多药物(定义为使用多种药物)是一种标准治疗方法,尤其是对于严重和慢性疾病。但是,将多种药物一起使用可能会导致药物之间的相互作用。药物 - 药物相互作用(DDI)是一种与另一种药物结合时的影响发生变化时发生的活性。 DDI可能会阻塞,增加或减少药物的预期作用,或者在最坏情况下,会产生不利的副作用。虽然准时检测DDI至关重要,但由于持续时间短,并且在临床试验中识别它们是时间的,而且昂贵,并且要考虑许多可能的药物对进行测试。结果,需要计算方法来预测DDI。在本文中,我们提出了一种新型的异质图注意模型Han-DDI,以预测药物 - 药物相互作用。我们建立了具有不同生物实体的药物网络。然后,我们开发了一个异质的图形注意网络,以使用药物与其他实体的关系学习DDI。它由一个基于注意力的异质图节点编码器组成,用于获得药物节点表示和用于预测药物相互作用的解码器。此外,我们利用全面的实验来评估我们的模型并将其与最先进的模型进行比较。实验结果表明,我们提出的方法Han-DDI的表现可以显着,准确地预测DDI,即使对于新药也是如此。
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药物 - 药物相互作用(DDIS)可能会阻碍药物的功能,在最坏的情况下,它们可能导致不良药物反应(ADR)。预测所有DDI是一个具有挑战性且关键的问题。大多数现有的计算模型都集成了来自不同来源的药物中心信息,并利用它们作为机器学习分类器中的功能来预测DDIS。但是,这些模型有很大的失败机会,尤其是对于所有信息都没有可用的新药。本文提出了一个新型的HyperGraph神经网络(HYGNN)模型,仅基于用于DDI预测问题的任何药物的微笑串。为了捕获药物的相似性,我们创建了从微笑字符串中提取的药物的化学子结构中创建的超图。然后,我们开发了由新型的基于注意力的超图边缘编码器组成的HYGNN,以使药物的表示形式和解码器,以预测药物对之间的相互作用。此外,我们进行了广泛的实验,以评估我们的模型并将其与几种最新方法进行比较。实验结果表明,我们提出的HYGNN模型有效地预测了DDI,并以最大的ROC-AUC和PR-AUC分别超过基准,分别为97.9%和98.1%。
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刺激:鉴定药物靶标相互作用(DTIS)是药物重新定位的关键步骤。近年来,大量基因组学和药理学数据的积累已经形成了大众药物和目标相关的异构网络(HNS),这提供了开发基于HN的计算模型的新机遇,以准确地预测DTI。 HN意味着许多有关DTI的有用信息,还包含无关的数据,以及如何使最佳的异构网络仍然是一个挑战。结果:在本文中,我们提出了一种基于异构的图形自动元路径学习的DTI预测方法(Hampdti)。 Hampdti从HN自动学习药物和目标之间的重要元路径,并产生元路径图。对于每个元路径图,从药物分子图和靶蛋白序列中学习的特征用作节点属性,然后设计了有效地考虑节点类型信息(药物或目标)的节点类型特定图卷积网络(NSGCN)学习药物和目标的嵌入。最后,组合来自多个元路径图的嵌入式以预测新的DTI。基准数据集的实验表明,与最先进的DTI预测方法相比,我们提出的Hampdti实现了卓越的性能。更重要的是,Hampdti识别DTI预测的重要元路径,这可以解释药物如何与HNS中的目标连接。
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生物医学网络是与疾病网络的蛋白质相互作用的普遍描述符,从蛋白质相互作用,一直到医疗保健系统和科学知识。随着代表学习提供强大的预测和洞察的显着成功,我们目睹了表现形式学习技术的快速扩展,进入了这些网络的建模,分析和学习。在这篇综述中,我们提出了一个观察到生物学和医学中的网络长期原则 - 而在机器学习研究中经常出口 - 可以为代表学习提供概念基础,解释其当前的成功和限制,并告知未来进步。我们综合了一系列算法方法,即在其核心利用图形拓扑到将网络嵌入到紧凑的向量空间中,并捕获表示陈述学习证明有用的方式的广度。深远的影响包括鉴定复杂性状的变异性,单细胞的异心行为及其对健康的影响,协助患者的诊断和治疗以及制定安全有效的药物。
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异质图卷积网络在解决异质网络数据的各种网络分析任务方面已广受欢迎,从链接预测到节点分类。但是,大多数现有作品都忽略了多型节点之间的多重网络的关系异质性,而在元路径中,元素嵌入中关系的重要性不同,这几乎无法捕获不同关系跨不同关系的异质结构信号。为了应对这一挑战,这项工作提出了用于异质网络嵌入的多重异质图卷积网络(MHGCN)。我们的MHGCN可以通过多层卷积聚合自动学习多重异质网络中不同长度的有用的异质元路径相互作用。此外,我们有效地将多相关结构信号和属性语义集成到学习的节点嵌入中,并具有无监督和精选的学习范式。在具有各种网络分析任务的五个现实世界数据集上进行的广泛实验表明,根据所有评估指标,MHGCN与最先进的嵌入基线的优势。
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图表可以模拟实体之间的复杂交互,它在许多重要的应用程序中自然出现。这些应用程序通常可以投入到标准图形学习任务中,其中关键步骤是学习低维图表示。图形神经网络(GNN)目前是嵌入方法中最受欢迎的模型。然而,邻域聚合范例中的标准GNN患有区分\ EMPH {高阶}图形结构的有限辨别力,而不是\ EMPH {低位}结构。为了捕获高阶结构,研究人员求助于主题和开发的基于主题的GNN。然而,现有的基于主基的GNN仍然仍然遭受较少的辨别力的高阶结构。为了克服上述局限性,我们提出了一个新颖的框架,以更好地捕获高阶结构的新框架,铰接于我们所提出的主题冗余最小化操作员和注射主题组合的新颖框架。首先,MGNN生成一组节点表示W.R.T.每个主题。下一阶段是我们在图案中提出的冗余最小化,该主题在彼此相互比较并蒸馏出每个主题的特征。最后,MGNN通过组合来自不同图案的多个表示来执行节点表示的更新。特别地,为了增强鉴别的功率,MGNN利用重新注射功能来组合表示的函数w.r.t.不同的主题。我们进一步表明,我们的拟议体系结构增加了GNN的表现力,具有理论分析。我们展示了MGNN在节点分类和图形分类任务上的七个公共基准上表现出最先进的方法。
