Stackelberg游戏模型，领导者致力于制定策略，而追随者最能做出响应，它发现了广泛的应用程序，特别是针对安全问题。在安全环境中，目标是为了保护某些资产，使领导者计算一个最佳策略。在许多这些应用程序中，追随者实用程序模型的参数尚不确定。分布式优化优化通过允许在可能的模型参数上进行分配来解决此问题，而该分布来自一组可能的分布。目的是最大程度地提高预期的效用，相对于最坏情况下的分布。我们启动了分配稳定模型的研究，以计算最佳策略。我们考虑了对追随者公用事业模型的不确定性的正常形式游戏的情况。我们的主要理论结果是表明，在各种不确定性模型中，始终存在分布稳定的stackelberg平衡。对于一组有限的追随者实用程序函数，我们提出了两种算法，用于计算使用数学程序的分布强烈的Stackelberg平衡（DRSSE）。接下来，在一般情况下，存在无限数量的可能的追随者实用程序功能，并且不确定性在有限支撑的名义分布周围由Wasserstein Ball表示，我们给出了一个增量的基于混合组合编程的算法来计算最佳的算法分配稳定的策略。实验证实了我们在经典的Stackelberg游戏中算法的障碍，这表明我们的进近范围扩展到中型游戏。

经济学和政策等现实世界应用程序往往涉及解决多智能运动游戏与两个独特的特点：（1）代理人本质上是不对称的，并分成领导和追随者; （2）代理商有不同的奖励功能，因此游戏是普通的。该领域的大多数现有结果侧重于对称解决方案概念（例如纳什均衡）或零和游戏。它仍然开放了如何学习Stackelberg均衡 - 从嘈杂的样本有效地纳入均衡的不对称模拟 - 纳入均衡。本文启动了对Birtit反馈设置中Stackelberg均衡的样本高效学习的理论研究，我们只观察奖励的噪音。我们考虑三个代表双人普通和游戏：强盗游戏，强盗加固学习（Bandit-RL）游戏和线性匪徒游戏。在所有这些游戏中，我们使用有义的许多噪声样本来确定Stackelberg均衡和其估计版本的确切值之间的基本差距，无论算法如何，都无法封闭信息。然后，我们在对上面识别的差距最佳的基础上的数据高效学习的样本高效学习的敏锐积极结果，在依赖于依赖性的差距，误差容限和动作空间的大小，匹配下限。总体而言，我们的结果在嘈杂的强盗反馈下学习Stackelberg均衡的独特挑战，我们希望能够在未来的研究中阐明这一主题。

We study the problem of training a principal in a multi-agent general-sum game using reinforcement learning (RL). Learning a robust principal policy requires anticipating the worst possible strategic responses of other agents, which is generally NP-hard. However, we show that no-regret dynamics can identify these worst-case responses in poly-time in smooth games. We propose a framework that uses this policy evaluation method for efficiently learning a robust principal policy using RL. This framework can be extended to provide robustness to boundedly rational agents too. Our motivating application is automated mechanism design: we empirically demonstrate our framework learns robust mechanisms in both matrix games and complex spatiotemporal games. In particular, we learn a dynamic tax policy that improves the welfare of a simulated trade-and-barter economy by 15%, even when facing previously unseen boundedly rational RL taxpayers.

Information asymmetry in games enables players with the information advantage to manipulate others' beliefs by strategically revealing information to other players. This work considers a double-sided information asymmetry in a Bayesian Stackelberg game, where the leader's realized action, sampled from the mixed strategy commitment, is hidden from the follower. In contrast, the follower holds private information about his payoff. Given asymmetric information on both sides, an important question arises: \emph{Does the leader's information advantage outweigh the follower's?} We answer this question affirmatively in this work, where we demonstrate that by adequately designing a signaling device that reveals partial information regarding the leader's realized action to the follower, the leader can achieve a higher expected utility than that without signaling. Moreover, unlike previous works on the Bayesian Stackelberg game where mathematical programming tools are utilized, we interpret the leader's commitment as a probability measure over the belief space. Such a probabilistic language greatly simplifies the analysis and allows an indirect signaling scheme, leading to a geometric characterization of the equilibrium under the proposed game model.

