随着垂直起飞和着陆和长航时的特点,倾转旋翼吸引了相当多的关注近几十年来其在民用和科研应用潜力。然而,强耦合,非线性特性和不匹配的干扰的问题,不可避免地存在于倾转旋翼机,它带来的过渡模式控制器的设计极大的挑战。在本文中,我们结合一个超扭曲扩张状态观测器(STESO)具有自适应递归滑模控制(ARSMC)一起使用STESO-ARSMC(SAC)来设计以过渡模式倾转旋翼飞行器姿态系统控制器。首先,六个自由度的倾转旋翼的(DOF)的非线性数学模型被建立。其次,美国和干扰是由STES观察者估计。第三,ARSM控制器旨在实现有限时间内收敛。 Lyapunov函数用来作证的倾转旋翼无人机系统的融合。新的方面是,状态的评估被并入控制规则来调整中断。相较于先前技术,控制系统,这项工作可以大大提高抗干扰性能提出。最后,模拟试验,是要证明建议的技术的有效性。
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Hybrid unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) integrate the efficient forward flight of fixed-wing and vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) capabilities of multicopter UAVs. This paper presents the modeling, control and simulation of a new type of hybrid micro-small UAVs, coined as lifting-wing quadcopters. The airframe orientation of the lifting wing needs to tilt a specific angle often within $ 45$ degrees, neither nearly $ 90$ nor approximately $ 0$ degrees. Compared with some convertiplane and tail-sitter UAVs, the lifting-wing quadcopter has a highly reliable structure, robust wind resistance, low cruise speed and reliable transition flight, making it potential to work fully-autonomous outdoor or some confined airspace indoor. In the modeling part, forces and moments generated by both lifting wing and rotors are considered. Based on the established model, a unified controller for the full flight phase is designed. The controller has the capability of uniformly treating the hovering and forward flight, and enables a continuous transition between two modes, depending on the velocity command. What is more, by taking rotor thrust and aerodynamic force under consideration simultaneously, a control allocation based on optimization is utilized to realize cooperative control for energy saving. Finally, comprehensive Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) simulations are performed to verify the advantages of the designed aircraft and the proposed controller.
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在本文中,提出了一个稳定稳定的轨迹跟踪控制器,用于多uav有效载荷运输。多uav有效负载系统在无人机和有效负载框架的垂直刚性链接之间具有2DOF磁球接头,因此无人机可以自由滚动或自由投球。这些垂直链接紧密地连接到有效载荷上,无法移动。为完整的有效载体 - uav系统得出了输入输出反馈线性化模型以及有效载荷轨迹跟踪的推力矢量控制。关于跟踪控制定律的理论分析表明,控制定律是指数稳定的,从而确保了沿期望轨迹的安全运输。为了验证拟议的控制定律的性能,提供了数值模拟以及高保真凉亭实时仿真的结果。接下来,针对两种实际情况分析了提议的控制器的鲁棒性:有效载荷和有效载荷质量不确定性的外部干扰。结果清楚地表明,所提出的控制器在实现指数稳定的轨迹跟踪的同时具有稳健性和计算效率。
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本文提出了一项新颖的控制法,以使用尾随机翼无人驾驶飞机(UAV)进行准确跟踪敏捷轨迹,该轨道在垂直起飞和降落(VTOL)和向前飞行之间过渡。全球控制配方可以在整个飞行信封中进行操作,包括与Sideslip的不协调的飞行。显示了具有简化空气动力学模型的非线性尾尾动力学的差异平坦度。使用扁平度变换,提出的控制器结合了位置参考的跟踪及其导数速度,加速度和混蛋以及偏航参考和偏航速率。通过角速度进纸术语包含混蛋和偏航率参考,可以改善随着快速变化的加速度跟踪轨迹。控制器不取决于广泛的空气动力学建模,而是使用增量非线性动态反演(INDI)仅基于局部输入输出关系来计算控制更新,从而导致对简化空气动力学方程中差异的稳健性。非线性输入输出关系的精确反转是通过派生的平坦变换实现的。在飞行测试中对所得的控制算法进行了广泛的评估,在该测试中,它展示了准确的轨迹跟踪和挑战性敏捷操作,例如侧向飞行和转弯时的侵略性过渡。
