Normalizing flow is a class of deep generative models for efficient sampling and density estimation. In practice, the flow often appears as a chain of invertible neural network blocks; to facilitate training, existing works have regularized flow trajectories and designed special network architectures. The current paper develops a neural ODE flow network inspired by the Jordan-Kinderleherer-Otto (JKO) scheme, which allows efficient block-wise training of the residual blocks and avoids inner loops of score matching or variational learning. As the JKO scheme unfolds the dynamic of gradient flow, the proposed model naturally stacks residual network blocks one-by-one, reducing the memory load and difficulty of performing end-to-end training of deep flow networks. We also develop adaptive time reparameterization of the flow network with a progressive refinement of the trajectory in probability space, which improves the model training efficiency and accuracy in practice. Using numerical experiments with synthetic and real data, we show that the proposed JKO-iFlow model achieves similar or better performance in generating new samples compared with existing flow and diffusion models at a significantly reduced computational and memory cost.

高斯内核及其传统的正常化（例如，行 - 故事）是评估数据点（通常用于流形学习和聚类的数据点之间的相似性）的流行方法，以及在图形上进行的监督和半监督学习。在许多实际情况下，数据可能会被禁止传统亲和力矩阵正确评估相似性的噪声损坏，尤其是在整个数据中的噪声幅度差异很大的情况下，例如在异性恋或异常值下。在噪声下提供更稳定行为的另一种方法是高斯内核的双随机归一化。在这项工作中，我们在一个环境中研究了这种归一化，在这种情况下，在高维空间中嵌入的低维歧管上的未知密度采样点，并因可能强大的，非相同的分布式，高斯的噪声而损坏。我们建立了双重随机亲和力矩阵的点浓度及其围绕某些种群形式的缩放因素。然后，我们利用这些结果来开发几种用于鲁棒推理的工具。首先，我们得出一个强大的密度估计器，该密度估计器在高维噪声下可以显着优于标准内核密度估计器。其次，我们提供估计噪声幅度的估计量，点式信号幅度以及清洁数据点之间的成对欧几里得距离。最后，我们得出了强大的图形拉普拉斯融合，这些标准差异近似于流行的歧管拉普拉斯人，包括拉普拉斯·贝特拉米操作员，表明可以在高维噪声下恢复歧管的局部几何形状。我们在仿真和实际单细胞RNA-sequering数据中举例说明了我们的结果。在后者中，我们表明我们提出的正常化对与不同细胞类型相关的技术变异性是可靠的。

学习将模型分布与观察到的数据区分开来是统计和机器学习中的一个基本问题，而高维数据仍然是这些问题的挑战性环境。量化概率分布差异的指标（例如Stein差异）在高维度的统计测试中起重要作用。在本文中，我们考虑了一个希望区分未知概率分布和名义模型分布的数据的设置。虽然最近的研究表明，最佳$ l^2 $ regularized Stein评论家等于两个概率分布的分数函数的差异，最多是乘法常数，但我们研究了$ l^2 $正则化的作用，训练神经网络时差异评论家功能。由训练神经网络的神经切线内核理论的激励，我们开发了一种新的分期程序，用于训练时间的正则化重量。这利用了早期培训的优势，同时还可以延迟过度拟合。从理论上讲，我们将训练动态与大的正则重量与在早期培训时间的“懒惰训练”制度的内核回归优化相关联。在模拟的高维分布漂移数据和评估图像数据的生成模型的应用中，证明了分期$ l^2 $正则化的好处。

