The process of screening molecules for desirable properties is a key step in several applications, ranging from drug discovery to material design. During the process of drug discovery specifically, protein-ligand docking, or chemical docking, is a standard in-silico scoring technique that estimates the binding affinity of molecules with a specific protein target. Recently, however, as the number of virtual molecules available to test has rapidly grown, these classical docking algorithms have created a significant computational bottleneck. We address this problem by introducing Deep Surrogate Docking (DSD), a framework that applies deep learning-based surrogate modeling to accelerate the docking process substantially. DSD can be interpreted as a formalism of several earlier surrogate prefiltering techniques, adding novel metrics and practical training practices. Specifically, we show that graph neural networks (GNNs) can serve as fast and accurate estimators of classical docking algorithms. Additionally, we introduce FiLMv2, a novel GNN architecture which we show outperforms existing state-of-the-art GNN architectures, attaining more accurate and stable performance by allowing the model to filter out irrelevant information from data more efficiently. Through extensive experimentation and analysis, we show that the DSD workflow combined with the FiLMv2 architecture provides a 9.496x speedup in molecule screening with a <3% recall error rate on an example docking task. Our open-source code is available at https://github.com/ryienh/graph-dock.

在三维分子结构上运行的计算方法有可能解决生物学和化学的重要问题。特别地，深度神经网络的重视，但它们在生物分子结构域中的广泛采用受到缺乏系统性能基准或统一工具包的限制，用于与分子数据相互作用。为了解决这个问题，我们呈现Atom3D，这是一个新颖的和现有的基准数据集的集合，跨越几个密钥的生物分子。我们为这些任务中的每一个实施多种三维分子学习方法，并表明它们始终如一地提高了基于单维和二维表示的方法的性能。结构的具体选择对于性能至关重要，具有涉及复杂几何形状的任务的三维卷积网络，在需要详细位置信息的系统中表现出良好的图形网络，以及最近开发的设备越多的网络显示出显着承诺。我们的结果表明，许多分子问题符合三维分子学习的增益，并且有可能改善许多仍然过分曝光的任务。为了降低进入并促进现场进一步发展的障碍，我们还提供了一套全面的DataSet处理，模型培训和在我们的开源ATOM3D Python包中的评估工具套件。所有数据集都可以从https://www.atom3d.ai下载。

蛋白质 - 配体相互作用（PLIS）是生化研究的基础，其鉴定对于估计合理治疗设计的生物物理和生化特性至关重要。目前，这些特性的实验表征是最准确的方法，然而，这是非常耗时和劳动密集型的。在这种情况下已经开发了许多计算方法，但大多数现有PLI预测大量取决于2D蛋白质序列数据。在这里，我们提出了一种新颖的并行图形神经网络（GNN），以集成PLI预测的知识表示和推理，以便通过专家知识引导的深度学习，并通过3D结构数据通知。我们开发了两个不同的GNN架构，GNNF是采用不同特种的基础实现，以增强域名认识，而GNNP是一种新颖的实现，可以预测未经分子间相互作用的先验知识。综合评价证明，GNN可以成功地捕获配体和蛋白质3D结构之间的二元相互作用，对于GNNF的测试精度和0.958，用于预测蛋白质 - 配体络合物的活性。这些模型进一步适用于回归任务以预测实验结合亲和力，PIC50对于药物效力和功效至关重要。我们在实验亲和力上达到0.66和0.65的Pearson相关系数，分别在PIC50和GNNP上进行0.50和0.51，优于基于2D序列的模型。我们的方法可以作为可解释和解释的人工智能（AI）工具，用于预测活动，效力和铅候选的生物物理性质。为此，我们通过筛选大型复合库并将我们的预测与实验测量数据进行比较来展示GNNP对SARS-COV-2蛋白靶标的实用性。

虽然最近在许多科学领域都变得无处不在，但对其评估的关注较少。对于分子生成模型，最先进的是孤立或与其输入有关的输出。但是，它们的生物学和功能特性（例如配体 - 靶标相互作用）尚未得到解决。在这项研究中，提出了一种新型的生物学启发的基准，用于评估分子生成模型。具体而言，设计了三个不同的参考数据集，并引入了与药物发现过程直接相关的一组指标。特别是我们提出了一个娱乐指标，将药物目标亲和力预测和分子对接应用作为评估生成产量的互补技术。虽然所有三个指标均在测试的生成模型中均表现出一致的结果，但对药物目标亲和力结合和分子对接分数进行了更详细的比较，表明单峰预测器可能会导致关于目标结合在分子水平和多模式方法的错误结论，而多模式的方法是错误的结论。因此优选。该框架的关键优点是，它通过明确关注配体 - 靶标相互作用，将先前的物理化学域知识纳入基准测试过程，从而创建了一种高效的工具，不仅用于评估分子生成型输出，而且还用于丰富富含分子生成的输出。一般而言，药物发现过程。

