As ultra-realistic face forgery techniques emerge, deepfake detection has attracted increasing attention due to security concerns. Many detectors cannot achieve accurate results when detecting unseen manipulations despite excellent performance on known forgeries. In this paper, we are motivated by the observation that the discrepancies between real and fake videos are extremely subtle and localized, and inconsistencies or irregularities can exist in some critical facial regions across various information domains. To this end, we propose a novel pipeline, Cross-Domain Local Forensics (XDLF), for more general deepfake video detection. In the proposed pipeline, a specialized framework is presented to simultaneously exploit local forgery patterns from space, frequency, and time domains, thus learning cross-domain features to detect forgeries. Moreover, the framework leverages four high-level forgery-sensitive local regions of a human face to guide the model to enhance subtle artifacts and localize potential anomalies. Extensive experiments on several benchmark datasets demonstrate the impressive performance of our method, and we achieve superiority over several state-of-the-art methods on cross-dataset generalization. We also examined the factors that contribute to its performance through ablations, which suggests that exploiting cross-domain local characteristics is a noteworthy direction for developing more general deepfake detectors.
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随着面部伪造技术的快速发展,DeepFake视频在数字媒体上引起了广泛的关注。肇事者大量利用这些视频来传播虚假信息并发表误导性陈述。大多数现有的DeepFake检测方法主要集中于纹理特征,纹理特征可能会受到外部波动(例如照明和噪声)的影响。此外,基于面部地标的检测方法对外部变量更强大,但缺乏足够的细节。因此,如何在空间,时间和频域中有效地挖掘独特的特征,并将其与面部地标融合以进行伪造视频检测仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。为此,我们提出了一个基于多种模式的信息和面部地标的几何特征,提出了地标增强的多模式图神经网络(LEM-GNN)。具体而言,在框架级别上,我们设计了一种融合机制来挖掘空间和频域元素的联合表示,同时引入几何面部特征以增强模型的鲁棒性。在视频级别,我们首先将视频中的每个帧视为图中的节点,然后将时间信息编码到图表的边缘。然后,通过应用图形神经网络(GNN)的消息传递机制,将有效合并多模式特征,以获得视频伪造的全面表示。广泛的实验表明,我们的方法始终优于广泛使用的基准上的最先进(SOTA)。
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随着面部伪造技术的快速发展,由于安全问题,伪造的检测引起了越来越多的关注。现有方法尝试使用频率信息在高质量的锻造面上进行微妙的伪影。然而,频率信息的开发是粗糙的,更重要的是,他们的香草学习过程努力提取细粒度的伪造痕迹。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了一个渐进式增强学习框架来利用RGB和细粒度的频率线索。具体而言,我们对RGB图像进行细粒度分解,以在频率空间中完全删除真实的迹线和虚假的迹线。随后,我们提出了一种基于双分支网络的渐进式增强学习框架,结合自增强和互增强模块。自增强模块基于空间噪声增强和渠道注意,捕获不同输入空间中的迹线。通过在共享空间维度中通信,互增强模块同时增强RGB和频率特征。逐步增强过程有助于学习具有细粒面的伪造线索的歧视特征。在多个数据集上进行广泛的实验表明我们的方法优于最先进的面部伪造检测方法。
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尽管令人鼓舞的是深泡检测的进展,但由于训练过程中探索的伪造线索有限,对未见伪造类型的概括仍然是一个重大挑战。相比之下,我们注意到Deepfake中的一种常见现象:虚假的视频创建不可避免地破坏了原始视频中的统计规律性。受到这一观察的启发,我们建议通过区分实际视频中没有出现的“规律性中断”来增强深层检测的概括。具体而言,通过仔细检查空间和时间属性,我们建议通过伪捕获生成器破坏真实的视频,并创建各种伪造视频以供培训。这种做法使我们能够在不使用虚假视频的情况下实现深泡沫检测,并以简单有效的方式提高概括能力。为了共同捕获空间和时间上的破坏,我们提出了一个时空增强块,以了解我们自我创建的视频之间的规律性破坏。通过全面的实验,我们的方法在几个数据集上表现出色。
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面部伪造技术的最新进展几乎可以产生视觉上无法追踪的深冰录视频,这些视频可以通过恶意意图来利用。结果,研究人员致力于深泡检测。先前的研究已经确定了局部低级提示和时间信息在追求跨层次方法中概括的重要性,但是,它们仍然遭受鲁棒性问题的影响。在这项工作中,我们提出了基于本地和时间感知的变压器的DeepFake检测(LTTD)框架,该框架采用了局部到全球学习协议,特别关注本地序列中有价值的时间信息。具体而言,我们提出了一个局部序列变压器(LST),该局部序列变压器(LST)对限制空间区域的序列进行了时间一致性,其中低级信息通过学习的3D滤波器的浅层层增强。基于局部时间嵌入,我们然后以全球对比的方式实现最终分类。对流行数据集进行的广泛实验验证了我们的方法有效地发现了本地伪造线索并实现最先进的表现。