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We address the theoretical and practical problems related to the trajectory generation and tracking control of tail-sitter UAVs. Theoretically, we focus on the differential flatness property with full exploitation of actual UAV aerodynamic models, which lays a foundation for generating dynamically feasible trajectory and achieving high-performance tracking control. We have found that a tail-sitter is differentially flat with accurate aerodynamic models within the entire flight envelope, by specifying coordinate flight condition and choosing the vehicle position as the flat output. This fundamental property allows us to fully exploit the high-fidelity aerodynamic models in the trajectory planning and tracking control to achieve accurate tail-sitter flights. Particularly, an optimization-based trajectory planner for tail-sitters is proposed to design high-quality, smooth trajectories with consideration of kinodynamic constraints, singularity-free constraints and actuator saturation. The planned trajectory of flat output is transformed to state trajectory in real-time with consideration of wind in environments. To track the state trajectory, a global, singularity-free, and minimally-parameterized on-manifold MPC is developed, which fully leverages the accurate aerodynamic model to achieve high-accuracy trajectory tracking within the whole flight envelope. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is demonstrated through extensive real-world experiments in both indoor and outdoor field tests, including agile SE(3) flight through consecutive narrow windows requiring specific attitude and with speed up to 10m/s, typical tail-sitter maneuvers (transition, level flight and loiter) with speed up to 20m/s, and extremely aggressive aerobatic maneuvers (Wingover, Loop, Vertical Eight and Cuban Eight) with acceleration up to 2.5g.
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本文提出了一种新型的固定时间积分滑动模式控制器,以用于增强物理人类机器人协作。所提出的方法结合了遵守入学控制的外部力量和对整体滑动模式控制(ISMC)不确定性的高度鲁棒性的好处,从而使系统可以在不确定的环境中与人类伴侣合作。首先,在ISMC中应用固定时间滑动表面,以使系统的跟踪误差在固定时间内收敛,无论初始条件如何。然后,将固定的后台控制器(BSP)集成到ISMC中,作为标称控制器,以实现全局固定时间收敛。此外,为了克服奇异性问题,设计并集成到控制器中,这对于实际应用很有用。最后,提出的控制器已被验证,用于具有不确定性和外部力量的两连锁机器人操纵器。结果表明,在跟踪误差和收敛时间的意义上,所提出的控制器是优越的,同时,可以在共享工作区中遵守人类运动。
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在本文中,我们分析了具有基于视觉导航的无人机(UAV)的时间延迟动力学对控制器设计的影响。时间延迟是网络物理系统中不可避免的现象,并且对无人机的控制器设计和轨迹产生具有重要意义。时间延迟对无人机动态的影响随着基于视力较慢的导航堆栈的使用而增加。我们表明,文献中的现有模型不包括时间延迟,不适合控制器调整,因为一个微不足道的解决方案始终存在错误的解决方案。我们确定的微不足道的解决方案表明,使用无限控制器的利益来实现最佳性能,这与实际发现相矛盾。我们通过引入无人机的新型非线性时间延迟模型来避免这种缺点,然后获得与每个UAV控制回路相对应的一组线性解耦模型。分析了角度和高度动力学的线性时间延迟模型的成本函数,与无延迟模型相反,我们显示了有限的最佳控制器参数的存在。由于使用了时间延迟模型,我们在实验上表明,所提出的模型准确地表示系统稳定性限制。由于时间延迟的考虑,我们使用基于视觉探视的无人机(VO)导航,在跟踪峰值速度为2.09 m/s的lemsistate轨迹时,我们实现了RMSE 5.01 cm的跟踪结果,这与最新-艺术。
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微空中车辆(MAVS)在户外操作的限制靠近障碍物,通过他们承受风阵风的能力。目前广泛的位置控制方法,例如比例整体衍生物控制在阵风的影响下不会均匀。增量非线性动态反转(INDI)是一种基于传感器的控制技术,可以控制受扰动的非线性系统。它是为载人飞机或MAVS的态度控制而开发的。在本文中,我们将这种方法概括为严重燃烧负载下MAV的外环控制。在一个实验中对传统的比例积分衍生物(PID)控制器的显着改进进行了说明,其中四轮电机在10米/秒的吹风机排气进出中。控制方法不依赖于频繁的位置更新,如使用标准GPS模块的外部实验中所示。最后,我们研究了使用线性化来计算推力向量增量的效果,与非线性计算相比。该方法需要很少的建模并且是计算效率。