内元化图亲和力矩阵的双性化归一化为基于图的数据分析中的图形laplacian方法提供了一种替代归一化方案，并且可以通过sinkhorn-knopp（SK）迭代在实践中有效地计算出来。本文证明了双性化标准化图拉普拉斯（Laplacian）与laplacian的融合，当$ n $数据点为i.i.d.从嵌入可能高维空间中的一般$ d $维歧管中取样。在$ n \ to \ infty $和内核带宽$ \ epsilon \ to 0 $的某些联合限制下，图Laplacian操作员的点融合率（2-Norm）被证明为$ O（N^{n^{ -1/（d/2+3）}）$在有限的大$ n $上，到log racture，在$ \ epsilon \ sim n^{ - 1/（d/2+3）} $时实现。当歧管数据被异常噪声损坏时，我们从理论上证明了图形laplacian点的一致性，该图与清洁歧管数据的速率匹配到与噪声矢量相互内部产物的界限成比例的附加错误项。我们的分析表明，在本文中考虑的设置下，不是精确的双性化归一化，而是大约将达到相同的一致性率。在分析的激励下，我们提出了一个近似且受约束的矩阵缩放问题，可以通过早期终止的SK迭代来解决，并适用于模拟的歧管数据既干净又具有离群的噪声。数值实验支持我们的理论结果，并显示了双形式归一化图拉普拉斯对异常噪声的鲁棒性。

通过内核矩阵或图形laplacian矩阵代表数据点的光谱方法已成为无监督数据分析的主要工具。在许多应用程序场景中，可以通过神经网络嵌入的光谱嵌入可以在数据样本上进行训练，这为实现自动样本外扩展以及计算可扩展性提供了一种有希望的方法。在Spectralnet的原始论文中采用了这种方法（Shaham等人，2018年），我们称之为Specnet1。当前的论文引入了一种名为SpecNet2的新神经网络方法，以计算光谱嵌入，该方法优化了特征问题的等效目标，并删除了SpecNet1中的正交层。 SpecNet2还允许通过通过梯度公式跟踪每个数据点的邻居来分离图形亲和力矩阵的行采样和列。从理论上讲，我们证明了新的无正交物质目标的任何局部最小化均显示出领先的特征向量。此外，证明了使用基于批处理的梯度下降法的这种新的无正交目标的全局收敛。数值实验证明了在模拟数据和图像数据集上Specnet2的性能和计算效率的提高。

尽管神经网络取得了巨大的经验成功，但对培训程序的理论理解仍然有限，尤其是在为优化问题的非凸性性质而提供测试性能的性能保证时。当前的论文通过简化了凸结构的另一个问题来研究神经网络培训的另一种方法 - 解决单调变异不平等（MVI） - 灵感来自最近的工作（Juditsky＆Nemirovsky，2019年）。可以通过计算有效的过程找到对MVI的解决方案，重要的是，这会导致$ \ ell_2 $和$ \ ell _ {\ elfty} $在模型恢复和预测准确性下的性能保证层线性神经网络。此外，我们研究了MVI在训练多层神经网络中的使用，并提出了一种称为\ textit {随机变异不平等}（SVI）的实用算法，并证明了其在训练完全连接的神经网络和图形神经网络（GNN）中的适用性（GNN ）（SVI是完全一般的，可用于训练其他类型的神经网络）。与广泛使用的随机梯度下降方法相比，我们证明了SVI的竞争性或更好的性能，涉及各种性能指标的合成和真实网络数据预测任务，尤其是在培训早期阶段提高效率方面。

当图形亲和力矩阵是由$ n $随机样品构建的，在$ d $ d $维歧管上构建图形亲和力矩阵时，这项工作研究图形拉普拉斯元素与拉普拉斯 - 贝特拉米操作员的光谱收敛。通过分析DIRICHLET形成融合并通过歧管加热核卷积构建候选本本函数，我们证明，使用高斯内核，可以设置核band band band band parame $ \ epsilon \ sim \ sim（\ log n/ n/ n）^{1/（D /2+2）} $使得特征值收敛率为$ n^{ - 1/（d/2+2）} $，并且2-norm中的特征向量收敛率$ n^{ - 1/（d+） 4）} $;当$ \ epsilon \ sim（\ log n/n）^{1/（d/2+3）} $时，eigenValue和eigenVector速率均为$ n^{ - 1/（d/2+3）} $。这些费率最高为$ \ log n $因素，并被证明是有限的许多低洼特征值。当数据在歧管上均匀采样以及密度校正的图laplacian（在两个边的度矩阵中归一化）时，结果适用于非归一化和随机漫步图拉普拉斯laplacians laplacians laplacians以及密度校正的图laplacian（其中两侧的级别矩阵）采样数据。作为中间结果，我们证明了密度校正图拉普拉斯的新点和差异形式的收敛速率。提供数值结果以验证理论。

