We consider the problem of estimating s 2 when s belongs to some separable Hilbert space and one observes the Gaussian process Y t = s t + σL t , for all t ∈ , where L is some Gaussian isonormal process. This framework allows us in particular to consider the classical "Gaussian sequence model" for which = l 2 * and L t = λ≥1 t λ ε λ , where ε λ λ≥1 is a sequence of i.i.d. standard normal variables. Our approach consists in considering some at most countable families of finite-dimensional linear subspaces of (the models) and then using model selection via some conveniently penalized least squares criterion to build new estimators of s 2 . We prove a general nonasymptotic risk bound which allows us to show that such penalized estimators are adaptive on a variety of collections of sets for the parameter s, depending on the family of models from which they are built. In particular, in the context of the Gaussian sequence model, a convenient choice of the family of models allows defining estimators which are adaptive over collections of hyperrectangles, ellipsoids, l p -bodies or Besov bodies. We take special care to describe the conditions under which the penalized estimator is efficient when the level of noise σ tends to zero. Our construction is an alternative to the one by Efroïmovich and Low for hyperrectangles and provides new results otherwise.

对于高维和非参数统计模型，速率最优估计器平衡平方偏差和方差是一种常见的现象。虽然这种平衡被广泛观察到，但很少知道是否存在可以避免偏差和方差之间的权衡的方法。我们提出了一般的策略，以获得对任何估计方差的下限，偏差小于预先限定的界限。这表明偏差差异折衷的程度是不可避免的，并且允许量化不服从其的方法的性能损失。该方法基于许多抽象的下限，用于涉及关于不同概率措施的预期变化以及诸如Kullback-Leibler或Chi-Sque-diversence的信息措施的变化。其中一些不平等依赖于信息矩阵的新概念。在该物品的第二部分中，将抽象的下限应用于几种统计模型，包括高斯白噪声模型，边界估计问题，高斯序列模型和高维线性回归模型。对于这些特定的统计应用，发生不同类型的偏差差异发生，其实力变化很大。对于高斯白噪声模型中集成平方偏置和集成方差之间的权衡，我们将较低界限的一般策略与减少技术相结合。这允许我们将原始问题与估计的估计器中的偏差折衷联动，以更简单的统计模型中具有额外的对称性属性。在高斯序列模型中，发生偏差差异的不同相位转换。虽然偏差和方差之间存在非平凡的相互作用，但是平方偏差的速率和方差不必平衡以实现最小估计速率。

在因果推理和强盗文献中，基于观察数据的线性功能估算线性功能的问题是规范的。我们分析了首先估计治疗效果函数的广泛的两阶段程序，然后使用该数量来估计线性功能。我们证明了此类过程的均方误差上的非反应性上限：这些边界表明，为了获得非反应性最佳程序，应在特定加权$ l^2 $中最大程度地估算治疗效果的误差。 -规范。我们根据该加权规范的约束回归分析了两阶段的程序，并通过匹配非轴突局部局部最小值下限，在有限样品中建立了实例依赖性最优性。这些结果表明，除了取决于渐近效率方差之外，最佳的非质子风险除了取决于样本量支持的最富有函数类别的真实结果函数与其近似类别之间的加权规范距离。

我们考虑了一个通用的非线性模型，其中信号是未知（可能增加的，可能增加的特征数量）的有限混合物，该特征是由由真实非线性参数参数化的连续字典发出的。在连续或离散设置中使用高斯（可能相关）噪声观察信号。我们提出了一种网格优化方法，即一种不使用参数空间上任何离散化方案的方法来估计特征的非线性参数和混合物的线性参数。我们使用有关离网方法的几何形状的最新结果，在真实的基础非线性参数上给出最小的分离，以便可以构建插值证书函数。还使用尾部界限，用于高斯过程的上流，我们将预测误差限制为高概率。假设可以构建证书函数，我们的预测误差绑定到日志 - 因线性回归模型中LASSO预测器所达到的速率类似。我们还建立了收敛速率，以高概率量化线性和非线性参数的估计质量。

We propose a new method for estimating the minimizer $\boldsymbol{x}^*$ and the minimum value $f^*$ of a smooth and strongly convex regression function $f$ from the observations contaminated by random noise. Our estimator $\boldsymbol{z}_n$ of the minimizer $\boldsymbol{x}^*$ is based on a version of the projected gradient descent with the gradient estimated by a regularized local polynomial algorithm. Next, we propose a two-stage procedure for estimation of the minimum value $f^*$ of regression function $f$. At the first stage, we construct an accurate enough estimator of $\boldsymbol{x}^*$, which can be, for example, $\boldsymbol{z}_n$. At the second stage, we estimate the function value at the point obtained in the first stage using a rate optimal nonparametric procedure. We derive non-asymptotic upper bounds for the quadratic risk and optimization error of $\boldsymbol{z}_n$, and for the risk of estimating $f^*$. We establish minimax lower bounds showing that, under certain choice of parameters, the proposed algorithms achieve the minimax optimal rates of convergence on the class of smooth and strongly convex functions.