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The development of deep neural networks has improved representation learning in various domains, including textual, graph structural, and relational triple representations. This development opened the door to new relation extraction beyond the traditional text-oriented relation extraction. However, research on the effectiveness of considering multiple heterogeneous domain information simultaneously is still under exploration, and if a model can take an advantage of integrating heterogeneous information, it is expected to exhibit a significant contribution to many problems in the world. This thesis works on Drug-Drug Interactions (DDIs) from the literature as a case study and realizes relation extraction utilizing heterogeneous domain information. First, a deep neural relation extraction model is prepared and its attention mechanism is analyzed. Next, a method to combine the drug molecular structure information and drug description information to the input sentence information is proposed, and the effectiveness of utilizing drug molecular structures and drug descriptions for the relation extraction task is shown. Then, in order to further exploit the heterogeneous information, drug-related items, such as protein entries, medical terms and pathways are collected from multiple existing databases and a new data set in the form of a knowledge graph (KG) is constructed. A link prediction task on the constructed data set is conducted to obtain embedding representations of drugs that contain the heterogeneous domain information. Finally, a method that integrates the input sentence information and the heterogeneous KG information is proposed. The proposed model is trained and evaluated on a widely used data set, and as a result, it is shown that utilizing heterogeneous domain information significantly improves the performance of relation extraction from the literature.
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Graph neural network, as a powerful graph representation technique based on deep learning, has shown superior performance and attracted considerable research interest. However, it has not been fully considered in graph neural network for heterogeneous graph which contains different types of nodes and links. The heterogeneity and rich semantic information bring great challenges for designing a graph neural network for heterogeneous graph. Recently, one of the most exciting advancements in deep learning is the attention mechanism, whose great potential has been well demonstrated in various areas. In this paper, we first propose a novel heterogeneous graph neural network based on the hierarchical attention, including node-level and semantic-level attentions. Specifically, the node-level attention aims to learn the importance between a node and its metapath based neighbors, while the semantic-level attention is able to learn the importance of different meta-paths. With the learned importance from both node-level and semantic-level attention, the importance of node and meta-path can be fully considered. Then the proposed model can generate node embedding by aggregating features from meta-path based neighbors in a hierarchical manner. Extensive experimental results on three real-world heterogeneous graphs not only show the superior performance of our proposed model over the state-of-the-arts, but also demonstrate its potentially good interpretability for graph analysis.
