现实世界数据集的实验结果不仅展示了我们所提出的方法的有效性，而且还提供了一些关于顺序推荐的有洞察力的发现。

在弱照明条件下捕获的图像可能会严重降低图像质量。求解一系列低光图像的降解可以有效地提高图像的视觉质量和高级视觉任务的性能。在本研究中，提出了一种新的基于RETINEX的实际网络（R2RNET），用于低光图像增强，其包括三个子网：DECOM-NET，DENOISE-NET和RELIGHT-NET。这三个子网分别用于分解，去噪，对比增强和细节保存。我们的R2RNET不仅使用图像的空间信息来提高对比度，还使用频率信息来保留细节。因此，我们的模型对所有退化的图像进行了更强大的结果。与在合成图像上培训的最先前的方法不同，我们收集了第一个大型现实世界配对的低/普通灯图像数据集（LSRW数据集），以满足培训要求，使我们的模型具有更好的现实世界中的泛化性能场景。对公共数据集的广泛实验表明，我们的方法在定量和视觉上以现有的最先进方法优于现有的现有方法。此外，我们的结果表明，通过使用我们在低光条件下的方法获得的增强的结果，可以有效地改善高级视觉任务（即面部检测）的性能。我们的代码和LSRW数据集可用于：https：//github.com/abcdef2000/r2rnet。

A recent study has shown a phenomenon called neural collapse in that the within-class means of features and the classifier weight vectors converge to the vertices of a simplex equiangular tight frame at the terminal phase of training for classification. In this paper, we explore the corresponding structures of the last-layer feature centers and classifiers in semantic segmentation. Based on our empirical and theoretical analysis, we point out that semantic segmentation naturally brings contextual correlation and imbalanced distribution among classes, which breaks the equiangular and maximally separated structure of neural collapse for both feature centers and classifiers. However, such a symmetric structure is beneficial to discrimination for the minor classes. To preserve these advantages, we introduce a regularizer on feature centers to encourage the network to learn features closer to the appealing structure in imbalanced semantic segmentation. Experimental results show that our method can bring significant improvements on both 2D and 3D semantic segmentation benchmarks. Moreover, our method ranks 1st and sets a new record (+6.8% mIoU) on the ScanNet200 test leaderboard. Code will be available at https://github.com/dvlab-research/Imbalanced-Learning.

Weakly-supervised object localization aims to indicate the category as well as the scope of an object in an image given only the image-level labels. Most of the existing works are based on Class Activation Mapping (CAM) and endeavor to enlarge the discriminative area inside the activation map to perceive the whole object, yet ignore the co-occurrence confounder of the object and context (e.g., fish and water), which makes the model inspection hard to distinguish object boundaries. Besides, the use of CAM also brings a dilemma problem that the classification and localization always suffer from a performance gap and can not reach their highest accuracy simultaneously. In this paper, we propose a casual knowledge distillation method, dubbed KD-CI-CAM, to address these two under-explored issues in one go. More specifically, we tackle the co-occurrence context confounder problem via causal intervention (CI), which explores the causalities among image features, contexts, and categories to eliminate the biased object-context entanglement in the class activation maps. Based on the de-biased object feature, we additionally propose a multi-teacher causal distillation framework to balance the absorption of classification knowledge and localization knowledge during model training. Extensive experiments on several benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of KD-CI-CAM in learning clear object boundaries from confounding contexts and addressing the dilemma problem between classification and localization performance.

Witnessing the impressive achievements of pre-training techniques on large-scale data in the field of computer vision and natural language processing, we wonder whether this idea could be adapted in a grab-and-go spirit, and mitigate the sample inefficiency problem for visuomotor driving. Given the highly dynamic and variant nature of the input, the visuomotor driving task inherently lacks view and translation invariance, and the visual input contains massive irrelevant information for decision making, resulting in predominant pre-training approaches from general vision less suitable for the autonomous driving task. To this end, we propose PPGeo (Policy Pre-training via Geometric modeling), an intuitive and straightforward fully self-supervised framework curated for the policy pretraining in visuomotor driving. We aim at learning policy representations as a powerful abstraction by modeling 3D geometric scenes on large-scale unlabeled and uncalibrated YouTube driving videos. The proposed PPGeo is performed in two stages to support effective self-supervised training. In the first stage, the geometric modeling framework generates pose and depth predictions simultaneously, with two consecutive frames as input. In the second stage, the visual encoder learns driving policy representation by predicting the future ego-motion and optimizing with the photometric error based on current visual observation only. As such, the pre-trained visual encoder is equipped with rich driving policy related representations and thereby competent for multiple visuomotor driving tasks. Extensive experiments covering a wide span of challenging scenarios have demonstrated the superiority of our proposed approach, where improvements range from 2% to even over 100% with very limited data. Code and models will be available at https://github.com/OpenDriveLab/PPGeo.