我们提出了一个数据驱动的投资组合选择模型，该模型使用分布稳健优化的框架来整合侧面信息，条件估计和鲁棒性。投资组合经理在观察到的侧面信息上进行条件解决了一个分配问题，该问题可最大程度地减少最坏情况下的风险回收权衡权衡，但要受到最佳运输歧义集中协变量返回概率分布的所有可能扰动。尽管目标函数在概率措施中的非线性性质非线性，但我们表明，具有侧面信息问题的分布稳健的投资组合分配可以作为有限维优化问题进行重新纠正。如果基于均值变化或均值的风险标准做出投资组合的决策，则可以进一步简化所得的重新制定为二阶或半明确锥体程序。美国股票市场的实证研究证明了我们对其他基准的综合框架的优势。

本文重点介绍了静态和时变设置中决策依赖性分布的随机鞍点问题。这些是目标是随机收益函数的预期值，其中随机变量从分布图引起的分布中绘制。对于一般分布地图，即使已知分布是已知的，发现鞍点的问题也是一般的计算繁琐。为了实现易求解的解决方案方法，我们介绍了均衡点的概念 - 这是它们诱导的静止随机最小值问题的马鞍点 - 并为其存在和唯一性提供条件。我们证明，两个类解决方案之间的距离被界定，条件是该目标具有强凸强 - 凹入的收益和Lipschitz连续分布图。我们开发确定性和随机的原始算法，并证明它们对均衡点的收敛性。特别是，通过将来自随机梯度估计器的出现的错误建模为子-Weibull随机变量，我们提供期望的错误界限，并且在每个迭代的高概率中提供的误差;此外，我们向期望和几乎肯定地显示给社区的融合。最后，我们调查了分布地图的条件 - 我们调用相反的混合优势 - 确保目标是强烈的凸强 - 凹陷的。在这种假设下，我们表明原始双算法以类似的方式汇集到鞍座点。

While Nash equilibrium has emerged as the central game-theoretic solution concept, many important games contain several Nash equilibria and we must determine how to select between them in order to create real strategic agents. Several Nash equilibrium refinement concepts have been proposed and studied for sequential imperfect-information games, the most prominent being trembling-hand perfect equilibrium, quasi-perfect equilibrium, and recently one-sided quasi-perfect equilibrium. These concepts are robust to certain arbitrarily small mistakes, and are guaranteed to always exist; however, we argue that neither of these is the correct concept for developing strong agents in sequential games of imperfect information. We define a new equilibrium refinement concept for extensive-form games called observable perfect equilibrium in which the solution is robust over trembles in publicly-observable action probabilities (not necessarily over all action probabilities that may not be observable by opposing players). Observable perfect equilibrium correctly captures the assumption that the opponent is playing as rationally as possible given mistakes that have been observed (while previous solution concepts do not). We prove that observable perfect equilibrium is always guaranteed to exist, and demonstrate that it leads to a different solution than the prior extensive-form refinements in no-limit poker. We expect observable perfect equilibrium to be a useful equilibrium refinement concept for modeling many important imperfect-information games of interest in artificial intelligence.

We study distributionally robust optimization (DRO) with Sinkhorn distance -- a variant of Wasserstein distance based on entropic regularization. We provide convex programming dual reformulation for a general nominal distribution. Compared with Wasserstein DRO, it is computationally tractable for a larger class of loss functions, and its worst-case distribution is more reasonable. We propose an efficient first-order algorithm with bisection search to solve the dual reformulation. We demonstrate that our proposed algorithm finds $\delta$-optimal solution of the new DRO formulation with computation cost $\tilde{O}(\delta^{-3})$ and memory cost $\tilde{O}(\delta^{-2})$, and the computation cost further improves to $\tilde{O}(\delta^{-2})$ when the loss function is smooth. Finally, we provide various numerical examples using both synthetic and real data to demonstrate its competitive performance and light computational speed.

