自然语言理解(NLU)通过大型基准驱动的大规模进展,与转让学习的研究配对扩大其影响。基准是由一小部分频繁现象的主导,留下了一条长长的不常见现象。在这项工作中,我们反映了问题:转移学习方法足够地解决了长尾的基准训练模型的表现吗?由于基准未列出包括/排除的现象,我们使用宏观级别的宏观尺寸(如经验丰富的类型,主题等)概念化。我们评估通过100个代表性论文转让学习的定性荟萃分析来转移学习研究的趋势nlu。我们的分析问了三个问题:(i)哪个长尾尺寸进行转移学习研究目标? (ii)哪种特性有助于适应方法改善长尾的性能? (iii)哪种方法差距对长尾性能有最大的负面影响?我们对这些问题的答案突出了在长尾的转让学习中的未来研究的主要途径。最后,我们展示了一个案例研究,比较了各种适应方法对临床叙事的性能,以表明系统性开展的元实验如何提供能够沿着这些未来的途径取得进展的见解。
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Code-Switching, a common phenomenon in written text and conversation, has been studied over decades by the natural language processing (NLP) research community. Initially, code-switching is intensively explored by leveraging linguistic theories and, currently, more machine-learning oriented approaches to develop models. We introduce a comprehensive systematic survey on code-switching research in natural language processing to understand the progress of the past decades and conceptualize the challenges and tasks on the code-switching topic. Finally, we summarize the trends and findings and conclude with a discussion for future direction and open questions for further investigation.
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As an important fine-grained sentiment analysis problem, aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA), aiming to analyze and understand people's opinions at the aspect level, has been attracting considerable interest in the last decade. To handle ABSA in different scenarios, various tasks are introduced for analyzing different sentiment elements and their relations, including the aspect term, aspect category, opinion term, and sentiment polarity. Unlike early ABSA works focusing on a single sentiment element, many compound ABSA tasks involving multiple elements have been studied in recent years for capturing more complete aspect-level sentiment information. However, a systematic review of various ABSA tasks and their corresponding solutions is still lacking, which we aim to fill in this survey. More specifically, we provide a new taxonomy for ABSA which organizes existing studies from the axes of concerned sentiment elements, with an emphasis on recent advances of compound ABSA tasks. From the perspective of solutions, we summarize the utilization of pre-trained language models for ABSA, which improved the performance of ABSA to a new stage. Besides, techniques for building more practical ABSA systems in cross-domain/lingual scenarios are discussed. Finally, we review some emerging topics and discuss some open challenges to outlook potential future directions of ABSA.
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Recent advances in NLP are brought by a range of large-scale pretrained language models (PLMs). These PLMs have brought significant performance gains for a range of NLP tasks, circumventing the need to customize complex designs for specific tasks. However, most current work focus on finetuning PLMs on a domain-specific datasets, ignoring the fact that the domain gap can lead to overfitting and even performance drop. Therefore, it is practically important to find an appropriate method to effectively adapt PLMs to a target domain of interest. Recently, a range of methods have been proposed to achieve this purpose. Early surveys on domain adaptation are not suitable for PLMs due to the sophisticated behavior exhibited by PLMs from traditional models trained from scratch and that domain adaptation of PLMs need to be redesigned to take effect. This paper aims to provide a survey on these newly proposed methods and shed light in how to apply traditional machine learning methods to newly evolved and future technologies. By examining the issues of deploying PLMs for downstream tasks, we propose a taxonomy of domain adaptation approaches from a machine learning system view, covering methods for input augmentation, model optimization and personalization. We discuss and compare those methods and suggest promising future research directions.
