Optimization equips engineers and scientists in a variety of fields with the ability to transcribe their problems into a generic formulation and receive optimal solutions with relative ease. Industries ranging from aerospace to robotics continue to benefit from advancements in optimization theory and the associated algorithmic developments. Nowadays, optimization is used in real time on autonomous systems acting in safety critical situations, such as self-driving vehicles. It has become increasingly more important to produce robust solutions by incorporating uncertainty into optimization programs. This paper provides a short survey about the state of the art in optimization under uncertainty. The paper begins with a brief overview of the main classes of optimization without uncertainty. The rest of the paper focuses on the different methods for handling both aleatoric and epistemic uncertainty. Many of the applications discussed in this paper are within the domain of control. The goal of this survey paper is to briefly touch upon the state of the art in a variety of different methods and refer the reader to other literature for more in-depth treatments of the topics discussed here.

Uncertainty is prevalent in engineering design, statistical learning, and decision making broadly. Due to inherent risk-averseness and ambiguity about assumptions, it is common to address uncertainty by formulating and solving conservative optimization models expressed using measure of risk and related concepts. We survey the rapid development of risk measures over the last quarter century. From its beginning in financial engineering, we recount their spread to nearly all areas of engineering and applied mathematics. Solidly rooted in convex analysis, risk measures furnish a general framework for handling uncertainty with significant computational and theoretical advantages. We describe the key facts, list several concrete algorithms, and provide an extensive list of references for further reading. The survey recalls connections with utility theory and distributionally robust optimization, points to emerging applications areas such as fair machine learning, and defines measures of reliability.

过去半年来，从控制和强化学习社区的真实机器人部署的安全学习方法的贡献数量急剧上升。本文提供了一种简洁的但整体审查，对利用机器学习实现的最新进展，以实现在不确定因素下的安全决策，重点是统一控制理论和加固学习研究中使用的语言和框架。我们的评论包括：基于学习的控制方法，通过学习不确定的动态，加强学习方法，鼓励安全或坚固性的加固学习方法，以及可以正式证明学习控制政策安全的方法。随着基于数据和学习的机器人控制方法继续获得牵引力，研究人员必须了解何时以及如何最好地利用它们在安全势在必行的现实情景中，例如在靠近人类的情况下操作时。我们突出了一些开放的挑战，即将在未来几年推动机器人学习领域，并强调需要逼真的物理基准的基准，以便于控制和加固学习方法之间的公平比较。

我们介绍了有关风险分析与自治系统控制之间的联系的历史概述。我们提供两个主要贡献。我们的第一个贡献是提出三个重叠的范式，以对庞大的文献进行分类：最严重的案例，风险中性和风险避免风险的范式。我们考虑对自治系统依赖手头应用的风险进行适当的评估。相比之下，仅使用预期，差异或概率来评估风险是典型的。我们的第二个贡献是统一风险和自治系统的概念。我们通过连接量化和优化从学术领域的系统行为引起的风险的方法来实现这一目标。该调查是高度多学科的。我们包括来自强化学习，随机和健壮的控制理论，运营研究和正式验证的研究。我们描述了基于模型的方法和无模型方法，重点是前者。最后，我们重点介绍了富有成果的领域，以供进一步研究。一个关键方向是将基于风险的模型和无模型的方法融合在一起，以增强系统的实时自适应能力，以改善人类和环境福利。

We propose a learning-based robust predictive control algorithm that compensates for significant uncertainty in the dynamics for a class of discrete-time systems that are nominally linear with an additive nonlinear component. Such systems commonly model the nonlinear effects of an unknown environment on a nominal system. We optimize over a class of nonlinear feedback policies inspired by certainty equivalent "estimate-and-cancel" control laws pioneered in classical adaptive control to achieve significant performance improvements in the presence of uncertainties of large magnitude, a setting in which existing learning-based predictive control algorithms often struggle to guarantee safety. In contrast to previous work in robust adaptive MPC, our approach allows us to take advantage of structure (i.e., the numerical predictions) in the a priori unknown dynamics learned online through function approximation. Our approach also extends typical nonlinear adaptive control methods to systems with state and input constraints even when we cannot directly cancel the additive uncertain function from the dynamics. We apply contemporary statistical estimation techniques to certify the system's safety through persistent constraint satisfaction with high probability. Moreover, we propose using Bayesian meta-learning algorithms that learn calibrated model priors to help satisfy the assumptions of the control design in challenging settings. Finally, we show in simulation that our method can accommodate more significant unknown dynamics terms than existing methods and that the use of Bayesian meta-learning allows us to adapt to the test environments more rapidly.