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This book provides a solution to the control and motion planning design for an octocopter system. It includes a particular choice of control and motion planning algorithms which is based on the authors' previous research work, so it can be used as a reference design guidance for students, researchers as well as autonomous vehicles hobbyists. The control is constructed based on a fault tolerant approach aiming to increase the chances of the system to detect and isolate a potential failure in order to produce feasible control signals to the remaining active motors. The used motion planning algorithm is risk-aware by means that it takes into account the constraints related to the fault-dependant and mission-related maneuverability analysis of the octocopter system during the planning stage. Such a planner generates only those reference trajectories along which the octocopter system would be safe and capable of good tracking in case of a single motor fault and of majority of double motor fault scenarios. The control and motion planning algorithms presented in the book aim to increase the overall reliability of the system for completing the mission.
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现代高性能战斗机超出了传统的飞行信封通过使用推力矢量进行机动性,因此实现超级措施。随着较持续发展的仿生无人驾驶飞行器(无人机),通过仿生机制的超级制剂能力可能变得明显。到目前为止,这种潜力尚未得到很好的研究:尚未显示生物摩托的无人机能够能够有任何形式的古典超级算法可用于推动矢量。在这里,我们通过展示生物微米传动翼无人机在低变形复杂度下如何执行复杂的Multiaxis鼻子指向和射击(NPA)机动,展示这种能力。非线性飞行动力学分析用于表征飞机修剪状态的多维空间的程度和稳定性,从仿生变形中出现。导航此修剪空间提供了一种基于模型的基于模型的指导策略,用于在仿真中生成开环NPAS操纵。我们的结果展示了仿古飞机用于空战相关的超级借助性的能力,并提供勘探,表征和在此类飞机中进一步形式的经典和非古典超级运动性的指导的策略。
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For the aerial manipulator that performs aerial work tasks, the actual operating environment it faces is very complex, and it is affected by internal and external multi-source disturbances. In this paper, to effectively improve the anti-disturbance control performance of the aerial manipulator, an adaptive neural network backstepping control method based on variable inertia parameter modeling is proposed. Firstly, for the intense internal coupling disturbance, we analyze and model it from the perspective of the generation mechanism of the coupling disturbance, and derive the dynamics model of the aerial manipulator system and the coupling disturbance model based on the variable inertia parameters. Through the proposed coupling disturbance model, we can compensate the strong coupling disturbance in a way of feedforward. Then, the adaptive neural network is proposed and applid to estimate and compensate the additional disturbances, and the closed-loop controller is designed based on the backstepping control method. Finally, we verify the correctness of the proposed coupling disturbance model through physical experiment under a large range motion of the manipulator. Two sets of comparative simulation results also prove the accurate estimation of the proposed adaptive neural network for additional disturbances and the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed control method.