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社交媒体数据已成为有关现实世界危机事件的及时信息的有用来源。与将社交媒体用于灾难管理有关的主要任务之一是自动识别与危机相关的消息。关于该主题的大多数研究都集中在特定语言中特定类型事件的数据分析上。这限制了概括现有方法的可能性,因为模型不能直接应用于新类型的事件或其他语言。在这项工作中,我们研究了通过利用跨语言和跨域标记数据来自动对与危机事件相关的消息进行分类的任务。我们的目标是利用来自高资源语言的标记数据来对其他(低资源)语言和/或新(以前看不见的)类型的危机情况进行分类。在我们的研究中,我们从文献中合并了一个大型统一数据集,其中包含多个危机事件和语言。我们的经验发现表明,确实有可能利用英语危机事件的数据来对其他语言(例如西班牙语和意大利语)(80.0%的F1得分)对相同类型的事件进行分类。此外,我们在跨语言环境中为跨域任务(80.0%F1得分)取得了良好的性能。总体而言,我们的工作有助于改善数据稀缺问题,这对于多语言危机分类非常重要。特别是,当时间是本质的时候,可以减轻紧急事件中的冷启动情况。
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深层语言语言模型(LMS)如Elmo,BERT及其继任者通过预先训练单个模型来迅速缩放自然语言处理的景观,然后是任务特定的微调。此外,像XLM-R和MBERT这样的这种模型的多语言版本使得有希望的零射击交叉传输导致,可能在许多不足和资源不足的语言中实现NLP应用。由于此初步成功,预先接受的模型被用作“通用语言模型”作为不同任务,域和语言的起点。这项工作通过识别通用模型应该能够扩展的七个维度来探讨“普遍性”的概念,即同样良好或相当良好地执行,在不同的环境中有用。我们概述了当前支持这些维度的模型性能的当前理论和经验结果,以及可能有助于解决其当前限制的扩展。通过这项调查,我们为理解大规模上下文语言模型的能力和限制奠定了基础,并帮助辨别研究差距和未来工作的方向,使这些LMS包含多样化和公平的应用,用户和语言现象。
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We present NusaCrowd, a collaborative initiative to collect and unite existing resources for Indonesian languages, including opening access to previously non-public resources. Through this initiative, we have has brought together 137 datasets and 117 standardized data loaders. The quality of the datasets has been assessed manually and automatically, and their effectiveness has been demonstrated in multiple experiments. NusaCrowd's data collection enables the creation of the first zero-shot benchmarks for natural language understanding and generation in Indonesian and its local languages. Furthermore, NusaCrowd brings the creation of the first multilingual automatic speech recognition benchmark in Indonesian and its local languages. Our work is intended to help advance natural language processing research in under-represented languages.
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随着信息技术的快速发展,在线平台已经产生了巨大的文本资源。作为一种特定形式的信息提取(即),事件提取(EE)由于其自动从人类语言提取事件的能力而增加了普及。但是,事件提取有限的文献调查。现有审查工作要么花费很多努力,用于描述各种方法的细节或专注于特定领域。本研究提供了全面概述了最先进的事件提取方法及其从文本的应用程序,包括闭域和开放式事件提取。这项调查的特点是它提供了适度复杂性的概要,避免涉及特定方法的太多细节。本研究侧重于讨论代表作品的常见角色,应用领域,优势和缺点,忽略各个方法的特殊性。最后,我们总结了常见问题,当前解决方案和未来的研究方向。我们希望这项工作能够帮助研究人员和从业者获得最近的事件提取的快速概述。
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使用文本,图像,音频,视频等多种方式的多模式深度学习系统,与单独的方式(即单向)系统相比,显示出更好的性能。多式联机学习涉及多个方面:表示,翻译,对齐,融合和共同学习。在当前多式联机学习状态下,假设是在训练和测试时间期间存在,对齐和无噪声。然而,在现实世界的任务中,通常,观察到一个或多个模式丢失,嘈杂,缺乏注释数据,具有不可靠的标签,并且在训练或测试中稀缺,或两者都稀缺。这种挑战是由称为多式联合学习的学习范例解决的。通过使用模态之间的知识传输,包括其表示和预测模型,通过从另一个(资源丰富的)方式利用来自另一(资源丰富的)模型的知识来帮助实现(资源差)模型的建模。共同学习是一个新兴地区,没有专注的评论,明确地关注共同学习所解决的所有挑战。为此,在这项工作中,我们对新兴的多式联合学习领域提供了全面的调查,尚未完整探讨。我们审查实施的实施,以克服一个或多个共同学习挑战,而不明确地将它们视为共同学习挑战。我们基于共同学习和相关实施解决的挑战,展示了多式联合学习的综合分类。用于包括最新的技术与一些应用程序和数据集一起审查。我们的最终目标是讨论挑战和观点以及未来工作的重要思想和方向,我们希望对整个研究界的有益,重点关注这一令人兴奋的领域。
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旨在从非结构化文本中提取结构信息的知识提取(KE)通常会遭受数据稀缺性和新出现的看不见类型,即低资源场景。许多低资源KE的神经方法已广泛研究并取得了令人印象深刻的表现。在本文中,我们在低资源场景中介绍了对KE的文献综述,并将现有作品分为三个范式:(1)利用更高的资源数据,(2)利用更强的模型,(3)利用数据和模型一起。此外,我们描述了有前途的应用,并概述了未来研究的一些潜在方向。我们希望我们的调查能够帮助学术和工业界更好地理解这一领域,激发更多的想法并提高更广泛的应用。
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多语言语言模型(\ mllms),如mbert,xlm,xlm-r,\ textit {etc。}已成为一种可行的选择,使预先估计到大量语言的力量。鉴于他们的成功在零射击转移学习中,在(i)建立更大的\ mllms〜覆盖了大量语言(ii)创建覆盖更广泛的任务和语言来评估的详尽工作基准mllms〜(iii)分析单音零点,零拍摄交叉和双语任务(iv)对Monolingual的性能,了解\ mllms〜(v)增强(通常)学习的通用语言模式(如果有的话)有限的容量\ mllms〜以提高他们在已见甚至看不见语言的表现。在这项调查中,我们审查了现有的文学,涵盖了上述与\ MLLMS有关的广泛研究领域。根据我们的调查,我们建议您有一些未来的研究方向。
