随着量子系统平台的快速进步，噪声量子状态的许多身体量子态重建问题成为一个重要的挑战。最近的作品在重铸量子态重建问题时使用生成神经网络模型来学习量子状态测量向量的概率分布的承诺。在这里，我们提出了“注意力的量子断层扫描”（AQT），使用基于机构的生成网络的量子状态重建，所述生成网络学习嘈杂量子状态的混合状态密度矩阵。 AQT基于Vishwani等人（2017）的“注意是您所需要的所有需要​​”的模型，该模型旨在学习自然语言句子中的远程相关性，从而优于先前的自然语言处理模型。我们不仅展示了AQT的早期基于神经网络的量子状态重建，而且可以准确地重建与IBMQ量子计算机实验地实现的嘈杂量子状态相关的密度矩阵。我们推测了AQT源于其在整个量子系统上模拟量子纠缠的能力的成功，因为自然语言处理的注意模型捕获了句子中的单词之间的相关性。

Machine learning has emerged recently as a powerful tool for predicting properties of quantum many-body systems. For many ground states of gapped Hamiltonians, generative models can learn from measurements of a single quantum state to reconstruct the state accurately enough to predict local observables. Alternatively, kernel methods can predict local observables by learning from measurements on different but related states. In this work, we combine the benefits of both approaches and propose the use of conditional generative models to simultaneously represent a family of states, by learning shared structures of different quantum states from measurements. The trained model allows us to predict arbitrary local properties of ground states, even for states not present in the training data, and without necessitating further training for new observables. We numerically validate our approach (with simulations of up to 45 qubits) for two quantum many-body problems, 2D random Heisenberg models and Rydberg atom systems.

Quantum computers promise to enhance machine learning for practical applications. Quantum machine learning for real-world data has to handle extensive amounts of high-dimensional data. However, conventional methods for measuring quantum kernels are impractical for large datasets as they scale with the square of the dataset size. Here, we measure quantum kernels using randomized measurements. The quantum computation time scales linearly with dataset size and quadratic for classical post-processing. While our method scales in general exponentially in qubit number, we gain a substantial speed-up when running on intermediate-sized quantum computers. Further, we efficiently encode high-dimensional data into quantum computers with the number of features scaling linearly with the circuit depth. The encoding is characterized by the quantum Fisher information metric and is related to the radial basis function kernel. Our approach is robust to noise via a cost-free error mitigation scheme. We demonstrate the advantages of our methods for noisy quantum computers by classifying images with the IBM quantum computer. To achieve further speedups we distribute the quantum computational tasks between different quantum computers. Our method enables benchmarking of quantum machine learning algorithms with large datasets on currently available quantum computers.

FIG. 1. Schematic diagram of a Variational Quantum Algorithm (VQA). The inputs to a VQA are: a cost function C(θ), with θ a set of parameters that encodes the solution to the problem, an ansatz whose parameters are trained to minimize the cost, and (possibly) a set of training data {ρ k } used during the optimization. Here, the cost can often be expressed in the form in Eq. ( 3), for some set of functions {f k }. Also, the ansatz is shown as a parameterized quantum circuit (on the left), which is analogous to a neural network (also shown schematically on the right). At each iteration of the loop one uses a quantum computer to efficiently estimate the cost (or its gradients). This information is fed into a classical computer that leverages the power of optimizers to navigate the cost landscape C(θ) and solve the optimization problem in Eq. ( 1). Once a termination condition is met, the VQA outputs an estimate of the solution to the problem. The form of the output depends on the precise task at hand. The red box indicates some of the most common types of outputs.

量子技术有可能彻底改变我们如何获取和处理实验数据以了解物理世界。一种实验设置，将来自物理系统的数据转换为稳定的量子存储器，以及使用量子计算机的数据的处理可以具有显着的优点，这些实验可以具有测量物理系统的传统实验，并且使用经典计算机处理结果。我们证明，在各种任务中，量子机器可以从指数较少的实验中学习而不是传统实验所需的实验。指数优势在预测物理系统的预测属性中，对噪声状态进行量子主成分分析，以及学习物理动态的近似模型。在一些任务中，实现指数优势所需的量子处理可能是适度的;例如，可以通过仅处理系统的两个副本来同时了解许多非信息可观察。我们表明，可以使用当今相对嘈杂的量子处理器实现大量超导QUBITS和1300个量子门的实验。我们的结果突出了量子技术如何能够实现强大的新策略来了解自然。