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事实证明,信息提取方法可有效从结构化或非结构化数据中提取三重。以(头部实体,关系,尾部实体)形式组织这样的三元组的组织称为知识图(kgs)。当前的大多数知识图都是不完整的。为了在下游任务中使用kgs,希望预测kgs中缺少链接。最近,通过将实体和关系嵌入到低维的矢量空间中,旨在根据先前访问的三元组来预测三元组,从而对KGS表示不同的方法。根据如何独立或依赖对三元组进行处理,我们将知识图完成的任务分为传统和图形神经网络表示学习,并更详细地讨论它们。在传统的方法中,每个三重三倍将独立处理,并在基于GNN的方法中进行处理,三倍也考虑了他们的当地社区。查看全文
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Predicting drug side-effects before they occur is a key task in keeping the number of drug-related hospitalizations low and to improve drug discovery processes. Automatic predictors of side-effects generally are not able to process the structure of the drug, resulting in a loss of information. Graph neural networks have seen great success in recent years, thanks to their ability of exploiting the information conveyed by the graph structure and labels. These models have been used in a wide variety of biological applications, among which the prediction of drug side-effects on a large knowledge graph. Exploiting the molecular graph encoding the structure of the drug represents a novel approach, in which the problem is formulated as a multi-class multi-label graph-focused classification. We developed a methodology to carry out this task, using recurrent Graph Neural Networks, and building a dataset from freely accessible and well established data sources. The results show that our method has an improved classification capability, under many parameters and metrics, with respect to previously available predictors.
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协同的药物组合为增强治疗功效和减少不良反应提供了巨大的潜力。然而,由于未知的因果疾病信号通路,有效和协同的药物组合预测仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。尽管已经提出了各种深度学习(AI)模型来定量预测药物组合的协同作用。现有深度学习方法的主要局限性是它们本质上是不可解释的,这使得AI模型的结论是对人类专家的非透明度的结论,因此限制了模型结论的鲁棒性和这些模型在现实世界中的实施能力人类医疗保健。在本文中,我们开发了一个可解释的图神经网络(GNN),该神经网络(GNN)揭示了通过挖掘非常重要的亚分子网络来揭示协同(MOS)的基本基本治疗靶标和机制。可解释的GNN预测模型的关键点是一个新颖的图池层,基于自我注意的节点和边缘池(此后为SANEPOOL),可以根据节点特征和图表计算节点和边缘的注意力评分(重要性)拓扑。因此,提出的GNN模型提供了一种系统的方法来预测和解释基于检测到的关键亚分子网络的药物组合协同作用。我们评估了来自NCI Almanac药物组合筛查数据的46个核心癌症信号通路和药物组合的基因制造的分子网络。实验结果表明,1)Sanepool可以在其他流行的图神经网络中实现当前的最新性能; 2)由SANEPOOOL检测到的亚分子网络是可自我解释的,并且可以鉴定协同的药物组合。
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许多真实世界图(网络)是具有不同类型的节点和边缘的异构。异构图嵌入,旨在学习异构图的低维节点表示,对于各种下游应用至关重要。已经提出了许多基于元路径的嵌入方法来学习近年来异构图的语义信息。然而,在学习异构图形嵌入时,大多数现有技术都在图形结构信息中忽略了图形结构信息。本文提出了一种新颖的结构意识异构图形神经网络(SHGNN),以解决上述限制。详细地,我们首先利用特征传播模块来捕获元路径中中间节点的本地结构信息。接下来,我们使用树关注聚合器将图形结构信息结合到元路径上的聚合模块中。最后,我们利用了元路径聚合器熔断来自不同元路径的聚合的信息。我们对节点分类和聚类任务进行了实验,并在基准数据集中实现了最先进的结果,该数据集显示了我们所提出的方法的有效性。
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生物医学网络上的自我监督的代表学习(SSL)为药物发现提供了新的机会,这些机会缺乏可用的生物或临床表型。但是,如何有效地结合多个SSL模型是具有挑战性的并且很少探索。因此,我们提出了对药物发现的生物医学网络的自我监督代表学习的多任务联合策略,命名为MSSL2DRUG。我们设计了六种基本的SSL任务,这些任务受到各种方式特征,包括生物医学异构网络中的结构,语义和属性,包括结构,语义和属性。此外,通过两种药物发现场景中的基于图表的对抗的对抗性多任务学习框架评估了多份任务的十五个组合。结果表明了两个重要的发现。 (1)与其他多任务联合策略相比,多模式任务的组合实现了最佳性能。 (2)本地和全球SSL任务的联合培训比随机任务组合产生更高的性能。因此,我们猜想多式联运和本地全球组合策略可以被视为多任务SSL对药物发现的指导。