We study the multiclass classification problem where the features come from the mixture of time-homogeneous diffusions. Specifically, the classes are discriminated by their drift functions while the diffusion coefficient is common to all classes and unknown. In this framework, we build a plug-in classifier which relies on nonparametric estimators of the drift and diffusion functions. We first establish the consistency of our classification procedure under mild assumptions and then provide rates of cnvergence under different set of assumptions. Finally, a numerical study supports our theoretical findings.

鉴于$ n $ i.i.d.从未知的分发$ P $绘制的样本，何时可以生成更大的$ n + m $ samples，这些标题不能与$ n + m $ i.i.d区别区别。从$ p $绘制的样品？（AXELROD等人2019）将该问题正式化为样本放大问题，并为离散分布和高斯位置模型提供了最佳放大程序。然而，这些程序和相关的下限定制到特定分布类，对样本扩增的一般统计理解仍然很大程度上。在这项工作中，我们通过推出通常适用的放大程序，下限技术和与现有统计概念的联系来放置对公司统计基础的样本放大问题。我们的技术适用于一大类分布，包括指数家庭，并在样本放大和分配学习之间建立严格的联系。

Testing the significance of a variable or group of variables $X$ for predicting a response $Y$, given additional covariates $Z$, is a ubiquitous task in statistics. A simple but common approach is to specify a linear model, and then test whether the regression coefficient for $X$ is non-zero. However, when the model is misspecified, the test may have poor power, for example when $X$ is involved in complex interactions, or lead to many false rejections. In this work we study the problem of testing the model-free null of conditional mean independence, i.e. that the conditional mean of $Y$ given $X$ and $Z$ does not depend on $X$. We propose a simple and general framework that can leverage flexible nonparametric or machine learning methods, such as additive models or random forests, to yield both robust error control and high power. The procedure involves using these methods to perform regressions, first to estimate a form of projection of $Y$ on $X$ and $Z$ using one half of the data, and then to estimate the expected conditional covariance between this projection and $Y$ on the remaining half of the data. While the approach is general, we show that a version of our procedure using spline regression achieves what we show is the minimax optimal rate in this nonparametric testing problem. Numerical experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach both in terms of maintaining Type I error control, and power, compared to several existing approaches.

火星是1991年弗里德曼引入的非参数回归的流行方法。火星适合回归数据的简单非线性和非添加功能。我们提出并研究了火星方法的自然套索变体。我们的方法基于通过考虑MARS中的功能的无限维线性组合而获得的凸类功能的最小二乘估计，并施加基于变化的复杂性约束。我们表明我们的估计器可以通过有限维凸优化来计算，并且基于平滑度约束自然地连接到非参数函数估计技术。在一个简单的设计假设下，我们证明了我们的估算仪实现了一定程度上仅依赖于对数的收敛速度，从而在一定程度上避免了通常的维度诅咒。我们使用交叉验证方案实现了用于选择所涉及的调谐参数的方法，并显示与仿真和实际数据设置中的通常的MARS方法相比具有良好的性能。

在非参数回归设置中，我们构建了一个估计器，该估计器是一个连续的函数，以高概率插值数据点，同时在H \ h \'较大级别的平均平方风险下达到最小的最佳速率，以适应未知的平滑度。

专家（MOE）的混合是一种流行的统计和机器学习模型，由于其灵活性和效率，多年来一直引起关注。在这项工作中，我们将高斯门控的局部MOE（GLOME）和块对基因协方差局部MOE（Blome）回归模型在异质数据中呈现非线性关系，并在高维预测变量之间具有潜在的隐藏图形结构相互作用。这些模型从计算和理论角度提出了困难的统计估计和模型选择问题。本文致力于研究以混合成分数量，高斯平均专家的复杂性以及协方差矩阵的隐藏块 - 基因结构为特征的Glome或Blome模型集合中的模型选择问题。惩罚最大似然估计框架。特别是，我们建立了以弱甲骨文不平等的形式的非反应风险界限，但前提是罚款的下限。然后，在合成和真实数据集上证明了我们的模型的良好经验行为。

We consider the problem of estimating the optimal transport map between a (fixed) source distribution $P$ and an unknown target distribution $Q$, based on samples from $Q$. The estimation of such optimal transport maps has become increasingly relevant in modern statistical applications, such as generative modeling. At present, estimation rates are only known in a few settings (e.g. when $P$ and $Q$ have densities bounded above and below and when the transport map lies in a H\"older class), which are often not reflected in practice. We present a unified methodology for obtaining rates of estimation of optimal transport maps in general function spaces. Our assumptions are significantly weaker than those appearing in the literature: we require only that the source measure $P$ satisfies a Poincar\'e inequality and that the optimal map be the gradient of a smooth convex function that lies in a space whose metric entropy can be controlled. As a special case, we recover known estimation rates for bounded densities and H\"older transport maps, but also obtain nearly sharp results in many settings not covered by prior work. For example, we provide the first statistical rates of estimation when $P$ is the normal distribution and the transport map is given by an infinite-width shallow neural network.

