Over the past decade, there has been a significant increase in the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to support a wide variety of missions, such as remote surveillance, vehicle tracking, and object detection. For problems involving processing of areas larger than a single image, the mosaicking of UAV imagery is a necessary step. Real-time image mosaicking is used for missions that requires fast response like search and rescue missions. It typically requires information from additional sensors, such as Global Position System (GPS) and Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), to facilitate direct orientation, or 3D reconstruction approaches to recover the camera poses. This paper proposes a UAV-based system for real-time creation of incremental mosaics which does not require either direct or indirect camera parameters such as orientation information. Inspired by previous approaches, in the mosaicking process, feature extraction from images, matching of similar key points between images, finding homography matrix to warp and align images, and blending images to obtain mosaics better looking, plays important roles in the achievement of the high quality result. Edge detection is used in the blending step as a novel approach. Experimental results show that real-time incremental image mosaicking process can be completed satisfactorily and without need for any additional camera parameters.
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We investigate ensemble methods for prediction in an online setting. Unlike all the literature in ensembling, for the first time, we introduce a new approach using a meta learner that effectively combines the base model predictions via using a superset of the features that is the union of the base models' feature vectors instead of the predictions themselves. Here, our model does not use the predictions of the base models as inputs to a machine learning algorithm, but choose the best possible combination at each time step based on the state of the problem. We explore three different constraint spaces for the ensembling of the base learners that linearly combines the base predictions, which are convex combinations where the components of the ensembling vector are all nonnegative and sum up to 1; affine combinations where the weight vector components are required to sum up to 1; and the unconstrained combinations where the components are free to take any real value. The constraints are both theoretically analyzed under known statistics and integrated into the learning procedure of the meta learner as a part of the optimization in an automated manner. To show the practical efficiency of the proposed method, we employ a gradient-boosted decision tree and a multi-layer perceptron separately as the meta learners. Our framework is generic so that one can use other machine learning architectures as the ensembler as long as they allow for a custom differentiable loss for minimization. We demonstrate the learning behavior of our algorithm on synthetic data and the significant performance improvements over the conventional methods over various real life datasets, extensively used in the well-known data competitions. Furthermore, we openly share the source code of the proposed method to facilitate further research and comparison.