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A biological system is a complex network of heterogeneous molecular entities and their interactions contributing to various biological characteristics of the system. However, current biological networks are noisy, sparse, and incomplete, limiting our ability to create a holistic view of the biological system and understand the biological phenomena. Experimental identification of such interactions is both time-consuming and expensive. With the recent advancements in high-throughput data generation and significant improvement in computational power, various computational methods have been developed to predict novel interactions in the noisy network. Recently, deep learning methods such as graph neural networks have shown their effectiveness in modeling graph-structured data and achieved good performance in biomedical interaction prediction. However, graph neural networks-based methods require human expertise and experimentation to design the appropriate complexity of the model and significantly impact the performance of the model. Furthermore, deep graph neural networks face overfitting problems and tend to be poorly calibrated with high confidence on incorrect predictions. To address these challenges, we propose Bayesian model selection for graph convolutional networks to jointly infer the most plausible number of graph convolution layers (depth) warranted by data and perform dropout regularization simultaneously. Experiments on four interaction datasets show that our proposed method achieves accurate and calibrated predictions. Our proposed method enables the graph convolutional networks to dynamically adapt their depths to accommodate an increasing number of interactions.
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语义关系预测旨在挖掘异质图中对象之间的隐式关系,这些关系由不同类型的对象和不同类型的链接组成。在现实世界中,新的语义关系不断出现,它们通常仅带有几个标记的数据。由于多种异构图中存在各种语义关系,因此可以从某些现有的语义关系中开采可转移的知识,以帮助预测新的语义关系,几乎没有标记的数据。这激发了一个新的问题,即跨异构图的几乎没有语义关系预测。但是,现有方法无法解决此问题,因为它们不仅需要大量的标记样本作为输入,而且还集中在具有固定异质性的单个图上。针对这个新颖而充满挑战的问题,在本文中,我们提出了一个基于元学习的图形神经网络,用于语义关系预测,名为Metags。首先,metags将对象之间的图形结构分解为多个归一化子图,然后采用两视图形神经网络来捕获这些子图的本地异质信息和全局结构信息。其次,Metags通过超出型网络汇总了这些子图的信息,该网络可以从现有的语义关系中学习并适应新的语义关系。第三,使用良好的初始化的两视图形神经网络和超出型网络,Metags可以有效地从不同的图形中学习新的语义关系,同时克服少数标记数据的限制。在三个现实世界数据集上进行的广泛实验表明,元数据的性能优于最先进的方法。
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We present the OPEN GRAPH BENCHMARK (OGB), a diverse set of challenging and realistic benchmark datasets to facilitate scalable, robust, and reproducible graph machine learning (ML) research. OGB datasets are large-scale, encompass multiple important graph ML tasks, and cover a diverse range of domains, ranging from social and information networks to biological networks, molecular graphs, source code ASTs, and knowledge graphs. For each dataset, we provide a unified evaluation protocol using meaningful application-specific data splits and evaluation metrics. In addition to building the datasets, we also perform extensive benchmark experiments for each dataset. Our experiments suggest that OGB datasets present significant challenges of scalability to large-scale graphs and out-of-distribution generalization under realistic data splits, indicating fruitful opportunities for future research. Finally, OGB provides an automated end-to-end graph ML pipeline that simplifies and standardizes the process of graph data loading, experimental setup, and model evaluation. OGB will be regularly updated and welcomes inputs from the community. OGB datasets as well as data loaders, evaluation scripts, baseline code, and leaderboards are publicly available at https://ogb.stanford.edu.