计算NASH平衡策略是多方面强化学习中的一个核心问题，在理论和实践中都受到广泛关注。但是，到目前为止，可证明的保证金仅限于完全竞争性或合作的场景，或者在大多数实际应用中实现难以满足的强大假设。在这项工作中，我们通过调查Infinite-Horizo​​n \ Emph {对抗性团队Markov Games}，这是一场自然而充分动机的游戏，其中一组相同兴奋的玩家 - 在没有任何明确的情况下，这是一个自然而有动机的游戏，这是一场自然而有动机的游戏，而偏离了先前的结果。协调或交流 - 正在与对抗者竞争。这种设置允许对零和马尔可夫潜在游戏进行统一处理，并作为模拟更现实的战略互动的一步，这些互动具有竞争性和合作利益。我们的主要贡献是第一种计算固定$ \ epsilon $ - Approximate Nash Equilibria在对抗性团队马尔可夫游戏中具有计算复杂性的算法，在游戏的所有自然参数中都是多项式的，以及$ 1/\ epsilon $。拟议的算法特别自然和实用，它基于为团队中的每个球员执行独立的政策梯度步骤，并与对手侧面的最佳反应同时；反过来，通过解决精心构造的线性程序来获得对手的政策。我们的分析利用非标准技术来建立具有非convex约束的非线性程序的KKT最佳条件，从而导致对诱导的Lagrange乘数的自然解释。在此过程中，我们大大扩展了冯·斯坦格尔（Von Stengel）和科勒（GEB`97）引起的对抗（正常形式）团队游戏中最佳政策的重要特征。

The most prevalent notions of fairness in machine learning are statistical definitions: they fix a small collection of high-level, pre-defined groups (such as race or gender), and then ask for approximate parity of some statistic of the classifier (like positive classification rate or false positive rate) across these groups. Constraints of this form are susceptible to (intentional or inadvertent) fairness gerrymandering, in which a classifier appears to be fair on each individual group, but badly violates the fairness constraint on one or more structured subgroups defined over the protected attributes (such as certain combinations of protected attribute values). We propose instead to demand statistical notions of fairness across exponentially (or infinitely) many subgroups, defined by a structured class of functions over the protected attributes. This interpolates between statistical definitions of fairness, and recently proposed individual notions of fairness, but it raises several computational challenges. It is no longer clear how to even check or audit a fixed classifier to see if it satisfies such a strong definition of fairness. We prove that the computational problem of auditing subgroup fairness for both equality of false positive rates and statistical parity is equivalent to the problem of weak agnostic learning -which means it is computationally hard in the worst case, even for simple structured subclasses. However, it also suggests that common heuristics for learning can be applied to successfully solve the auditing problem in practice.We then derive two algorithms that provably converge to the best fair distribution over classifiers in a given class, given access to oracles which can optimally solve the agnostic learning problem. The algorithms are based on a formulation of subgroup fairness as a two-player zero-sum game between a Learner (the primal player) and an Auditor (the dual player). Both algorithms compute an equilibrium of this game. We obtain our first algorithm by simulating play of the game by having Learner play an instance of the no-regret Follow the Perturbed Leader algorithm, and having Auditor play best response. This algorithm provably converges to an approximate Nash equilibrium (and thus to an approximately optimal subgroup-fair distribution over classifiers) in a polynomial number of steps. We obtain our second algorithm by simulating play of the game by having both players play Fictitious Play, which enjoys only provably asymptotic convergence, but has the merit of simplicity and faster per-step computation. We implement the Fictitious Play version using linear regression as a heuristic oracle, and show that we can effectively both audit and learn fair classifiers on real datasets.

在这项工作中，我们研究了数据驱动的决策，并偏离了经典的相同和独立分布（I.I.D.）假设。我们提出了一个新的框架，其中我们将历史样本从未知和不同的分布中产生，我们将其配置为异质环境。假定这些分布位于具有已知半径的异质球中，并围绕（也是）未知的未来（样本外）分布，将评估决策的表现。我们量化了中央数据驱动的策略（例如样本平均近似值，也可以通过速率优势）来量化的渐近性最坏案例遗憾，这是异质性球半径的函数。我们的工作表明，在问题类别和异质性概念的不同组合中，可实现的性能类型的变化很大。我们通过比较广泛研究的数据驱动问题（例如定价，滑雪租赁和新闻顾问）的异质版本来证明框架的多功能性。在途中，我们在数据驱动的决策和分配强大的优化之间建立了新的联系。