Deep learning models that leverage large datasets are often the state of the art for modelling molecular properties. When the datasets are smaller (< 2000 molecules), it is not clear that deep learning approaches are the right modelling tool. In this work we perform an extensive study of the calibration and generalizability of probabilistic machine learning models on small chemical datasets. Using different molecular representations and models, we analyse the quality of their predictions and uncertainties in a variety of tasks (binary, regression) and datasets. We also introduce two simulated experiments that evaluate their performance: (1) Bayesian optimization guided molecular design, (2) inference on out-of-distribution data via ablated cluster splits. We offer practical insights into model and feature choice for modelling small chemical datasets, a common scenario in new chemical experiments. We have packaged our analysis into the DIONYSUS repository, which is open sourced to aid in reproducibility and extension to new datasets.

与靶蛋白具有高结合亲和力的药物样分子的产生仍然是药物发现中的一项困难和资源密集型任务。现有的方法主要采用强化学习，马尔可夫采样或以高斯过程为指导的深层生成模型，在生成具有高结合亲和力的分子时，通过基于计算量的物理学方法计算出的高结合亲和力。我们提出了对分子（豪华轿车）的潜在构成主义，它通过类似于Inceptionism的技术显着加速了分子的产生。豪华轿车采用序列的两个神经网络采用变异自动编码器生成的潜在空间和性质预测，从而使基于梯度的分子特性更快地基于梯度的反相比。综合实验表明，豪华轿车在基准任务上具有竞争力，并且在产生具有高结合亲和力的类似药物的化合物的新任务上，其最先进的技术表现出了最先进的技术，可针对两个蛋白质靶标达到纳摩尔范围。我们通过对绝对结合能的基于更准确的基于分子动力学的计算来证实这些基于对接的结果，并表明我们生成的类似药物的化合物之一的预测$ k_d $（结合亲和力的量度）为$ 6 \ cdot 10^ {-14} $ m针对人类雌激素受体，远远超出了典型的早期药物候选物和大多数FDA批准的药物的亲和力。代码可从https://github.com/rose-stl-lab/limo获得。

Drug development is a wide scientific field that faces many challenges these days. Among them are extremely high development costs, long development times, as well as a low number of new drugs that are approved each year. To solve these problems, new and innovate technologies are needed that make the drug discovery process of small-molecules more time and cost-efficient, and which allow to target previously undruggable target classes such as protein-protein interactions. Structure-based virtual screenings have become a leading contender in this context. In this review, we give an introduction to the foundations of structure-based virtual screenings, and survey their progress in the past few years. We outline key principles, recent success stories, new methods, available software, and promising future research directions. Virtual screenings have an enormous potential for the development of new small-molecule drugs, and are already starting to transform early-stage drug discovery.

Graph classification is an important area in both modern research and industry. Multiple applications, especially in chemistry and novel drug discovery, encourage rapid development of machine learning models in this area. To keep up with the pace of new research, proper experimental design, fair evaluation, and independent benchmarks are essential. Design of strong baselines is an indispensable element of such works. In this thesis, we explore multiple approaches to graph classification. We focus on Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), which emerged as a de facto standard deep learning technique for graph representation learning. Classical approaches, such as graph descriptors and molecular fingerprints, are also addressed. We design fair evaluation experimental protocol and choose proper datasets collection. This allows us to perform numerous experiments and rigorously analyze modern approaches. We arrive to many conclusions, which shed new light on performance and quality of novel algorithms. We investigate application of Jumping Knowledge GNN architecture to graph classification, which proves to be an efficient tool for improving base graph neural network architectures. Multiple improvements to baseline models are also proposed and experimentally verified, which constitutes an important contribution to the field of fair model comparison.

机器学习在虚拟筛选中显示出巨大的潜力，用于药物发现。目前正在加速基于对接的虚拟筛选的努力不考虑使用其他先前开发的目标的现有数据。为了利用其他目标的知识并利用现有数据，在这项工作中，我们将多任务学习应用于基于对接的虚拟筛选问题。通过两个大型对接数据集，广泛实验结果表明，多任务学习可以实现对接分数预测的更好性能。通过在多个目标上学习知识，由多任务学习训练的模型显示了适应新目标的更好能力。额外的实证研究表明，药物发现中的其他问题，例如实验药物 - 目标亲和预测，也可能受益于多任务学习。我们的结果表明，多任务学习是基于对接的虚拟筛选和加速药物发现过程的有前途的机器学习方法。

Predicting drug side-effects before they occur is a key task in keeping the number of drug-related hospitalizations low and to improve drug discovery processes. Automatic predictors of side-effects generally are not able to process the structure of the drug, resulting in a loss of information. Graph neural networks have seen great success in recent years, thanks to their ability of exploiting the information conveyed by the graph structure and labels. These models have been used in a wide variety of biological applications, among which the prediction of drug side-effects on a large knowledge graph. Exploiting the molecular graph encoding the structure of the drug represents a novel approach, in which the problem is formulated as a multi-class multi-label graph-focused classification. We developed a methodology to carry out this task, using recurrent Graph Neural Networks, and building a dataset from freely accessible and well established data sources. The results show that our method has an improved classification capability, under many parameters and metrics, with respect to previously available predictors.