量子计算机是下一代设备，有望执行超出古典计算机范围的计算。实现这一目标的主要方法是通过量子机学习，尤其是量子生成学习。由于量子力学的固有概率性质，因此可以合理地假设量子生成学习模型（QGLM）可能会超过其经典对应物。因此，QGLM正在从量子物理和计算机科学社区中受到越来越多的关注，在这些QGLM中，可以在近期量子机上有效实施各种QGLM，并提出了潜在的计算优势。在本文中，我们从机器学习的角度回顾了QGLM的当前进度。特别是，我们解释了这些QGLM，涵盖了量子电路出生的机器，量子生成的对抗网络，量子玻尔兹曼机器和量子自动编码器，作为经典生成学习模型的量子扩展。在这种情况下，我们探讨了它们的内在关系及其根本差异。我们进一步总结了QGLM在常规机器学习任务和量子物理学中的潜在应用。最后，我们讨论了QGLM的挑战和进一步研究指示。

Hybrid quantum-classical systems make it possible to utilize existing quantum computers to their fullest extent. Within this framework, parameterized quantum circuits can be regarded as machine learning models with remarkable expressive power. This Review presents the components of these models and discusses their application to a variety of data-driven tasks, such as supervised learning and generative modeling. With an increasing number of experimental demonstrations carried out on actual quantum hardware and with software being actively developed, this rapidly growing field is poised to have a broad spectrum of real-world applications.

近年来，机器学习的巨大进步已经开始对许多科学和技术的许多领域产生重大影响。在本文的文章中，我们探讨了量子技术如何从这项革命中受益。我们在说明性示例中展示了过去几年的科学家如何开始使用机器学习和更广泛的人工智能方法来分析量子测量，估计量子设备的参数，发现新的量子实验设置，协议和反馈策略，以及反馈策略，以及通常改善量子计算，量子通信和量子模拟的各个方面。我们重点介绍了公开挑战和未来的可能性，并在未来十年的一些投机愿景下得出结论。

我们通过使用KRAUS操作员学习过程表示，对离散和连续变量量子系统执行量子过程断层扫描（QPT）。克劳斯形式确保重建过程是完全积极的。为了使过程保持痕量保护，我们在优化期间在所谓的stiefel歧管上使用约束的梯度散发（GD）方法，以获得Kraus oberators。我们的Ansatz使用一些KRAUS操作员来避免直接估计大型过程矩阵，例如Choi矩阵，用于低级别量子过程。 GD-QPT匹配压缩 - 感应（CS）和投影最小二乘（PLS）QPT的基准测试中的性能，并具有两Q量的随机过程，但是通过结合这两种方法的最佳功能来发光。与CS相似（但与PLS不同），GD-QPT可以从少量随机测量中重建一个过程，并且类似于PLS（但与CS不同），它也适用于更大的系统尺寸，最多可达至少五个Qubits。我们设想，GD-QPT的数据驱动方法可以成为一种实用工具，可大大降低中等规模量子系统中QPT的成本和计算工作。

现代量子机学习（QML）方法涉及在训练数据集上进行各种优化参数化量子电路，并随后对测试数据集（即，泛化）进行预测。在这项工作中，我们在培训数量为N $培训数据点后，我们在QML中对QML的普遍表现进行了全面的研究。我们表明，Quantum机器学习模型的泛化误差与$ T $培训门的尺寸在$ \ sqrt {t / n} $上缩放。当只有$ k \ ll t $ gates在优化过程中经历了大量变化时，我们证明了泛化误差改善了$ \ sqrt {k / n} $。我们的结果意味着将Unitaries编制到通常使用指数训练数据的量子计算行业的多项式栅极数量，这是一项通常使用指数尺寸训练数据的大量应用程序。我们还表明，使用量子卷积神经网络的相位过渡的量子状态的分类只需要一个非常小的训练数据集。其他潜在应用包括学习量子误差校正代码或量子动态模拟。我们的工作将新的希望注入QML领域，因为较少的培训数据保证了良好的概括。