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迄今为止,统计类型推理系统彻底依赖于监督的学习方法,这些方法需要艰苦的手动努力来收集和标记大量数据。大多数图灵完整的命令式语言共享相似的控制和数据流结构,这使得将知识从一种语言转移到另一种语言。在本文中,我们提出了一个跨语言转移学习框架,即柏拉图,用于统计类型推理,这使我们能够利用一种从一种语言的标签数据集中学到的先验知识并将其转移到另一种语言的数据集中,例如Python,将其转移到JavaScript,Java,Java对于JavaScript等。柏拉图由一种新颖的核心注意机制提供动力,以限制主干变压器模型的注意范围,以便模型被迫将其预测基于语言之间普遍共享的特征。此外,我们提出了语法增强功能,以增强语言域之间的特征重叠的学习。此外,柏拉图还可以通过引入跨语言扩展来用于提高常规监督类型推理的性能,这使该模型能够学习多种语言的更多一般功能。我们在两种设置下评估了柏拉图:1)在跨域方案下,目标语言数据未标记或标记部分,结果表明,柏拉图的表现优于最先进的域传输技术,例如。 ,它通过+14.6%@em,+18.6%@weighted-f1和2)在传统单语言监督场景下改善了Python的打字稿基线,Plato将python的基线改进了+4.10%@em,+1.90%@weighted em -f1引入了跨语性增强。
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生物医学机器阅读理解(生物医学MRC)旨在理解复杂的生物医学叙事,并协助医疗保健专业人员从中检索信息。现代神经网络的MRC系统的高性能取决于高质量的大规模,人为宣传的培训数据集。在生物医学领域中,创建此类数据集的一个至关重要的挑战是域知识的要求,引起了标记数据的稀缺性以及从标记的通用(源)域转移学习到生物医学(目标)域的需求。然而,由于主题方差,通用和生物医学领域之间的边际分布存在差异。因此,从在通用域上训练的模型到生物医学领域的模型直接转移学会的表示可能会损害模型的性能。我们为生物医学机器阅读理解任务(BioAdapt-MRC)提供了基于对抗性学习的域适应框架,这是一种基于神经网络的方法,可解决一般和生物医学域数据之间边际分布中的差异。 Bioadapt-MRC松弛了生成伪标签的需求,以训练表现出色的生物医学MRC模型。我们通过将生物ADAPT-MRC与三种广泛使用的基准生物医学MRC数据集进行比较,从而广泛评估了生物ADAPT-MRC的性能-Bioasq-7B,BioASQ-8B和BioASQ-9B。我们的结果表明,如果不使用来自生物医学领域的任何合成或人类通知的数据,Bioadapt-MRC可以在这些数据集中实现最先进的性能。可用性:bioadapt-MRC可作为开放源项目免费获得,\ url {https://github.com/mmahbub/bioadapt-mrc}。
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了解文本中表达的态度,也称为姿态检测,在旨在在线检测虚假信息的系统中起重要作用,无论是错误信息(无意的假)或虚假信息(故意错误地蔓延,恶意意图)。姿态检测已经以不同的方式在文献中框架,包括(a)作为事实检查,谣言检测和检测先前的事实检查的权利要求,或(b)作为其自己的任务的组件;在这里,我们看看两者。虽然已经进行了与其他相关任务的突出姿态检测,但诸如论证挖掘和情绪分析之类的其他相关任务,但没有调查姿态检测和错误和缺陷检测之间的关系。在这里,我们的目标是弥合这个差距。特别是,我们在焦点中审查和分析了该领域的现有工作,焦点中的错误和不忠实,然后我们讨论了汲取的经验教训和未来的挑战。
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语言可以用作再现和执行有害刻板印象和偏差的手段,并被分析在许多研究中。在本文中,我们对自然语言处理中的性别偏见进行了304篇论文。我们分析了社会科学中性别及其类别的定义,并将其连接到NLP研究中性别偏见的正式定义。我们调查了在对性别偏见的研究中应用的Lexica和数据集,然后比较和对比方法来检测和减轻性别偏见。我们发现对性别偏见的研究遭受了四个核心限制。 1)大多数研究将性别视为忽视其流动性和连续性的二元变量。 2)大部分工作都在单机设置中进行英语或其他高资源语言进行。 3)尽管在NLP方法中对性别偏见进行了无数的论文,但我们发现大多数新开发的算法都没有测试他们的偏见模型,并无视他们的工作的伦理考虑。 4)最后,在这一研究线上发展的方法基本缺陷涵盖性别偏差的非常有限的定义,缺乏评估基线和管道。我们建议建议克服这些限制作为未来研究的指导。
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Deep learning has produced state-of-the-art results for a variety of tasks. While such approaches for supervised learning have performed well, they assume that training and testing data are drawn from the same distribution, which may not always be the case. As a complement to this challenge, single-source unsupervised domain adaptation can handle situations where a network is trained on labeled data from a source domain and unlabeled data from a related but different target domain with the goal of performing well at test-time on the target domain. Many single-source and typically homogeneous unsupervised deep domain adaptation approaches have thus been developed, combining the powerful, hierarchical representations from deep learning with domain adaptation to reduce reliance on potentially-costly target data labels. This survey will compare these approaches by examining alternative methods, the unique and common elements, results, and theoretical insights. We follow this with a look at application areas and open research directions.