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Enabling vertical take-off and landing while providing the ability to fly long ranges opens the door to a wide range of new real-world aircraft applications while improving many existing tasks. Tiltrotor vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are a better choice than fixed-wing and multirotor aircraft for such applications. Prior works on these aircraft have addressed aerodynamic performance, design, modeling, and control. However, a less explored area is the study of their potential fault tolerance due to their inherent redundancy, which allows them to tolerate some degree of actuation failure. This paper introduces tolerance to several types of actuator failures in a tiltrotor VTOL aircraft. We discuss the design and modeling of a custom tiltrotor VTOL UAV, which is a combination of a fixed-wing aircraft and a quadrotor with tilting rotors, where the four propellers can be rotated individually. Then, we analyze the feasible wrench space the vehicle can generate and design the dynamic control allocation so that the system can adapt to actuator failures, benefiting from the configuration redundancy. The proposed approach is lightweight and is implemented as an extension to an already-existing flight control stack. Extensive experiments validate that the system can maintain the controlled flight under different actuator failures. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first study of the tiltrotor VTOL's fault-tolerance that exploits the configuration redundancy. The source code and simulation can be accessed at https://theairlab.org/vtol.
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由于非线性动力学,执行器约束和耦合的纵向和横向运动,部分地,固定翼无人驾驶飞行器(无人机)的姿态控制是一个困难的控制问题。目前的最先进的自动驾驶仪基于线性控制,因此有限于其有效性和性能。深度加强学习(DRL)是一种通过与受控系统的交互自动发现最佳控制法的机器学习方法,可以处理复杂的非线性动态。我们在本文中展示DRL可以成功学习直接在原始非线性动态上运行的固定翼UAV的态度控制,需要短至三分钟的飞行数据。我们最初在仿真环境中培训我们的模型,然后在飞行测试中部署无人机的学习控制器,向最先进的ArduplaneProportional-Integry-artivation(PID)姿态控制器的表现展示了可比的性能,而无需进一步的在线学习。为了更好地理解学习控制器的操作,我们呈现了对其行为的分析,包括与现有良好调整的PID控制器的比较。
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开发了一个领导者追随者系统,用于合作运输。据我们所知,这是一个不需要互联通信的第一工作,并且可以实时修改有效载荷的参考轨迹,以便它可以应用于动态变化的环境。为了在无通信条件下实时跟踪修改的参考轨迹,引导跟随系统被认为是非文展系统,其中开发了控制器以实现有效载荷的渐近跟踪。为了消除安装力传感器的需要,开发了UKFS(Unscented Kalman滤波器)以估计领导者和追随者所施加的力量。进行稳定性分析以证明闭环系统的跟踪误差。仿真结果表明跟踪控制器的良好性能。实验表明,领导者的控制器和追随者可以在现实世界中工作,但是跟踪误差受到限制空间中气流的干扰的影响。
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二次运动的准确轨迹跟踪控制对于在混乱环境中的安全导航至关重要。但是,由于非线性动态,复杂的空气动力学效应和驱动约束,这在敏捷飞行中具有挑战性。在本文中,我们通过经验比较两个最先进的控制框架:非线性模型预测控制器(NMPC)和基于差异的控制器(DFBC),通过以速度跟踪各种敏捷轨迹,最多20 m/s(即72 km/h)。比较在模拟和现实世界环境中进行,以系统地评估这两种方法从跟踪准确性,鲁棒性和计算效率的方面。我们以更高的计算时间和数值收敛问题的风险来表明NMPC在跟踪动态不可行的轨迹方面的优势。对于这两种方法,我们还定量研究了使用增量非线性动态反演(INDI)方法添加内环控制器的效果,以及添加空气动力学阻力模型的效果。我们在世界上最大的运动捕获系统之一中进行的真实实验表明,NMPC和DFBC的跟踪误差降低了78%以上,这表明有必要使用内环控制器和用于敏捷轨迹轨迹跟踪的空气动力学阻力模型。
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This paper introduces a structure-deformable land-air robot which possesses both excellent ground driving and flying ability, with smooth switching mechanism between two modes. The elaborate coupled dynamics model of the proposed robot is established, including rotors, chassis, especially the deformable structures. Furthermore, taking fusion locomotion and complex near-ground situations into consideration, a model based controller is designed for landing and mode switching under various harsh conditions, in which we realise the cooperation between fused two motion modes. The entire system is implemented in ADAMS/Simulink simulation and in practical. We conduct experiments under various complex scenarios. The results show our robot can accomplish land-air switching swiftly and smoothly, and the designed controller can effectively improve the landing flexibility and reliability.