This paper surveys the recent attempts, both from the machine learning and operations research communities, at leveraging machine learning to solve combinatorial optimization problems. Given the hard nature of these problems, state-of-the-art algorithms rely on handcrafted heuristics for making decisions that are otherwise too expensive to compute or mathematically not well defined. Thus, machine learning looks like a natural candidate to make such decisions in a more principled and optimized way. We advocate for pushing further the integration of machine learning and combinatorial optimization and detail a methodology to do so. A main point of the paper is seeing generic optimization problems as data points and inquiring what is the relevant distribution of problems to use for learning on a given task.

This paper concerns the study of optimal (supremum and infimum) uncertainty bounds for systems where the input (or prior) probability measure is only partially/imperfectly known (e.g., with only statistical moments and/or on a coarse topology) rather than fully specified. Such partial knowledge provides constraints on the input probability measures. The theory of Optimal Uncertainty Quantification allows us to convert the task into a constraint optimization problem where one seeks to compute the least upper/greatest lower bound of the system's output uncertainties by finding the extremal probability measure of the input. Such optimization requires repeated evaluation of the system's performance indicator (input to performance map) and is high-dimensional and non-convex by nature. Therefore, it is difficult to find the optimal uncertainty bounds in practice. In this paper, we examine the use of machine learning, especially deep neural networks, to address the challenge. We achieve this by introducing a neural network classifier to approximate the performance indicator combined with the stochastic gradient descent method to solve the optimization problem. We demonstrate the learning based framework on the uncertainty quantification of the impact of magnesium alloys, which are promising light-weight structural and protective materials. Finally, we show that the approach can be used to construct maps for the performance certificate and safety design in engineering practice.

Learning-enabled control systems have demonstrated impressive empirical performance on challenging control problems in robotics, but this performance comes at the cost of reduced transparency and lack of guarantees on the safety or stability of the learned controllers. In recent years, new techniques have emerged to provide these guarantees by learning certificates alongside control policies -- these certificates provide concise, data-driven proofs that guarantee the safety and stability of the learned control system. These methods not only allow the user to verify the safety of a learned controller but also provide supervision during training, allowing safety and stability requirements to influence the training process itself. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey of this rapidly developing field of certificate learning. We hope that this paper will serve as an accessible introduction to the theory and practice of certificate learning, both to those who wish to apply these tools to practical robotics problems and to those who wish to dive more deeply into the theory of learning for control.

我们提出了一个框架，用于稳定验证混合智能线性编程（MILP）代表控制策略。该框架比较了固定的候选策略，该策略承认有效的参数化，可以以低计算成本进行评估，与固定基线策略进行评估，固定基线策略已知稳定但评估昂贵。我们根据基线策略的最坏情况近似错误为候选策略的闭环稳定性提供了足够的条件，我们表明可以通过求解混合构成二次计划（MIQP）来检查这些条件。 。此外，我们证明可以通过求解MILP来计算候选策略的稳定区域的外部近似。所提出的框架足以容纳广泛的候选策略，包括Relu神经网络（NNS），参数二次程序的最佳解决方案图以及模型预测性控制（MPC）策略。我们还根据提议的框架在Python中提供了一个开源工具箱，该工具可以轻松验证自定义NN架构和MPC公式。我们在DC-DC电源转换器案例研究的背景下展示了框架的灵活性和可靠性，并研究了计算复杂性。

影响模型预测控制（MPC）策略的神经网络（NN）近似的常见问题是缺乏分析工具来评估基于NN的控制器的动作下闭环系统的稳定性。我们介绍了一种通用过程来量化这种控制器的性能，或者设计具有整流的线性单元（Relus）的最小复杂性NN，其保留给定MPC方案的理想性质。通过量化基于NN和基于MPC的状态到输入映射之间的近似误差，我们首先建立适当的条件，涉及两个关键量，最坏情况误差和嘴唇截止恒定，保证闭环系统的稳定性。然后，我们开发了一个离线，混合整数的基于优化的方法，以确切地计算这些数量。这些技术共同提供足以认证MPC控制法的基于Relu的近似的稳定性和性能的条件。