当今许多大型系统的设计，从交通路由环境到智能电网，都依赖游戏理论平衡概念。但是，随着$ n $玩家游戏的大小通常会随着$ n $而成倍增长，标准游戏理论分析实际上是不可行的。最近的方法通过考虑平均场游戏，匿名$ n $玩家游戏的近似值，在这种限制中，玩家的数量是无限的，而人口的状态分布，而不是每个单独的球员的状态，是兴趣。然而，迄今为止研究最多的平均场平衡的平均场nash平衡的实际可计算性通常取决于有益的非一般结构特性，例如单调性或收缩性能，这是已知的算法收敛所必需的。在这项工作中，我们通过开发均值相关和与粗相关的平衡的概念来研究平均场比赛的替代途径。我们证明，可以使用三种经典算法在\ emph {ash All Games}中有效地学习它们，而无需对游戏结构进行任何其他假设。此外，我们在文献中已经建立了对应关系，从而获得了平均场 - $ n $玩家过渡的最佳范围，并经验证明了这些算法在简单游戏中的收敛性。

我们开发了一个统一的随机近似框架，用于分析游戏中多学院在线学习的长期行为。我们的框架基于“原始偶尔”，镜像的Robbins-Monro（MRM）模板，该模板涵盖了各种各样的流行游戏理论学习算法（梯度方法，乐观的变体，Exp3算法，用于基于付费的反馈，在有限游戏等中）。除了提供这些算法的综合视图外，提出的MRM蓝图还使我们能够在连续和有限的游戏中获得渐近和有限时间的广泛新收敛结果。

学习问题通常表现出一个有趣的反馈机制，其中人口数据对竞争决策者的行为作出反应。本文为这种现象制定了一种新的游戏理论框架，称为多人执行预测。我们专注于两个不同的解决方案概念，即（i）表现稳定稳定的均衡和（ii）纳什均衡的比赛。后者均衡可以说是更具信息性的，但只有在游戏是单调时才有效地发现。我们表明，在温和的假设下，可以通过各种算法有效地发现所需稳定的均衡，包括重复再培训和重复（随机）梯度播放。然后，我们为游戏的强大单调性建立透明的充分条件，并使用它们开发用于查找纳什均衡的算法。我们研究了衍生免费方法和自适应梯度算法，其中每个玩家在学习其分发和梯度步骤的学习的分配和梯度步骤之间交替。合成和半合成数值实验说明了结果。

We propose a distributionally robust return-risk model for Markov decision processes (MDPs) under risk and reward ambiguity. The proposed model optimizes the weighted average of mean and percentile performances, and it covers the distributionally robust MDPs and the distributionally robust chance-constrained MDPs (both under reward ambiguity) as special cases. By considering that the unknown reward distribution lies in a Wasserstein ambiguity set, we derive the tractable reformulation for our model. In particular, we show that that the return-risk model can also account for risk from uncertain transition kernel when one only seeks deterministic policies, and that a distributionally robust MDP under the percentile criterion can be reformulated as its nominal counterpart at an adjusted risk level. A scalable first-order algorithm is designed to solve large-scale problems, and we demonstrate the advantages of our proposed model and algorithm through numerical experiments.

游戏理论到目前为止在各个领域都发现了许多应用，包括经济学，工业，法学和人工智能，每个玩家都只关心自己对非合作或合作方式的兴趣，但对其他玩家没有明显的恶意。但是，在许多实际应用中，例如扑克，国际象棋，逃避者追求，毒品拦截，海岸警卫队，网络安全和国防，球员通常都具有对抗性立场，也就是说，每个球员的自私行动不可避免地或故意造成损失或对其他球员造成严重破坏。沿着这条线，本文对在对抗性游戏中广泛使用的三种主要游戏模型（即零和零正常形式和广泛形式游戏，stackelberg（Security）游戏，零和差异游戏）提供了系统的调查。观点，包括游戏模型的基本知识，（近似）平衡概念，问题分类，研究前沿，（近似）最佳策略寻求技术，普遍的算法和实际应用。最后，还讨论了有关对抗性游戏的有希望的未来研究方向。

