沟通对于代理人共享信息并做出良好决定的许多多代理强化学习（MARL）问题很重要。但是，当在存在噪音和潜在攻击者的现实应用程序中部署训练有素的交流代理商时，基于沟通的政策的安全就会成为一个严重的问题，这些问题被忽视。具体而言，如果通过恶意攻击者操纵沟通信息，依靠不信任的交流的代理可能会采取不安全的行动，从而导致灾难性后果。因此，至关重要的是要确保代理人不会被腐败的沟通误导，同时仍然从良性的交流中受益。在这项工作中，我们考虑了一个具有$ n $代理的环境，攻击者可以任意将通信从任何$ c <\ frac {n-1} {2} $代理商转换为受害者代理。对于这种强大的威胁模型，我们通过构建一个消息集结策略来提出可认证的辩护，该策略汇总了多个随机消融的消息集。理论分析表明，这种消息安装策略可以利用良性通信，同时确保对对抗性交流，无论攻击算法如何。在多种环境中的实验证明，我们的防御能够显着改善受过训练的政策对各种攻击的鲁棒性。

在许多增强学习（RL）应用中，观察空间由人类开发人员指定并受到物理实现的限制，因此可能会随时间的巨大变化（例如，观察特征的数量增加）。然而，当观察空间发生变化时，前一项策略可能由于输入特征不匹配而失败，并且另一个策略必须从头开始培训，这在计算和采样复杂性方面效率低。在理论上见解之后，我们提出了一种新颖的算法，该算法提取源任务中的潜在空间动态，并将动态模型传送到目标任务用作基于模型的常规程序。我们的算法适用于观察空间的彻底变化（例如，从向量的基于矢量的观察到图像的观察），没有任何任务映射或目标任务的任何先前知识。实证结果表明，我们的算法显着提高了目标任务中学习的效率和稳定性。

在国家观察中最强/最佳的对抗性扰动下评估增强学习（RL）代理的最坏情况性能（在某些限制内）对于理解RL代理商的鲁棒性至关重要。然而，在无论我们都能找到最佳攻击以及我们如何找到它，我们都可以找到最佳的对手是具有挑战性的。对普发拉利RL的现有工作要么使用基于启发式的方法，可以找不到最强大的对手，或者通过将代理人视为环境的一部分来说，直接培训基于RL的对手，这可以找到最佳的对手，但可能会变得棘手大状态空间。本文介绍了一种新的攻击方法，通过设计函数与名为“Director”的RL为基础的学习者的设计函数之间的合作找到最佳攻击。演员工艺在给定的政策扰动方向的状态扰动，主任学会提出最好的政策扰动方向。我们所提出的算法PA-AD，比具有大状态空间的环境中的基于RL的工作，理论上是最佳的，并且明显更有效。经验结果表明，我们建议的PA-AD普遍优惠各种Atari和Mujoco环境中最先进的攻击方法。通过将PA-AD应用于对抗性培训，我们在强烈的对手下实现了多个任务的最先进的经验稳健性。

我们建议使用听觉皮层的计算模型作为防范对抗对音频的对抗攻击。我们将基于白盒迭代优化的对抗攻击应用于Amazon Alexa的HW网络的实施，以及具有集成皮质表示的网络的修改版本，并显示皮质功能有助于防御普遍的对抗示例。在相同的扭曲水平时，为皮质网络发现的对手噪声总是对通用音频攻击的效果效果效果。我们在HTTPS://github.com/ilyakava/py3fst上公开提供我们的代码。

Masked image modeling (MIM) performs strongly in pre-training large vision Transformers (ViTs). However, small models that are critical for real-world applications cannot or only marginally benefit from this pre-training approach. In this paper, we explore distillation techniques to transfer the success of large MIM-based pre-trained models to smaller ones. We systematically study different options in the distillation framework, including distilling targets, losses, input, network regularization, sequential distillation, etc, revealing that: 1) Distilling token relations is more effective than CLS token- and feature-based distillation; 2) An intermediate layer of the teacher network as target perform better than that using the last layer when the depth of the student mismatches that of the teacher; 3) Weak regularization is preferred; etc. With these findings, we achieve significant fine-tuning accuracy improvements over the scratch MIM pre-training on ImageNet-1K classification, using all the ViT-Tiny, ViT-Small, and ViT-base models, with +4.2%/+2.4%/+1.4% gains, respectively. Our TinyMIM model of base size achieves 52.2 mIoU in AE20K semantic segmentation, which is +4.1 higher than the MAE baseline. Our TinyMIM model of tiny size achieves 79.6% top-1 accuracy on ImageNet-1K image classification, which sets a new record for small vision models of the same size and computation budget. This strong performance suggests an alternative way for developing small vision Transformer models, that is, by exploring better training methods rather than introducing inductive biases into architectures as in most previous works. Code is available at https://github.com/OliverRensu/TinyMIM.