强化学习（RL）控制器在控制社区中产生了兴奋。 RL控制器相对于现有方法的主要优点是它们能够优化不确定的系统，独立于明确假设过程不确定性。最近对工程应用的关注是针对安全RL控制器的发展。以前的作品已经提出了通过从随机模型预测控制领域的限制收紧来解释约束满足的方法。在这里，我们将这些方法扩展到植物模型不匹配。具体地，我们提出了一种利用离线仿真模型的高斯过程的数据驱动方法，并使用相关的后部不确定预测来解释联合机会限制和植物模型不匹配。该方法通过案例研究反对非线性模型预测控制的基准测试。结果证明了方法理解过程不确定性的能力，即使在植物模型错配的情况下也能满足联合机会限制。

由于其数据效率，贝叶斯优化已经出现在昂贵的黑盒优化的最前沿。近年来，关于新贝叶斯优化算法及其应用的发展的研究激增。因此，本文试图对贝叶斯优化的最新进展进行全面和更新的调查，并确定有趣的开放问题。我们将贝叶斯优化的现有工作分为九个主要群体，并根据所提出的算法的动机和重点。对于每个类别，我们介绍了替代模型的构建和采集功能的适应的主要进步。最后，我们讨论了开放的问题，并提出了有希望的未来研究方向，尤其是在分布式和联合优化系统中的异质性，隐私保护和公平性方面。

许多实际优化问题涉及不确定的参数，这些参数具有概率分布，可以使用上下文特征信息来估算。与首先估计不确定参数的分布然后基于估计优化目标的标准方法相反，我们提出了一个\ textIt {集成条件估计 - 优化}（ICEO）框架，该框架估计了随机参数的潜在条件分布同时考虑优化问题的结构。我们将随机参数的条件分布与上下文特征之间的关系直接建模，然后以与下游优化问题对齐的目标估算概率模型。我们表明，我们的ICEO方法在适度的规律性条件下渐近一致，并以概括范围的形式提供有限的性能保证。在计算上，使用ICEO方法执行估计是一种非凸面且通常是非差异的优化问题。我们提出了一种通用方法，用于近似从估计的条件分布到通过可区分函数的最佳决策的潜在非差异映射，这极大地改善了应用于非凸问题的基于梯度的算法的性能。我们还提供了半代理案例中的多项式优化解决方案方法。还进行了数值实验，以显示我们在不同情况下的方法的经验成功，包括数据样本和模型不匹配。

Decision-making problems are commonly formulated as optimization problems, which are then solved to make optimal decisions. In this work, we consider the inverse problem where we use prior decision data to uncover the underlying decision-making process in the form of a mathematical optimization model. This statistical learning problem is referred to as data-driven inverse optimization. We focus on problems where the underlying decision-making process is modeled as a convex optimization problem whose parameters are unknown. We formulate the inverse optimization problem as a bilevel program and propose an efficient block coordinate descent-based algorithm to solve large problem instances. Numerical experiments on synthetic datasets demonstrate the computational advantage of our method compared to standard commercial solvers. Moreover, the real-world utility of the proposed approach is highlighted through two realistic case studies in which we consider estimating risk preferences and learning local constraint parameters of agents in a multiplayer Nash bargaining game.

Capturing uncertainty in models of complex dynamical systems is crucial to designing safe controllers. Stochastic noise causes aleatoric uncertainty, whereas imprecise knowledge of model parameters leads to epistemic uncertainty. Several approaches use formal abstractions to synthesize policies that satisfy temporal specifications related to safety and reachability. However, the underlying models exclusively capture aleatoric but not epistemic uncertainty, and thus require that model parameters are known precisely. Our contribution to overcoming this restriction is a novel abstraction-based controller synthesis method for continuous-state models with stochastic noise and uncertain parameters. By sampling techniques and robust analysis, we capture both aleatoric and epistemic uncertainty, with a user-specified confidence level, in the transition probability intervals of a so-called interval Markov decision process (iMDP). We synthesize an optimal policy on this iMDP, which translates (with the specified confidence level) to a feedback controller for the continuous model with the same performance guarantees. Our experimental benchmarks confirm that accounting for epistemic uncertainty leads to controllers that are more robust against variations in parameter values.