近似消息传递（AMP）是解决高维统计问题的有效迭代范式。但是，当迭代次数超过$ o \ big（\ frac {\ log n} {\ log log \ log \ log n} \时big）$（带有$ n $问题维度）。为了解决这一不足，本文开发了一个非吸附框架，用于理解峰值矩阵估计中的AMP。基于AMP更新的新分解和可控的残差项，我们布置了一个分析配方，以表征在存在独立初始化的情况下AMP的有限样本行为，该过程被进一步概括以进行光谱初始化。作为提出的分析配方的两个具体后果：（i）求解$ \ mathbb {z} _2 $同步时，我们预测了频谱初始化AMP的行为，最高为$ o \ big（\ frac {n} {\ mathrm {\ mathrm { poly} \ log n} \ big）$迭代，表明该算法成功而无需随后的细化阶段（如最近由\ citet {celentano2021local}推测）; （ii）我们表征了稀疏PCA中AMP的非反应性行为（在尖刺的Wigner模型中），以广泛的信噪比。

尽管U统计量在现代概率和统计学中存在着无处不在的，但其在依赖框架中的非反应分析可能被忽略了。在最近的一项工作中，已经证明了对统一的马尔可夫链的U级统计数据的新浓度不平等。在本文中，我们通过在三个不同的研究领域中进一步推动了当前知识状态，将这一理论突破付诸实践。首先，我们为使用MCMC方法估算痕量类积分运算符光谱的新指数不平等。新颖的是，这种结果适用于具有正征和负征值的内核，据我们所知，这是新的。此外，我们研究了使用成对损失函数和马尔可夫链样品的在线算法的概括性能。我们通过展示如何从任何在线学习者产生的假设序列中提取低风险假设来提供在线到批量转换结果。我们最终对马尔可夫链的不变度度量的密度进行了拟合优度测试的非反应分析。我们确定了一些类别的替代方案，基于$ L_2 $距离的测试具有规定的功率。

Classical asymptotic theory for statistical inference usually involves calibrating a statistic by fixing the dimension $d$ while letting the sample size $n$ increase to infinity. Recently, much effort has been dedicated towards understanding how these methods behave in high-dimensional settings, where $d$ and $n$ both increase to infinity together. This often leads to different inference procedures, depending on the assumptions about the dimensionality, leaving the practitioner in a bind: given a dataset with 100 samples in 20 dimensions, should they calibrate by assuming $n \gg d$, or $d/n \approx 0.2$? This paper considers the goal of dimension-agnostic inference; developing methods whose validity does not depend on any assumption on $d$ versus $n$. We introduce an approach that uses variational representations of existing test statistics along with sample splitting and self-normalization to produce a new test statistic with a Gaussian limiting distribution, regardless of how $d$ scales with $n$. The resulting statistic can be viewed as a careful modification of degenerate U-statistics, dropping diagonal blocks and retaining off-diagonal blocks. We exemplify our technique for some classical problems including one-sample mean and covariance testing, and show that our tests have minimax rate-optimal power against appropriate local alternatives. In most settings, our cross U-statistic matches the high-dimensional power of the corresponding (degenerate) U-statistic up to a $\sqrt{2}$ factor.

我们在对数损失下引入条件密度估计的过程，我们调用SMP（样本Minmax预测器）。该估算器最大限度地减少了统计学习的新一般过度风险。在标准示例中，此绑定量表为$ d / n $，$ d $ d $模型维度和$ n $ sample大小，并在模型拼写条目下批判性仍然有效。作为一个不当（超出型号）的程序，SMP在模型内估算器（如最大似然估计）的内部估算器上，其风险过高的风险降低。相比，与顺序问题的方法相比，我们的界限删除了SubOltimal $ \ log n $因子，可以处理无限的类。对于高斯线性模型，SMP的预测和风险受到协变量的杠杆分数，几乎匹配了在没有条件的线性模型的噪声方差或近似误差的条件下匹配的最佳风险。对于Logistic回归，SMP提供了一种非贝叶斯方法来校准依赖于虚拟样本的概率预测，并且可以通过解决两个逻辑回归来计算。它达到了$ O的非渐近风险（（d + b ^ 2r ^ 2）/ n）$，其中$ r $绑定了特征的规范和比较参数的$ B $。相比之下，在模型内估计器内没有比$ \ min达到更好的速率（{b r} / {\ sqrt {n}}，{d e ^ {br} / {n}）$。这为贝叶斯方法提供了更实用的替代方法，这需要近似的后部采样，从而部分地解决了Foster等人提出的问题。 （2018）。