在纠缠和连贯性等计量学中利用量子效应使人们可以测量具有增强灵敏度的参数。但是，时间依赖性的噪声会破坏这种海森堡限制的扩增。我们提出了一种基于量子信号处理框架，以克服这些现实的噪声诱导的实践量子计量学限制。我们的算法将门参数$ \ varphi $〜（单量Z阶段）分开，该算法易受时间依赖性错误与目标门参数$ \ theta $〜（| 10>和| 01> state之间的交换 - 角）易受时间依赖时间的错误。这在很大程度上没有时间依赖性误差。我们的方法实现了$ 10^{ - 4} $径向的准确性，用于学习超导级实验的$ \ theta $，以优于两个数量级的现有替代方案。我们还通过快速的傅立叶变换和顺序相位差异证明了学习时间依赖性栅极参数的鲁棒性。我们从理论和数字上均显示出最佳计量方差缩放的有趣过渡，这是电路深度$ d $的函数，从预抗态度制度$ d \ ll 1/\ theta $ to to Heisenberg限制$ d \ to \ to \ $ $。值得注意的是，在临时策略中，我们的方法对时间敏感参数$ \ varphi $比例的估计差异比渐近的海森伯格限制快速限制为深度的函数，$ \ text {var}（\ hat {\ varphi}）\ aid 1/d^4 $。我们的工作是第一个证明在实验室量子计算机中实用应用的量子信号处理算法。

高品质，大型数据集在古典机器学习的发展和成功中发挥了至关重要的作用。量子机器学习（QML）是一个新的领域，旨在使用量子计算机进行数据分析，希望获得某种量子的量子优势。虽然大多数提议的QML架构是使用经典数据集的基准测试，但仍存在古典数据集上的QML是否会实现这样的优势。在这项工作中，我们争辩说，应该使用由量子状态组成的量子数据集。为此目的，我们介绍了由量子状态组成的Ntangled DataSet，其数量和多分纠缠的类型。我们首先展示如何培训量子神经网络，以在Ntangled DataSet中生成状态。然后，我们使用Ntangled DataSet来获得用于监督学习分类任务的基准测试QML模型。我们还考虑一个基于替代的纠缠基数据集，其是可扩展的，并且由量子电路准备的状态与不同深度的状态组成。作为我们的结果的副产品，我们介绍了一种用于产生多重石纠缠态的新方法，为量子纠缠理论提供量子神经网络的用例。

Quantum state tomography aims to estimate the state of a quantum mechanical system which is described by a trace one, Hermitian positive semidefinite complex matrix, given a set of measurements of the state. Existing works focus on estimating the density matrix that represents the state, using a compressive sensing approach, with only fewer measurements than that required for a tomographically complete set, with the assumption that the true state has a low rank. One very popular method to estimate the state is the use of the Singular Value Thresholding (SVT) algorithm. In this work, we present a machine learning approach to estimate the quantum state of n-qubit systems by unrolling the iterations of SVT which we call Learned Quantum State Tomography (LQST). As merely unrolling SVT may not ensure that the output of the network meets the constraints required for a quantum state, we design and train a custom neural network whose architecture is inspired from the iterations of SVT with additional layers to meet the required constraints. We show that our proposed LQST with very few layers reconstructs the density matrix with much better fidelity than the SVT algorithm which takes many hundreds of iterations to converge. We also demonstrate the reconstruction of the quantum Bell state from an informationally incomplete set of noisy measurements.

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) utilize a hybrid quantum-classical architecture to recast problems of high-dimensional linear algebra as ones of stochastic optimization. Despite the promise of leveraging near- to intermediate-term quantum resources to accelerate this task, the computational advantage of VQAs over wholly classical algorithms has not been firmly established. For instance, while the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) has been developed to approximate low-lying eigenmodes of high-dimensional sparse linear operators, analogous classical optimization algorithms exist in the variational Monte Carlo (VMC) literature, utilizing neural networks in place of quantum circuits to represent quantum states. In this paper we ask if classical stochastic optimization algorithms can be constructed paralleling other VQAs, focusing on the example of the variational quantum linear solver (VQLS). We find that such a construction can be applied to the VQLS, yielding a paradigm that could theoretically extend to other VQAs of similar form.