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近年来,随着面部编辑和发电的迅速发展,越来越多的虚假视频正在社交媒体上流传,这引起了极端公众的关注。基于频域的现有面部伪造方法发现,与真实图像相比,GAN锻造图像在频谱中具有明显的网格视觉伪像。但是对于综合视频,这些方法仅局限于单个帧,几乎不关注不同框架之间最歧视的部分和时间频率线索。为了充分利用视频序列中丰富的信息,本文对空间和时间频域进行了视频伪造检测,并提出了一个离散的基于余弦转换的伪造线索增强网络(FCAN-DCT),以实现更全面的时空功能表示。 FCAN-DCT由一个骨干网络和两个分支组成:紧凑特征提取(CFE)模块和频率时间注意(FTA)模块。我们对两个可见光(VIS)数据集Wilddeepfake和Celeb-DF(V2)进行了彻底的实验评估,以及我们的自我构建的视频伪造数据集DeepFakenir,这是第一个近境模式的视频伪造数据集。实验结果证明了我们方法在VIS和NIR场景中检测伪造视频的有效性。
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Online media data, in the forms of images and videos, are becoming mainstream communication channels. However, recent advances in deep learning, particularly deep generative models, open the doors for producing perceptually convincing images and videos at a low cost, which not only poses a serious threat to the trustworthiness of digital information but also has severe societal implications. This motivates a growing interest of research in media tampering detection, i.e., using deep learning techniques to examine whether media data have been maliciously manipulated. Depending on the content of the targeted images, media forgery could be divided into image tampering and Deepfake techniques. The former typically moves or erases the visual elements in ordinary images, while the latter manipulates the expressions and even the identity of human faces. Accordingly, the means of defense include image tampering detection and Deepfake detection, which share a wide variety of properties. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the current media tampering detection approaches, and discuss the challenges and trends in this field for future research.
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Deep learning has enabled realistic face manipulation (i.e., deepfake), which poses significant concerns over the integrity of the media in circulation. Most existing deep learning techniques for deepfake detection can achieve promising performance in the intra-dataset evaluation setting (i.e., training and testing on the same dataset), but are unable to perform satisfactorily in the inter-dataset evaluation setting (i.e., training on one dataset and testing on another). Most of the previous methods use the backbone network to extract global features for making predictions and only employ binary supervision (i.e., indicating whether the training instances are fake or authentic) to train the network. Classification merely based on the learning of global features leads often leads to weak generalizability to unseen manipulation methods. In addition, the reconstruction task can improve the learned representations. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach for deepfake detection, which considers the reconstruction and classification tasks simultaneously to address these problems. This method shares the information learned by one task with the other, which focuses on a different aspect other existing works rarely consider and hence boosts the overall performance. In particular, we design a two-branch Convolutional AutoEncoder (CAE), in which the Convolutional Encoder used to compress the feature map into the latent representation is shared by both branches. Then the latent representation of the input data is fed to a simple classifier and the unsupervised reconstruction component simultaneously. Our network is trained end-to-end. Experiments demonstrate that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance on three commonly-used datasets, particularly in the cross-dataset evaluation setting.