大多数算法研究到目前为止，多智能经纪信息设计的研究专注于没有代理商外部性的限制情况;一些例外调查了真正的战略游戏，如零和游戏和二价格拍卖，但只关注最佳的公共信令。本文启动了\ emph {public}和\ emph {privy}信号传导的算法信息设计，其中of基本的外部性，即单例拥塞游戏，在今天的数字经济中的应用范围广，机器调度，路由，对于公共和私人信令等，我们表明，当资源数量是常数时，可以有效地计算最佳信息设计。为了我们的知识，这是一系列高效的\ EMPH {精确}算法，用于在简明地代表的许多玩家游戏中的信息设计。我们的结果符合新颖的技术，如开发某些“减少形式”，以便在公共信令中紧凑地表征均衡或代表私人信令中的球员边际信仰。当有许多资源时，我们会显示计算难扰性结果。为了克服多个均衡问题，这里我们介绍了均衡 - \ EMPH {忽视}硬度的新概念，这条规定了计算良好信令方案的任何可能性，而不管均衡选择规则如何。

在随着时间变化的组合环境中的在线决策激励，我们研究了将离线算法转换为其在线对应物的问题。我们专注于使用贪婪算法对局部错误的贪婪算法进行恒定因子近似的离线组合问题。对于此类问题，我们提供了一个通用框架，该框架可有效地将稳健的贪婪算法转换为使用Blackwell的易近算法。我们证明，在完整信息设置下，由此产生的在线算法具有$ O（\ sqrt {t}）$（近似）遗憾。我们进一步介绍了Blackwell易接近性的强盗扩展，我们称之为Bandit Blackwell的可接近性。我们利用这一概念将贪婪的稳健离线算法转变为匪（t^{2/3}）$（近似）$（近似）的遗憾。展示了我们框架的灵活性，我们将脱机之间的转换应用于收入管理，市场设计和在线优化的几个问题，包括在线平台中的产品排名优化，拍卖中的储备价格优化以及supperular tossodular最大化。 。我们还将还原扩展到连续优化的类似贪婪的一阶方法，例如用于最大化连续强的DR单调下调功能，这些功能受到凸约束的约束。我们表明，当应用于这些应用程序时，我们的转型会导致新的后悔界限或改善当前已知界限。我们通过为我们的两个应用进行数值模拟来补充我们的理论研究，在这两种应用中，我们都观察到，转换的数值性能在实际情况下优于理论保证。

Function approximation (FA) has been a critical component in solving large zero-sum games. Yet, little attention has been given towards FA in solving \textit{general-sum} extensive-form games, despite them being widely regarded as being computationally more challenging than their fully competitive or cooperative counterparts. A key challenge is that for many equilibria in general-sum games, no simple analogue to the state value function used in Markov Decision Processes and zero-sum games exists. In this paper, we propose learning the \textit{Enforceable Payoff Frontier} (EPF) -- a generalization of the state value function for general-sum games. We approximate the optimal \textit{Stackelberg extensive-form correlated equilibrium} by representing EPFs with neural networks and training them by using appropriate backup operations and loss functions. This is the first method that applies FA to the Stackelberg setting, allowing us to scale to much larger games while still enjoying performance guarantees based on FA error. Additionally, our proposed method guarantees incentive compatibility and is easy to evaluate without having to depend on self-play or approximate best-response oracles.

We study the problem of computing an approximate Nash equilibrium of continuous-action game without access to gradients. Such game access is common in reinforcement learning settings, where the environment is typically treated as a black box. To tackle this problem, we apply zeroth-order optimization techniques that combine smoothed gradient estimators with equilibrium-finding dynamics. We model players' strategies using artificial neural networks. In particular, we use randomized policy networks to model mixed strategies. These take noise in addition to an observation as input and can flexibly represent arbitrary observation-dependent, continuous-action distributions. Being able to model such mixed strategies is crucial for tackling continuous-action games that lack pure-strategy equilibria. We evaluate the performance of our method using an approximation of the Nash convergence metric from game theory, which measures how much players can benefit from unilaterally changing their strategy. We apply our method to continuous Colonel Blotto games, single-item and multi-item auctions, and a visibility game. The experiments show that our method can quickly find high-quality approximate equilibria. Furthermore, they show that the dimensionality of the input noise is crucial for performance. To our knowledge, this paper is the first to solve general continuous-action games with unrestricted mixed strategies and without any gradient information.