作为量子优势的应用，对动态模拟和量子机学习（QML）的关注很大，而使用QML来增强动态模拟的可能性尚未得到彻底研究。在这里，我们开发了一个框架，用于使用QML方法模拟近期量子硬件上的量子动力学。我们使用概括范围，即机器学习模型在看不见的数据上遇到的错误，以严格分析此框架内算法的训练数据要求。这提供了一种保证，就量子和数据要求而言，我们的算法是资源有效的。我们的数字具有问题大小的有效缩放，我们模拟了IBMQ-Bogota上的Trotterization的20倍。

深神经网络是量子状态表征的强大工具。现有网络通常是通过从需要表征的特定量子状态收集的实验数据来训练的。但是，除了用于培训的量子状态以外，是否可以离线训练神经网络并对量子状态进行预测？在这里，我们介绍了一个网络模型，该模型可以接受来自基准状态和测量结果的经典模拟数据训练，然后可以用来表征与基准集中与状态共享结构相似性的量子状态。在很少的量子物理指导下，该网络构建了自己的数据驱动的量子状态表示，然后使用它来预测尚未执行的量子测量结果的结果统计。网络产生的状态表示也可以用于超出预测结果统计数据的任务，包括量子状态的聚类和物质不同阶段的识别。我们的网络模型提供了一种灵活的方法，可以应用于在线学习方案，在该场景中，必须在实验数据可用后立即生成预测，以及学习者只能访问对量子硬件的加密描述的盲目学习场景。

Machine learning (ML) has found broad applicability in quantum information science in topics as diverse as experimental design, state classification, and even studies on quantum foundations. Here, we experimentally realize an approach for defining custom prior distributions that are automatically tuned using ML for use with Bayesian quantum state estimation methods. Previously, researchers have looked to Bayesian quantum state tomography due to its unique advantages like natural uncertainty quantification, the return of reliable estimates under any measurement condition, and minimal mean-squared error. However, practical challenges related to long computation times and conceptual issues concerning how to incorporate prior knowledge most suitably can overshadow these benefits. Using both simulated and experimental measurement results, we demonstrate that ML-defined prior distributions reduce net convergence times and provide a natural way to incorporate both implicit and explicit information directly into the prior distribution. These results constitute a promising path toward practical implementations of Bayesian quantum state tomography.

Quantum machine learning has become an area of growing interest but has certain theoretical and hardware-specific limitations. Notably, the problem of vanishing gradients, or barren plateaus, renders the training impossible for circuits with high qubit counts, imposing a limit on the number of qubits that data scientists can use for solving problems. Independently, angle-embedded supervised quantum neural networks were shown to produce truncated Fourier series with a degree directly dependent on two factors: the depth of the encoding, and the number of parallel qubits the encoding is applied to. The degree of the Fourier series limits the model expressivity. This work introduces two new architectures whose Fourier degrees grow exponentially: the sequential and parallel exponential quantum machine learning architectures. This is done by efficiently using the available Hilbert space when encoding, increasing the expressivity of the quantum encoding. Therefore, the exponential growth allows staying at the low-qubit limit to create highly expressive circuits avoiding barren plateaus. Practically, parallel exponential architecture was shown to outperform the existing linear architectures by reducing their final mean square error value by up to 44.7% in a one-dimensional test problem. Furthermore, the feasibility of this technique was also shown on a trapped ion quantum processing unit.

我们设计和分析了量子变压器，扩展了最先进的经典变压器神经网络体系结构，已知在自然语言处理和图像分析中表现出色。在先前用于数据加载和正交神经层的参数化量子电路的工作的基础上，我们引入了三种量子注意机制，包括基于复合矩阵的量子变压器。这些量子体系结构可以使用浅量子电路构建，并可以提供定性不同的分类模型。与最佳的经典变压器和其他经典基准相比，我们对标准医疗图像数据集进行了量子变压器的广泛模拟，这些量子变压器表现出竞争力，有时表现更好。与经典算法相对于分类图像的大小，我们的量子注意层的计算复杂性被证明是有利的。与拥有数百万参数的最佳经典方法相比，我们的量子体系结构具有数千个参数。最后，我们在超导量子计算机上实施了量子变压器，并获得了多达六个量子实验的令人鼓舞的结果。

在当前的嘈杂中间尺度量子（NISQ）时代，量子机学习正在成为基于程序门的量子计算机的主要范式。在量子机学习中，对量子电路的门进行了参数化，并且参数是根据数据和电路输出的测量来通过经典优化来调整的。参数化的量子电路（PQC）可以有效地解决组合优化问题，实施概率生成模型并进行推理（分类和回归）。该专着为具有概率和线性代数背景的工程师的观众提供了量子机学习的独立介绍。它首先描述了描述量子操作和测量所必需的必要背景，概念和工具。然后，它涵盖了参数化的量子电路，变异量子本质层以及无监督和监督的量子机学习公式。