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最近,由于社交媒体数字取证中的安全性和隐私问题,DeepFake引起了广泛的公众关注。随着互联网上广泛传播的深层视频变得越来越现实,传统的检测技术未能区分真实和假货。大多数现有的深度学习方法主要集中于使用卷积神经网络作为骨干的局部特征和面部图像中的关系。但是,本地特征和关系不足以用于模型培训,无法学习足够的一般信息以进行深层检测。因此,现有的DeepFake检测方法已达到瓶颈,以进一步改善检测性能。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了一个深度卷积变压器,以在本地和全球范围内纳入决定性图像。具体而言,我们应用卷积池和重新注意事项来丰富提取的特征并增强功效。此外,我们在模型训练中采用了几乎没有讨论的图像关键框架来改进性能,并可视化由视频压缩引起的密钥和正常图像帧之间的特征数量差距。我们最终通过在几个DeepFake基准数据集上进行了广泛的实验来说明可传递性。所提出的解决方案在内部和跨数据库实验上始终优于几个最先进的基线。
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Video synthesis methods rapidly improved in recent years, allowing easy creation of synthetic humans. This poses a problem, especially in the era of social media, as synthetic videos of speaking humans can be used to spread misinformation in a convincing manner. Thus, there is a pressing need for accurate and robust deepfake detection methods, that can detect forgery techniques not seen during training. In this work, we explore whether this can be done by leveraging a multi-modal, out-of-domain backbone trained in a self-supervised manner, adapted to the video deepfake domain. We propose FakeOut; a novel approach that relies on multi-modal data throughout both the pre-training phase and the adaption phase. We demonstrate the efficacy and robustness of FakeOut in detecting various types of deepfakes, especially manipulations which were not seen during training. Our method achieves state-of-the-art results in cross-manipulation and cross-dataset generalization. This study shows that, perhaps surprisingly, training on out-of-domain videos (i.e., videos with no speaking humans), can lead to better deepfake detection systems. Code is available on GitHub.
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With the rapid development of deep generative models (such as Generative Adversarial Networks and Auto-encoders), AI-synthesized images of the human face are now of such high quality that humans can hardly distinguish them from pristine ones. Although existing detection methods have shown high performance in specific evaluation settings, e.g., on images from seen models or on images without real-world post-processings, they tend to suffer serious performance degradation in real-world scenarios where testing images can be generated by more powerful generation models or combined with various post-processing operations. To address this issue, we propose a Global and Local Feature Fusion (GLFF) to learn rich and discriminative representations by combining multi-scale global features from the whole image with refined local features from informative patches for face forgery detection. GLFF fuses information from two branches: the global branch to extract multi-scale semantic features and the local branch to select informative patches for detailed local artifacts extraction. Due to the lack of a face forgery dataset simulating real-world applications for evaluation, we further create a challenging face forgery dataset, named DeepFakeFaceForensics (DF^3), which contains 6 state-of-the-art generation models and a variety of post-processing techniques to approach the real-world scenarios. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of our method to the state-of-the-art methods on the proposed DF^3 dataset and three other open-source datasets.
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本文提出了一种基于图像中出现的边缘区域特征的广义和鲁棒的面部操纵检测方法。大多数现代面部合成过程包括颜色尴尬降低,但损坏了边缘区域中的自然指纹。另外,这些颜色校正过程不会在非面部背景区域中进行。我们还观察到合成过程不考虑时域中出现的图像的自然属性。考虑到这些观察,我们提出了一种面部法医框架,其利用在整个图像的边缘区域中出现的像素级颜色特征。此外,我们的框架包括一个3D-CNN分类模型,其在空间和时间上解释提取的颜色特征。与其他现有研究不同,我们通过考虑从一个视频内从多个帧中提取的所有功能来进行真实性确定。通过广泛的实验,包括真实世界的情景来评估广义检测能力,我们表明我们的框架在准确性和稳健性方面优于最先进的面部操纵检测技术。
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Deep-learning-based technologies such as deepfakes ones have been attracting widespread attention in both society and academia, particularly ones used to synthesize forged face images. These automatic and professional-skill-free face manipulation technologies can be used to replace the face in an original image or video with any target object while maintaining the expression and demeanor. Since human faces are closely related to identity characteristics, maliciously disseminated identity manipulated videos could trigger a crisis of public trust in the media and could even have serious political, social, and legal implications. To effectively detect manipulated videos, we focus on the position offset in the face blending process, resulting from the forced affine transformation of the normalized forged face. We introduce a method for detecting manipulated videos that is based on the trajectory of the facial region displacement. Specifically, we develop a virtual-anchor-based method for extracting the facial trajectory, which can robustly represent displacement information. This information was used to construct a network for exposing multidimensional artifacts in the trajectory sequences of manipulated videos that is based on dual-stream spatial-temporal graph attention and a gated recurrent unit backbone. Testing of our method on various manipulation datasets demonstrated that its accuracy and generalization ability is competitive with that of the leading detection methods.