Dataset distillation has emerged as a prominent technique to improve data efficiency when training machine learning models. It encapsulates the knowledge from a large dataset into a smaller synthetic dataset. A model trained on this smaller distilled dataset can attain comparable performance to a model trained on the original training dataset. However, the existing dataset distillation techniques mainly aim at achieving the best trade-off between resource usage efficiency and model utility. The security risks stemming from them have not been explored. This study performs the first backdoor attack against the models trained on the data distilled by dataset distillation models in the image domain. Concretely, we inject triggers into the synthetic data during the distillation procedure rather than during the model training stage, where all previous attacks are performed. We propose two types of backdoor attacks, namely NAIVEATTACK and DOORPING. NAIVEATTACK simply adds triggers to the raw data at the initial distillation phase, while DOORPING iteratively updates the triggers during the entire distillation procedure. We conduct extensive evaluations on multiple datasets, architectures, and dataset distillation techniques. Empirical evaluation shows that NAIVEATTACK achieves decent attack success rate (ASR) scores in some cases, while DOORPING reaches higher ASR scores (close to 1.0) in all cases. Furthermore, we conduct a comprehensive ablation study to analyze the factors that may affect the attack performance. Finally, we evaluate multiple defense mechanisms against our backdoor attacks and show that our attacks can practically circumvent these defense mechanisms.

Benefiting from the intrinsic supervision information exploitation capability, contrastive learning has achieved promising performance in the field of deep graph clustering recently. However, we observe that two drawbacks of the positive and negative sample construction mechanisms limit the performance of existing algorithms from further improvement. 1) The quality of positive samples heavily depends on the carefully designed data augmentations, while inappropriate data augmentations would easily lead to the semantic drift and indiscriminative positive samples. 2) The constructed negative samples are not reliable for ignoring important clustering information. To solve these problems, we propose a Cluster-guided Contrastive deep Graph Clustering network (CCGC) by mining the intrinsic supervision information in the high-confidence clustering results. Specifically, instead of conducting complex node or edge perturbation, we construct two views of the graph by designing special Siamese encoders whose weights are not shared between the sibling sub-networks. Then, guided by the high-confidence clustering information, we carefully select and construct the positive samples from the same high-confidence cluster in two views. Moreover, to construct semantic meaningful negative sample pairs, we regard the centers of different high-confidence clusters as negative samples, thus improving the discriminative capability and reliability of the constructed sample pairs. Lastly, we design an objective function to pull close the samples from the same cluster while pushing away those from other clusters by maximizing and minimizing the cross-view cosine similarity between positive and negative samples. Extensive experimental results on six datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of CCGC compared with the existing state-of-the-art algorithms.

As one of the prevalent methods to achieve automation systems, Imitation Learning (IL) presents a promising performance in a wide range of domains. However, despite the considerable improvement in policy performance, the corresponding research on the explainability of IL models is still limited. Inspired by the recent approaches in explainable artificial intelligence methods, we proposed a model-agnostic explaining framework for IL models called R2RISE. R2RISE aims to explain the overall policy performance with respect to the frames in demonstrations. It iteratively retrains the black-box IL model from the randomized masked demonstrations and uses the conventional evaluation outcome environment returns as the coefficient to build an importance map. We also conducted experiments to investigate three major questions concerning frames' importance equality, the effectiveness of the importance map, and connections between importance maps from different IL models. The result shows that R2RISE successfully distinguishes important frames from the demonstrations.

Compressed videos often exhibit visually annoying artifacts, known as Perceivable Encoding Artifacts (PEAs), which dramatically degrade video visual quality. Subjective and objective measures capable of identifying and quantifying various types of PEAs are critical in improving visual quality. In this paper, we investigate the influence of four spatial PEAs (i.e. blurring, blocking, bleeding, and ringing) and two temporal PEAs (i.e. flickering and floating) on video quality. For spatial artifacts, we propose a visual saliency model with a low computational cost and higher consistency with human visual perception. In terms of temporal artifacts, self-attention based TimeSFormer is improved to detect temporal artifacts. Based on the six types of PEAs, a quality metric called Saliency-Aware Spatio-Temporal Artifacts Measurement (SSTAM) is proposed. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art metrics. We believe that SSTAM will be beneficial for optimizing video coding techniques.

Transformer has achieved impressive successes for various computer vision tasks. However, most of existing studies require to pretrain the Transformer backbone on a large-scale labeled dataset (e.g., ImageNet) for achieving satisfactory performance, which is usually unavailable for medical images. Additionally, due to the gap between medical and natural images, the improvement generated by the ImageNet pretrained weights significantly degrades while transferring the weights to medical image processing tasks. In this paper, we propose Bootstrap Own Latent of Transformer (BOLT), a self-supervised learning approach specifically for medical image classification with the Transformer backbone. Our BOLT consists of two networks, namely online and target branches, for self-supervised representation learning. Concretely, the online network is trained to predict the target network representation of the same patch embedding tokens with a different perturbation. To maximally excavate the impact of Transformer from limited medical data, we propose an auxiliary difficulty ranking task. The Transformer is enforced to identify which branch (i.e., online/target) is processing the more difficult perturbed tokens. Overall, the Transformer endeavours itself to distill the transformation-invariant features from the perturbed tokens to simultaneously achieve difficulty measurement and maintain the consistency of self-supervised representations. The proposed BOLT is evaluated on three medical image processing tasks, i.e., skin lesion classification, knee fatigue fracture grading and diabetic retinopathy grading. The experimental results validate the superiority of our BOLT for medical image classification, compared to ImageNet pretrained weights and state-of-the-art self-supervised learning approaches.