Panoptic Part Segmentation (PPS) unifies panoptic segmentation and part segmentation into one task. Previous works utilize separated approaches to handle thing, stuff, and part predictions without shared computation and task association. We aim to unify these tasks at the architectural level, designing the first end-to-end unified framework named Panoptic-PartFormer. Moreover, we find the previous metric PartPQ biases to PQ. To handle both issues, we make the following contributions: Firstly, we design a meta-architecture that decouples part feature and things/stuff feature, respectively. We model things, stuff, and parts as object queries and directly learn to optimize all three forms of prediction as a unified mask prediction and classification problem. We term our model as Panoptic-PartFormer. Secondly, we propose a new metric Part-Whole Quality (PWQ) to better measure such task from both pixel-region and part-whole perspectives. It can also decouple the error for part segmentation and panoptic segmentation. Thirdly, inspired by Mask2Former, based on our meta-architecture, we propose Panoptic-PartFormer++ and design a new part-whole cross attention scheme to further boost part segmentation qualities. We design a new part-whole interaction method using masked cross attention. Finally, the extensive ablation studies and analysis demonstrate the effectiveness of both Panoptic-PartFormer and Panoptic-PartFormer++. Compared with previous Panoptic-PartFormer, our Panoptic-PartFormer++ achieves 2% PartPQ and 3% PWQ improvements on the Cityscapes PPS dataset and 5% PartPQ on the Pascal Context PPS dataset. On both datasets, Panoptic-PartFormer++ achieves new state-of-the-art results with a significant cost drop of 70% on GFlops and 50% on parameters. Our models can serve as a strong baseline and aid future research in PPS. Code will be available.

Rankings are widely collected in various real-life scenarios, leading to the leakage of personal information such as users' preferences on videos or news. To protect rankings, existing works mainly develop privacy protection on a single ranking within a set of ranking or pairwise comparisons of a ranking under the $\epsilon$-differential privacy. This paper proposes a novel notion called $\epsilon$-ranking differential privacy for protecting ranks. We establish the connection between the Mallows model (Mallows, 1957) and the proposed $\epsilon$-ranking differential privacy. This allows us to develop a multistage ranking algorithm to generate synthetic rankings while satisfying the developed $\epsilon$-ranking differential privacy. Theoretical results regarding the utility of synthetic rankings in the downstream tasks, including the inference attack and the personalized ranking tasks, are established. For the inference attack, we quantify how $\epsilon$ affects the estimation of the true ranking based on synthetic rankings. For the personalized ranking task, we consider varying privacy preferences among users and quantify how their privacy preferences affect the consistency in estimating the optimal ranking function. Extensive numerical experiments are carried out to verify the theoretical results and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed synthetic ranking algorithm.

In this work, we focus on instance-level open vocabulary segmentation, intending to expand a segmenter for instance-wise novel categories without mask annotations. We investigate a simple yet effective framework with the help of image captions, focusing on exploiting thousands of object nouns in captions to discover instances of novel classes. Rather than adopting pretrained caption models or using massive caption datasets with complex pipelines, we propose an end-to-end solution from two aspects: caption grounding and caption generation. In particular, we devise a joint Caption Grounding and Generation (CGG) framework based on a Mask Transformer baseline. The framework has a novel grounding loss that performs explicit and implicit multi-modal feature alignments. We further design a lightweight caption generation head to allow for additional caption supervision. We find that grounding and generation complement each other, significantly enhancing the segmentation performance for novel categories. We conduct extensive experiments on the COCO dataset with two settings: Open Vocabulary Instance Segmentation (OVIS) and Open Set Panoptic Segmentation (OSPS). The results demonstrate the superiority of our CGG framework over previous OVIS methods, achieving a large improvement of 6.8% mAP on novel classes without extra caption data. Our method also achieves over 15% PQ improvements for novel classes on the OSPS benchmark under various settings.