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尽管最近对Deepfake技术的滥用引起了严重的关注,但由于每个帧的光真逼真的合成,如何检测DeepFake视频仍然是一个挑战。现有的图像级方法通常集中在单个框架上,而忽略了深击视频中隐藏的时空提示,从而导致概括和稳健性差。视频级检测器的关键是完全利用DeepFake视频中不同框架的当地面部区域分布在当地面部区域中的时空不一致。受此启发,本文提出了一种简单而有效的补丁级方法,以通过时空辍学变压器促进深击视频检测。该方法将每个输入视频重组成贴片袋,然后将其馈入视觉变压器以实现强大的表示。具体而言,提出了时空辍学操作,以充分探索斑块级时空提示,并作为有效的数据增强,以进一步增强模型的鲁棒性和泛化能力。该操作是灵活的,可以轻松地插入现有的视觉变压器中。广泛的实验证明了我们对25种具有令人印象深刻的鲁棒性,可推广性和表示能力的最先进的方法的有效性。
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由于如今的面部操纵技术可以很容易地产生逼真的面孔,因此对这些技术的潜在恶意滥用引起了极大的关注。因此,提出了许多深泡检测方法。但是,现有方法仅着眼于检测一步面部操作。随着易于访问的面部编辑应用的出现,人们可以使用多步操作以顺序的方式轻松操纵面部组件。这种新威胁要求我们检测一系列面部操作,这对于发现深冰媒体和之后恢复原始面孔至关重要。在这一观察结果的激励下,我们强调了需求,并提出了一个新的研究问题,称为检测顺序的Deepfake操纵(Seq-Deepfake)。与现有的DeepFake检测任务仅需要二进制标签预测,检测Seq-Deepfake操作需要正确预测面部操作操作的顺序向量。为了支持大规模研究,我们构建了第一个Seq-Deepfake数据集,在该数据集中,通过顺序面部操纵向量的相应注释,将面部图像顺序操纵。基于此新数据集,我们将检测到Seq-Deepfake操作作为特定图像到序列(例如图像字幕)任务,并提出简洁而有效的Seq-Deepfake Transferaler(SEQFAKEFORMER)。此外,我们为这个新的研究问题建立了全面的基准,并设置了严格的评估协议和指标。广泛的实验证明了seqfakeformer的有效性。还揭示了几种有价值的观察结果,以促进更广泛的深层检测问题的未来研究。
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面对抗泡沫(FAS)和伪造探测在保护面部生物识别系统免受演示攻击(PAS)和恶性数字操作(例如,Deepfakes)中的生物识别系统中起着至关重要的作用。尽管大规模数据和强大的深层模型有希望的表现,但现有方法的概括问题仍然是一个空旷的问题。最近的大多数方法都集中在1)单峰视觉外观或生理学(即远程光摄影学(RPPG))线索;和2)用于FAS或面部伪造检测的分离特征表示。一方面,单峰外观和RPPG功能分别容易受到高保真的面孔3D面膜和视频重播攻击的影响,从而激发了我们设计可靠的多模式融合机制,用于广义面部攻击检​​测。另一方面,FAS和面部伪造探测任务(例如,定期的RPPG节奏和BONAFIDE的香草外观)都有丰富的共同特征,提供了可靠的证据来设计联合FAS和面部伪造探测系统,以多任务学习方式。在本文中,我们使用视觉外观和生理RPPG提示建立了第一个关节面欺骗和伪造的检测基准。为了增强RPPG的周期性歧视,我们使用两种面部时空时代的RPPG信号图及其连续小波转换为输入的两分支生理网络。为了减轻模态偏差并提高融合功效,我们在多模式融合之前对外观和RPPG特征进行了加权批次和层归一化。我们发现,可以通过对这两个任务的联合培训来改善单峰(外观或RPPG)和多模式(外观+RPPG)模型的概括能力。我们希望这种新的基准将促进FAS和DeepFake检测社区的未来研究。