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PAC-Bayes has recently re-emerged as an effective theory with which one can derive principled learning algorithms with tight performance guarantees. However, applications of PAC-Bayes to bandit problems are relatively rare, which is a great misfortune. Many decision-making problems in healthcare, finance and natural sciences can be modelled as bandit problems. In many of these applications, principled algorithms with strong performance guarantees would be very much appreciated. This survey provides an overview of PAC-Bayes performance bounds for bandit problems and an experimental comparison of these bounds. Our experimental comparison has revealed that available PAC-Bayes upper bounds on the cumulative regret are loose, whereas available PAC-Bayes lower bounds on the expected reward can be surprisingly tight. We found that an offline contextual bandit algorithm that learns a policy by optimising a PAC-Bayes bound was able to learn randomised neural network polices with competitive expected reward and non-vacuous performance guarantees.
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一种被称为优先体验重播(PER)的广泛研究的深钢筋学习(RL)技术使代理可以从与其时间差异(TD)误差成正比的过渡中学习。尽管已经表明,PER是离散作用域中深度RL方法总体性能的最关键组成部分之一,但许多经验研究表明,在连续控制中,它的表现非常低于参与者 - 批评算法。从理论上讲,我们表明,无法有效地通过具有较大TD错误的过渡对演员网络进行训练。结果,在Q网络下计算的近似策略梯度与在最佳Q功能下计算的实际梯度不同。在此激励的基础上,我们引入了一种新颖的经验重播抽样框架,用于演员批评方法,该框架还认为稳定性和最新发现的问题是Per的经验表现不佳。引入的算法提出了对演员和评论家网络的有效和高效培训的改进的新分支。一系列广泛的实验验证了我们的理论主张,并证明了引入的方法显着优于竞争方法,并获得了与标准的非政策参与者 - 批评算法相比,获得最先进的结果。
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我们使用专家建议设置研究预测,其目的是结合一组专家(例如独立运行算法)产生的决策来做出决定。我们通过专家咨询设置的预测实现了最小的最佳动态遗憾,即,我们可以以最佳的方式与专家决策的时变(不一定是固定)组合竞争。我们的最终算法是真正在线的,没有先前的信息,例如时间范围或损失范围,文献中不同算法通常使用它们。我们的遗憾保证和Min-Max的下限都是普遍考虑的,即专家损失可以具有时间变化的属性,并且可能是无限的。我们的算法可以针对损失反馈和决策的限制性方案进行调整。我们的保证是普遍的,即,我们的最终算法可以以最大的最佳方式以对数复杂性提供对任何竞争对手序列的后悔保证。请注意,据我们所知,为了提出专家建议问题的预测,我们的算法是第一个在没有先验知识的情况下产生这种普遍最佳,适应性和真正的在线保证的。
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与政策策略梯度技术相比,使用先前收集的数据的无模型的无模型深钢筋学习(RL)方法可以提高采样效率。但是,当利益政策的分布与收集数据的政策之间的差异时,非政策学习变得具有挑战性。尽管提出了良好的重要性抽样和范围的政策梯度技术来补偿这种差异,但它们通常需要一系列长轨迹,以增加计算复杂性并引起其他问题,例如消失或爆炸梯度。此外,由于需要行动概率,它们对连续动作领域的概括严格受到限制,这不适合确定性政策。为了克服这些局限性,我们引入了一种替代的非上政策校正算法,用于连续作用空间,参与者 - 批判性非政策校正(AC-OFF-POC),以减轻先前收集的数据引入的潜在缺陷。通过由代理商对随机采样批次过渡的状态的最新动作决策计算出的新颖差异度量,该方法不需要任何策略的实际或估计的行动概率,并提供足够的一步重要性抽样。理论结果表明,引入的方法可以使用固定的独特点获得收缩映射,从而可以进行“安全”的非政策学习。我们的经验结果表明,AC-Off-POC始终通过有效地安排学习率和Q学习和政策优化的学习率,以比竞争方法更少的步骤改善最新的回报。
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在高维连续任务中学习的学习是具有挑战性的,主要是当体验重播记忆非常有限时。我们引入了一种简单而有效的经验共享机制,用于在未来的非政策深度强化学习应用程序中进行连续动作域中的确定性政策,其中分配的经验重播缓冲液的分配记忆受到限制。为了克服通过从其他代理商的经验中学习引起的外推误差,我们通过一种新型的非政策校正技术促进了我们的算法,而没有任何动作概率估计。我们测试方法在挑战OpenAi Gym连续控制任务方面的有效性,并得出结论,它可以在多个代理商之间获得安全的体验,并在重播记忆受到严格限制时表现出强大的性能。
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科学家越来越依靠Python工具使用丰富的,类似于Numpy的表达式执行可扩展的分布式内存阵列操作。但是,这些工具中的许多工具都依赖于针对抽象任务图进行了优化的动态调度程序,这些调度图通常遇到内存和网络带宽相关的瓶颈,这是由于亚最佳数据和操作员的放置决策。在消息传递接口(MPI)(例如Scalapack和Slate)上构建的工具具有更好的缩放属性,但是这些解决方案需要使用专门的知识。在这项工作中,我们提出了NUMS,这是一个数组编程库,可在基于任务的分布式系统上优化类似Numpy的表达式。这是通过称为负载模拟层次调度(LSHS)的新型调度程序来实现的。 LSHS是一种本地搜索方法,可通过最大程度地减少分布式系统中任何给定节点上的最大内存和网络加载来优化操作员放置。再加上用于负载平衡数据布局的启发式,我们的方法能够在某些常见的数值操作上达到通信下限,我们的经验研究表明,LSHS通过减少2倍的降低2倍来增强RAR上的性能,需要减少4倍的内存, ,在逻辑回归问题上减少10倍的执行时间。在Terabyte尺度数据上,NUMS在DGEMM上实现了竞争性能,与Dask ML和Spark的Mllib相比,在键盘分解的密钥操作中,DASK高达20倍的速度以及logistic回归的2倍加速。
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我们在在线环境中研究了非线性预测,并引入了混合模型,该模型通过端到端体系结构有效地减轻了对手工设计的功能的需求和传统非线性预测/回归方法的手动模型选择问题。特别是,我们使用递归结构从顺序信号中提取特征,同时保留状态信息,即历史记录和增强决策树以产生最终输出。该连接是以端到端方式的,我们使用随机梯度下降共同优化整个体系结构,我们还为此提供了向后的通过更新方程。特别是,我们采用了一个经常性的神经网络(LSTM)来从顺序数据中提取自适应特征,并提取梯度增强机械(Soft GBDT),以进行有效的监督回归。我们的框架是通用的,因此可以使用其他深度学习体系结构进行特征提取(例如RNN和GRU)和机器学习算法进行决策,只要它们是可区分的。我们证明了算法对合成数据的学习行为以及各种现实生活数据集对常规方法的显着性能改进。此外,我们公开分享提出的方法的源代码,以促进进一步的研究。
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高斯过程状态空间模型通过在转换功能上放置高斯过程来以原则方式捕获复杂的时间依赖性。这些模型具有自然的解释,作为离散的随机微分方程,但困难的长期序列的推断是困难的。快速过渡需要紧密离散化,而慢速转换需要在长副图层上备份梯度。我们提出了一种由多个组件组成的新型高斯过程状态空间架构,每个组件都培训不同的分辨率,以对不同时间尺度进行模拟效果。组合模型允许在自适应刻度上进行时间进行时间,为具有复杂动态的任意长序列提供有效推断。我们在半合成数据和发动机建模任务上基准我们的新方法。在这两个实验中,我们的方法对其最先进的替代品仅比单一时间级运行的最先进的替代品。
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