这项教程调查概述了统计学习理论中最新的非征血性进步与控制和系统识别相关。尽管在所有控制领域都取得了重大进展，但在线性系统的识别和学习线性二次调节器时，该理论是最发达的，这是本手稿的重点。从理论的角度来看，这些进步的大部分劳动都在适应现代高维统计和学习理论的工具。虽然与控制对机器学习的工具感兴趣的理论家高度相关，但基础材料并不总是容易访问。为了解决这个问题，我们提供了相关材料的独立介绍，概述了基于最新结果的所有关键思想和技术机械。我们还提出了许多开放问题和未来的方向。

作为行业4.0时代的一项新兴技术，数字双胞胎因其承诺进一步优化流程设计，质量控制，健康监测，决策和政策制定等，通过全面对物理世界进行建模，以进一步优化流程设计，质量控制，健康监测，决策和政策，因此获得了前所未有的关注。互连的数字模型。在一系列两部分的论文中，我们研究了不同建模技术，孪生启用技术以及数字双胞胎常用的不确定性量化和优化方法的基本作用。第二篇论文介绍了数字双胞胎的关键启示技术的文献综述，重点是不确定性量化，优化方法，开源数据集和工具，主要发现，挑战和未来方向。讨论的重点是当前的不确定性量化和优化方法，以及如何在数字双胞胎的不同维度中应用它们。此外，本文介绍了一个案例研究，其中构建和测试了电池数字双胞胎，以说明在这两部分评论中回顾的一些建模和孪生方法。 GITHUB上可以找到用于生成案例研究中所有结果和数字的代码和预处理数据。

考虑了建立UNKONWN地面真相函数值的样本外界限的问题。内核及其相关的希尔伯特空间是本文所采用的主要形式主义，以及一个观察模型，在该模型中，输出被有限的测量噪声损坏。噪声可以源于任何紧凑的分布，并且没有对可用数据进行独立假设。在这种情况下，我们显示计算紧密的，有限样本的不确定性范围等于求解参数四次约束线性程序。接下来，建立了我们方法的属性，并研究了其与另一种方法的关系。提出了数值实验，以说明如何在许多情况下应用理论，并将其与其他封闭形式的替代方案进行对比。

收缩理论是一种分析工具，用于研究以均匀的正面矩阵定义的收缩度量下的非自主（即，时变）非线性系统的差动动力学，其存在导致增量指数的必要和充分表征多种溶液轨迹彼此相互稳定性的稳定性。通过使用平方差分长度作为Lyapunov样功能，其非线性稳定性分析向下沸腾以找到满足以表达为线性矩阵不等式的稳定条件的合适的收缩度量，表明可以在众所周知的线性系统之间绘制许多平行线非线性系统理论与收缩理论。此外，收缩理论利用了与比较引理结合使用的指数稳定性的优越稳健性。这产生了基于神经网络的控制和估计方案的急需安全性和稳定性保证，而不借助使用均匀渐近稳定性的更涉及的输入到状态稳定性方法。这种独特的特征允许通过凸优化来系统构造收缩度量，从而获得了由于扰动和学习误差而在外部扰动的时变的目标轨迹和解决方案轨迹之间的距离上的明确指数界限。因此，本文的目的是介绍了收缩理论的课程概述及其在确定性和随机系统的非线性稳定性分析中的优点，重点导出了各种基于学习和数据驱动的自动控制方法的正式鲁棒性和稳定性保证。特别是，我们提供了使用深神经网络寻找收缩指标和相关控制和估计法的技术的详细审查。

背景信息：在过去几年中，机器学习（ML）一直是许多创新的核心。然而，包括在所谓的“安全关键”系统中，例如汽车或航空的系统已经被证明是非常具有挑战性的，因为ML的范式转变为ML带来完全改变传统认证方法。目的：本文旨在阐明与ML为基础的安全关键系统认证有关的挑战，以及文献中提出的解决方案，以解决它们，回答问题的问题如何证明基于机器学习的安全关键系统？'方法：我们开展2015年至2020年至2020年之间发布的研究论文的系统文献综述（SLR），涵盖了与ML系统认证有关的主题。总共确定了217篇论文涵盖了主题，被认为是ML认证的主要支柱：鲁棒性，不确定性，解释性，验证，安全强化学习和直接认证。我们分析了每个子场的主要趋势和问题，并提取了提取的论文的总结。结果：单反结果突出了社区对该主题的热情，以及在数据集和模型类型方面缺乏多样性。它还强调需要进一步发展学术界和行业之间的联系，以加深域名研究。最后，它还说明了必须在上面提到的主要支柱之间建立连接的必要性，这些主要柱主要主要研究。结论：我们强调了目前部署的努力，以实现ML基于ML的软件系统，并讨论了一些未来的研究方向。