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由于滥用了深层,检测伪造视频是非常可取的。现有的检测方法有助于探索DeepFake视频中的特定工件,并且非常适合某些数据。但是,这些人工制品的不断增长的技术一直在挑战传统的深泡探测器的鲁棒性。结果,这些方法的普遍性的发展已达到阻塞。为了解决这个问题,鉴于经验结果是,深层视频中经常在声音和面部背后的身份不匹配,并且声音和面孔在某种程度上具有同质性,在本文中,我们建议从未开发的语音中执行深层检测 - 面对匹配视图。为此,设计了一种语音匹配方法来测量这两个方法的匹配度。然而,对特定的深泡数据集进行培训使模型过于拟合深层算法的某些特征。相反,我们提倡一种迅速适应未开发的伪造方法的方法,然后进行预训练,然后进行微调范式。具体而言,我们首先在通用音频视频数据集上预先培训该模型,然后在下游深板数据上进行微调。我们对三个广泛利用的DeepFake数据集进行了广泛的实验-DFDC,Fakeavceleb和DeepFaketimit。与其他最先进的竞争对手相比,我们的方法获得了显着的性能增长。还值得注意的是,我们的方法在有限的DeepFake数据上进行了微调时已经取得了竞争性结果。
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基于卷积神经网络的面部伪造检测方法在训练过程中取得了显着的结果,但在测试过程中努力保持可比的性能。我们观察到,检测器比人工制品痕迹更容易专注于内容信息,这表明检测器对数据集的内在偏置敏感,这会导致严重的过度拟合。在这一关键观察的激励下,我们设计了一个易于嵌入的拆卸框架,以删除内容信息,并进一步提出内容一致性约束(C2C)和全球表示对比度约束(GRCC),以增强分解特征的独立性。此外,我们巧妙地构建了两个不平衡的数据集来研究内容偏差的影响。广泛的可视化和实验表明,我们的框架不仅可以忽略内容信息的干扰,而且还可以指导探测器挖掘可疑的人工痕迹并实现竞争性能。
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深度学习已成功地用于解决从大数据分析到计算机视觉和人级控制的各种复杂问题。但是,还采用了深度学习进步来创建可能构成隐私,民主和国家安全威胁的软件。最近出现的那些深度学习驱动的应用程序之一是Deepfake。 DeepFake算法可以创建人类无法将它们与真实图像区分开的假图像和视频。因此,可以自动检测和评估数字视觉媒体完整性的技术的建议是必不可少的。本文介绍了一项用于创造深击的算法的调查,更重要的是,提出的方法旨在检测迄今为止文献中的深击。我们对与Deepfake技术有关的挑战,研究趋势和方向进行了广泛的讨论。通过回顾深层味和最先进的深层检测方法的背景,本研究提供了深入的深层技术的概述,并促进了新的,更强大的方法的发展,以应对日益挑战性的深击。
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通过各种面部操作技术产生,由于安全问题,面部伪造检测引起了不断的关注。以前的作品总是根据交叉熵损失将面部伪造检测作为分类问题,这强调了类别级别差异,而不是真实和假面之间的基本差异,限制了看不见的域中的模型概括。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了一种新颖的面部伪造检测框架,名为双重对比学习(DCL),其特殊地构建了正负配对数据,并在不同粒度下进行了设计的对比学习,以学习广义特征表示。具体地,结合硬样品选择策略,首先提出通过特别构造实例对来促进与之相关的鉴别特征学习的任务相关的对比学习策略。此外,为了进一步探索基本的差异,引入内部内部对比学习(INL-ICL),以通过构建内部实例构建局部区域对来关注伪造的面中普遍存在的局部内容不一致。在若干数据集上的广泛实验和可视化证明了我们对最先进的竞争对手的方法的概括。
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