We consider the problem of estimating a multivariate function $f_0$ of bounded variation (BV), from noisy observations $y_i = f_0(x_i) + z_i$ made at random design points $x_i \in \mathbb{R}^d$, $i=1,\ldots,n$. We study an estimator that forms the Voronoi diagram of the design points, and then solves an optimization problem that regularizes according to a certain discrete notion of total variation (TV): the sum of weighted absolute differences of parameters $\theta_i,\theta_j$ (which estimate the function values $f_0(x_i),f_0(x_j)$) at all neighboring cells $i,j$ in the Voronoi diagram. This is seen to be equivalent to a variational optimization problem that regularizes according to the usual continuum (measure-theoretic) notion of TV, once we restrict the domain to functions that are piecewise constant over the Voronoi diagram. The regression estimator under consideration hence performs (shrunken) local averaging over adaptively formed unions of Voronoi cells, and we refer to it as the Voronoigram, following the ideas in Koenker (2005), and drawing inspiration from Tukey's regressogram (Tukey, 1961). Our contributions in this paper span both the conceptual and theoretical frontiers: we discuss some of the unique properties of the Voronoigram in comparison to TV-regularized estimators that use other graph-based discretizations; we derive the asymptotic limit of the Voronoi TV functional; and we prove that the Voronoigram is minimax rate optimal (up to log factors) for estimating BV functions that are essentially bounded.

We study a natural extension of classical empirical risk minimization, where the hypothesis space is a random subspace of a given space. In particular, we consider possibly data dependent subspaces spanned by a random subset of the data, recovering as a special case Nystrom approaches for kernel methods. Considering random subspaces naturally leads to computational savings, but the question is whether the corresponding learning accuracy is degraded. These statistical-computational tradeoffs have been recently explored for the least squares loss and self-concordant loss functions, such as the logistic loss. Here, we work to extend these results to convex Lipschitz loss functions, that might not be smooth, such as the hinge loss used in support vector machines. This unified analysis requires developing new proofs, that use different technical tools, such as sub-gaussian inputs, to achieve fast rates. Our main results show the existence of different settings, depending on how hard the learning problem is, for which computational efficiency can be improved with no loss in performance.

We consider a model where a signal (discrete or continuous) is observed with an additive Gaussian noise process. The signal is issued from a linear combination of a finite but increasing number of translated features. The features are continuously parameterized by their location and depend on some scale parameter. First, we extend previous prediction results for off-the-grid estimators by taking into account here that the scale parameter may vary. The prediction bounds are analogous, but we improve the minimal distance between two consecutive features locations in order to achieve these bounds. Next, we propose a goodness-of-fit test for the model and give non-asymptotic upper bounds of the testing risk and of the minimax separation rate between two distinguishable signals. In particular, our test encompasses the signal detection framework. We deduce upper bounds on the minimal energy, expressed as the 2-norm of the linear coefficients, to successfully detect a signal in presence of noise. The general model considered in this paper is a non-linear extension of the classical high-dimensional regression model. It turns out that, in this framework, our upper bound on the minimax separation rate matches (up to a logarithmic factor) the lower bound on the minimax separation rate for signal detection in the high dimensional linear model associated to a fixed dictionary of features. We also propose a procedure to test whether the features of the observed signal belong to a given finite collection under the assumption that the linear coefficients may vary, but do not change to opposite signs under the null hypothesis. A non-asymptotic upper bound on the testing risk is given. We illustrate our results on the spikes deconvolution model with Gaussian features on the real line and with the Dirichlet kernel, frequently used in the compressed sensing literature, on the torus.

我们提出了一种统一的技术，用于顺序估计分布之间的凸面分歧，包括内核最大差异等积分概率度量，$ \ varphi $ - 像Kullback-Leibler发散，以及最佳运输成本，例如Wassersein距离的权力。这是通过观察到经验凸起分歧（部分有序）反向半角分离的实现来实现的，而可交换过滤耦合，其具有这些方法的最大不等式。这些技术似乎是对置信度序列和凸分流的现有文献的互补和强大的补充。我们构建一个离线到顺序设备，将各种现有的离线浓度不等式转换为可以连续监测的时间均匀置信序列，在任意停止时间提供有效的测试或置信区间。得到的顺序边界仅在相应的固定时间范围内支付迭代对数价格，保留对问题参数的相同依赖性（如适用的尺寸或字母大小）。这些结果也适用于更一般的凸起功能，如负差分熵，实证过程的高度和V型统计。