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Recent years have witnessed the emerging success of graph neural networks (GNNs) for modeling structured data. However, most GNNs are designed for homogeneous graphs, in which all nodes and edges belong to the same types, making them infeasible to represent heterogeneous structures. In this paper, we present the Heterogeneous Graph Transformer (HGT) architecture for modeling Web-scale heterogeneous graphs. To model heterogeneity, we design node-and edge-type dependent parameters to characterize the heterogeneous attention over each edge, empowering HGT to maintain dedicated representations for different types of nodes and edges. To handle dynamic heterogeneous graphs, we introduce the relative temporal encoding technique into HGT, which is able to capture the dynamic structural dependency with arbitrary durations. To handle Web-scale graph data, we design the heterogeneous mini-batch graph sampling algorithm-HGSampling-for efficient and scalable training. Extensive experiments on the Open Academic Graph of 179 million nodes and 2 billion edges show that the proposed HGT model consistently outperforms all the state-of-the-art GNN baselines by 9%-21% on various downstream tasks. The dataset and source code of HGT are publicly available at https://github.com/acbull/pyHGT.
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药物发现和发展是一个复杂和昂贵的过程。正在研究机器学习方法,以帮助提高药物发现管道多个阶段的有效性和速度。其中,使用知识图表(kg)的那些在许多任务中具有承诺,包括药物修复,药物毒性预测和靶基因疾病优先级。在药物发现kg中,包括基因,疾病和药物在内的关键因素被认为是实体,而它们之间的关系表示相互作用。但是,为了构建高质量的KG,需要合适的数据。在这篇综述中,我们详细介绍了适用于构建聚焦KGS的药物发现的公开使用来源。我们的目标是帮助引导机器学习和kg从业者对吸毒者发现领域应用新技术,但是谁可能不熟悉相关的数据来源。通过严格的标准选择数据集,根据包含内部包含的主要信息类型,并基于可以提取的信息来进行分类以构建kg。然后,我们对现有的公共药物发现KGS进行了比较分析,并评估了文献中所选择的激励案例研究。此外,我们还提出了众多和与域及其数据集相关的众多挑战和问题,同时突出了关键的未来研究方向。我们希望本综述将激励KGS在药物发现领域的关键和新兴问题中使用。
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Machine learning on graphs is an important and ubiquitous task with applications ranging from drug design to friendship recommendation in social networks. The primary challenge in this domain is finding a way to represent, or encode, graph structure so that it can be easily exploited by machine learning models. Traditionally, machine learning approaches relied on user-defined heuristics to extract features encoding structural information about a graph (e.g., degree statistics or kernel functions). However, recent years have seen a surge in approaches that automatically learn to encode graph structure into low-dimensional embeddings, using techniques based on deep learning and nonlinear dimensionality reduction. Here we provide a conceptual review of key advancements in this area of representation learning on graphs, including matrix factorization-based methods, random-walk based algorithms, and graph neural networks. We review methods to embed individual nodes as well as approaches to embed entire (sub)graphs. In doing so, we develop a unified framework to describe these recent approaches, and we highlight a number of important applications and directions for future work.
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双类型的异构图形应用于许多真实情景。然而,以前的异构图形学习研究通常忽略这种异构图中的双键入实体之间的复杂相互作用。为了解决这个问题,在本文中,我们提出了一种新的双重分层关注网络(DHAN),以了解与类内和级别的分层关注网络的双键入异构图中的综合节点表示。具体地,课堂上的注意力旨在从相同类型的邻居中学习节点表示,而级别的关注能够从其不同类型的邻居聚合节点表示。因此,双重关注操作使DHAN不仅能够充分地利用节点帧内邻近信息,而且可以在双键入的异构图中提供帧间相邻信息。关于针对最先进的各种任务的实验结果充分证实了DHAN在学习节点的学习节点综合陈述的能力
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