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跟踪控制一直是机器人技术的重要研究主题。本文为基于生物启发的神经动力学模型提供了一种新型的混合控制策略(UUV)。首先开发了增强的反向运动控制策略,以避免急速速度跳跃,并提供相对于常规方法的光滑速度命令。然后,提出了一种新颖的滑动模式控制,该控制能够提供平滑而连续的扭矩命令,没有颤动。在比较研究中,提出的合并混合控制策略确保了控制信号的平滑度,这在现实世界中至关重要,尤其是对于需要在复杂的水下环境中运行的无人水下车辆。
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由于这些要求的竞争性质,尤其是在一系列的运行速度和条件下,在转向控制中的准确性和误差融合与优美运动的平衡路径与优美的运动具有挑战性。本文表明,考虑滑移对运动学控制,动态控制和转向执行器速率命令的影响的集成多层转向控制器可实现准确且优美的路径。这项工作建立在多层侧滑和基于YAW的模型上,该模型允许派生控制器考虑由于侧滑而引起的误差以及转向命令和优美的侧向运动之间的映射。基于观察者的侧滑估计与运动控制器中的标题误差相结合,以提供前馈滑移补偿。使用基于速度的路径歧管,通过连续变量结构控制器(VSC)来补偿路径以下误差,以平衡优雅的运动和误差收敛。后台动态控制器使用结果偏航率命令来生成转向率命令。高增益观察者(HGO)估计输出反馈控制的侧滑和偏航率。提供了输出反馈控制器的稳定性分析,并解决了峰值。该工作仅针对侧向控制,因此转向控制器可以与其他速度控制器结合使用。现场结果提供了与相关方法的比较,这些方法在不同的复杂情况下证明了具有不同天气条件和扰动的不同复杂情况。
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空中操纵器(AM)表现出特别具有挑战性的非线性动力学;无人机和操纵器携带的是一个紧密耦合的动态系统,相互影响。描述这些动力学的数学模型构成了非线性控制和深度强化学习中许多解决方案的核心。传统上,动力学的配方涉及在拉格朗日框架中的欧拉角参数化或牛顿 - 欧拉框架中的四元素参数化。前者的缺点是诞生奇异性,而后者在算法上是复杂的。这项工作提出了一个混合解决方案,结合了两者的好处,即利用拉格朗日框架的四元化方法,将无奇异参数化与拉格朗日方法的算法简单性联系起来。我们通过提供有关运动学建模过程的详细见解以及一般空中操纵器动力学的表述。获得的动力学模型对实时物理引擎进行了实验验证。获得的动力学模型的实际应用显示在计算的扭矩反馈控制器(反馈线性化)的上下文中,我们通过日益复杂的模型分析其实时功能。
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该论文提出了两种控制方法,用于用微型四轮驱动器进行反弹式操纵。首先,对专门为反转设计设计的现有前馈控制策略进行了修订和改进。使用替代高斯工艺模型的贝叶斯优化通过在模拟环境中反复执行翻转操作来找到最佳运动原语序列。第二种方法基于闭环控制,它由两个主要步骤组成:首先,即使在模型不确定性的情况下,自适应控制器也旨在提供可靠的参考跟踪。控制器是通过通过测量数据调整的高斯过程来增强无人机的标称模型来构建的。其次,提出了一种有效的轨迹计划算法,该算法仅使用二次编程来设计可行的轨迹为反弹操作设计。在模拟和使用BitCraze Crazyflie 2.1四肢旋转器中对两种方法进行了分析。
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