In this work, we focus on instance-level open vocabulary segmentation, intending to expand a segmenter for instance-wise novel categories without mask annotations. We investigate a simple yet effective framework with the help of image captions, focusing on exploiting thousands of object nouns in captions to discover instances of novel classes. Rather than adopting pretrained caption models or using massive caption datasets with complex pipelines, we propose an end-to-end solution from two aspects: caption grounding and caption generation. In particular, we devise a joint Caption Grounding and Generation (CGG) framework based on a Mask Transformer baseline. The framework has a novel grounding loss that performs explicit and implicit multi-modal feature alignments. We further design a lightweight caption generation head to allow for additional caption supervision. We find that grounding and generation complement each other, significantly enhancing the segmentation performance for novel categories. We conduct extensive experiments on the COCO dataset with two settings: Open Vocabulary Instance Segmentation (OVIS) and Open Set Panoptic Segmentation (OSPS). The results demonstrate the superiority of our CGG framework over previous OVIS methods, achieving a large improvement of 6.8% mAP on novel classes without extra caption data. Our method also achieves over 15% PQ improvements for novel classes on the OSPS benchmark under various settings.

Nearest-Neighbor (NN) classification has been proven as a simple and effective approach for few-shot learning. The query data can be classified efficiently by finding the nearest support class based on features extracted by pretrained deep models. However, NN-based methods are sensitive to the data distribution and may produce false prediction if the samples in the support set happen to lie around the distribution boundary of different classes. To solve this issue, we present P3DC-Shot, an improved nearest-neighbor based few-shot classification method empowered by prior-driven data calibration. Inspired by the distribution calibration technique which utilizes the distribution or statistics of the base classes to calibrate the data for few-shot tasks, we propose a novel discrete data calibration operation which is more suitable for NN-based few-shot classification. Specifically, we treat the prototypes representing each base class as priors and calibrate each support data based on its similarity to different base prototypes. Then, we perform NN classification using these discretely calibrated support data. Results from extensive experiments on various datasets show our efficient non-learning based method can outperform or at least comparable to SOTA methods which need additional learning steps.

In this tutorial paper, we look into the evolution and prospect of network architecture and propose a novel conceptual architecture for the 6th generation (6G) networks. The proposed architecture has two key elements, i.e., holistic network virtualization and pervasive artificial intelligence (AI). The holistic network virtualization consists of network slicing and digital twin, from the aspects of service provision and service demand, respectively, to incorporate service-centric and user-centric networking. The pervasive network intelligence integrates AI into future networks from the perspectives of networking for AI and AI for networking, respectively. Building on holistic network virtualization and pervasive network intelligence, the proposed architecture can facilitate three types of interplay, i.e., the interplay between digital twin and network slicing paradigms, between model-driven and data-driven methods for network management, and between virtualization and AI, to maximize the flexibility, scalability, adaptivity, and intelligence for 6G networks. We also identify challenges and open issues related to the proposed architecture. By providing our vision, we aim to inspire further discussions and developments on the potential architecture of 6G.

In this paper, we investigate the joint device activity and data detection in massive machine-type communications (mMTC) with a one-phase non-coherent scheme, where data bits are embedded in the pilot sequences and the base station simultaneously detects active devices and their embedded data bits without explicit channel estimation. Due to the correlated sparsity pattern introduced by the non-coherent transmission scheme, the traditional approximate message passing (AMP) algorithm cannot achieve satisfactory performance. Therefore, we propose a deep learning (DL) modified AMP network (DL-mAMPnet) that enhances the detection performance by effectively exploiting the pilot activity correlation. The DL-mAMPnet is constructed by unfolding the AMP algorithm into a feedforward neural network, which combines the principled mathematical model of the AMP algorithm with the powerful learning capability, thereby benefiting from the advantages of both techniques. Trainable parameters are introduced in the DL-mAMPnet to approximate the correlated sparsity pattern and the large-scale fading coefficient. Moreover, a refinement module is designed to further advance the performance by utilizing the spatial feature caused by the correlated sparsity pattern. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed DL-mAMPnet can significantly outperform traditional algorithms in terms of the symbol error rate performance.