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Despite extensive research efforts in recent years, computational argumentation (CA) remains one of the most challenging areas of natural language processing. The reason for this is the inherent complexity of the cognitive processes behind human argumentation, which integrate a plethora of different types of knowledge, ranging from topic-specific facts and common sense to rhetorical knowledge. The integration of knowledge from such a wide range in CA requires modeling capabilities far beyond many other natural language understanding tasks. Existing research on mining, assessing, reasoning over, and generating arguments largely acknowledges that much more knowledge is needed to accurately model argumentation computationally. However, a systematic overview of the types of knowledge introduced in existing CA models is missing, hindering targeted progress in the field. Adopting the operational definition of knowledge as any task-relevant normative information not provided as input, the survey paper at hand fills this gap by (1) proposing a taxonomy of types of knowledge required in CA tasks, (2) systematizing the large body of CA work according to the reliance on and exploitation of these knowledge types for the four main research areas in CA, and (3) outlining and discussing directions for future research efforts in CA.
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自然语言处理(NLP)是一个人工智能领域,它应用信息技术来处理人类语言,在一定程度上理解并在各种应用中使用它。在过去的几年中,该领域已经迅速发展,现在采用了深层神经网络的现代变体来从大型文本语料库中提取相关模式。这项工作的主要目的是调查NLP在药理学领域的最新使用。正如我们的工作所表明的那样,NLP是药理学高度相关的信息提取和处理方法。它已被广泛使用,从智能搜索到成千上万的医疗文件到在社交媒体中找到对抗性药物相互作用的痕迹。我们将覆盖范围分为五个类别,以调查现代NLP方法论,常见的任务,相关的文本数据,知识库和有用的编程库。我们将这五个类别分为适当的子类别,描述其主要属性和想法,并以表格形式进行总结。最终的调查介绍了该领域的全面概述,对从业者和感兴趣的观察者有用。
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Much recent progress in applications of machine learning models to NLP has been driven by benchmarks that evaluate models across a wide variety of tasks. However, these broad-coverage benchmarks have been mostly limited to English, and despite an increasing interest in multilingual models, a benchmark that enables the comprehensive evaluation of such methods on a diverse range of languages and tasks is still missing. To this end, we introduce the Cross-lingual TRansfer Evaluation of Multilingual Encoders (XTREME) benchmark, a multi-task benchmark for evaluating the cross-lingual generalization capabilities of multilingual representations across 40 languages and 9 tasks. We demonstrate that while models tested on English reach human performance on many tasks, there is still a sizable gap in the performance of cross-lingually transferred models, particularly on syntactic and sentence retrieval tasks. There is also a wide spread of results across languages. We release the benchmark 1 to encourage research on cross-lingual learning methods that transfer linguistic knowledge across a diverse and representative set of languages and tasks.
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整合不同域的知识是人类学习的重要特征。学习范式如转移学习,元学习和多任务学习,通过利用新任务的先验知识,鼓励更快的学习和新任务的良好普遍来反映人类学习过程。本文提供了这些学习范例的详细视图以及比较分析。学习算法的弱点是另一个的力量,从而合并它们是文献中的一种普遍的特征。这项工作提供了对文章的文献综述,这些文章融合了两种算法来完成多个任务。这里还介绍了全球通用学习网络,在此介绍了元学习,转移学习和多任务学习的集合,以及一些开放的研究问题和未来研究的方向。
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