阐明并准确预测分子的吸毒性和生物活性在药物设计和发现中起关键作用，并且仍然是一个开放的挑战。最近，图神经网络（GNN）在基于图的分子属性预测方面取得了显着进步。但是，当前基于图的深度学习方法忽略了分子的分层信息以及特征通道之间的关系。在这项研究中，我们提出了一个精心设计的分层信息图神经网络框架（称为hignn），用于通过利用分子图和化学合成的可见的无限元素片段来预测分子特性。此外，首先在Hignn体系结构中设计了一个插件功能的注意块，以适应消息传递阶段后自适应重新校准原子特征。广泛的实验表明，Hignn在许多具有挑战性的药物发现相关基准数据集上实现了最先进的预测性能。此外，我们设计了一种分子碎片的相似性机制，以全面研究Hignn模型在子图水平上的解释性，表明Hignn作为强大的深度学习工具可以帮助化学家和药剂师识别出设计更好分子的关键分子，以设计更好的分子，以设计出所需的更好分子。属性或功能。源代码可在https://github.com/idruglab/hignn上公开获得。

最近，基于深度神经网络（DNN）的药物 - 目标相互作用（DTI）模型以高精度突出显示，具有实惠的计算成本。然而，模型在硅药物发现的实践中仍然是一个具有挑战性的问题。我们提出了两项​​关键策略，以提高DTI模型的概括。首先是通过用神经网络参数化的物理通知方程来预测原子原子对相互作用，并提供蛋白质 - 配体复合物作为其总和的总结合亲和力。通过增强更广泛的绑定姿势和配体来培训数据，我们进一步改善了模型泛化。我们验证了我们的模型，PIGNET，在评分职能（CASF）2016的比较评估中，展示了比以前的方法更优于对接和筛选力。我们的物理信息策略还通过可视化配体副结构的贡献来解释预测的亲和力，为进一步配体优化提供了见解。

DNA-Encoded Library (DEL) technology has enabled significant advances in hit identification by enabling efficient testing of combinatorially-generated molecular libraries. DEL screens measure protein binding affinity though sequencing reads of molecules tagged with unique DNA-barcodes that survive a series of selection experiments. Computational models have been deployed to learn the latent binding affinities that are correlated to the sequenced count data; however, this correlation is often obfuscated by various sources of noise introduced in its complicated data-generation process. In order to denoise DEL count data and screen for molecules with good binding affinity, computational models require the correct assumptions in their modeling structure to capture the correct signals underlying the data. Recent advances in DEL models have focused on probabilistic formulations of count data, but existing approaches have thus far been limited to only utilizing 2-D molecule-level representations. We introduce a new paradigm, DEL-Dock, that combines ligand-based descriptors with 3-D spatial information from docked protein-ligand complexes. 3-D spatial information allows our model to learn over the actual binding modality rather than using only structured-based information of the ligand. We show that our model is capable of effectively denoising DEL count data to predict molecule enrichment scores that are better correlated with experimental binding affinity measurements compared to prior works. Moreover, by learning over a collection of docked poses we demonstrate that our model, trained only on DEL data, implicitly learns to perform good docking pose selection without requiring external supervision from expensive-to-source protein crystal structures.

人工智能（AI）在过去十年中一直在改变药物发现的实践。各种AI技术已在广泛的应用中使用，例如虚拟筛选和药物设计。在本调查中，我们首先概述了药物发现，并讨论了相关的应用，可以减少到两个主要任务，即分子性质预测和分子产生。然后，我们讨论常见的数据资源，分子表示和基准平台。此外，为了总结AI在药物发现中的进展情况，我们介绍了在调查的论文中包括模型架构和学习范式的相关AI技术。我们预计本调查将作为有兴趣在人工智能和药物发现界面工作的研究人员的指南。我们还提供了GitHub存储库（HTTPS:///github.com/dengjianyuan/survey_survey_au_drug_discovery），其中包含文件和代码，如适用，作为定期更新的学习资源。

基于深度学习的分子建模的最新进步令人兴奋地加速硅药发现。可获得血清的生成模型，构建原子原子和键合或逐片键的分子。然而，许多药物发现项目需要固定的支架以存在于所生成的分子中，并纳入该约束仅探讨了该约束。在这里，我们提出了一种基于图形的模型，其自然地支持支架作为生成过程的初始种子，这是可能的，因为它不调节在发电历史上。我们的实验表明，Moler与最先进的方法进行了相当的方法，在无约会的分子优化任务上，并且在基于脚手架的任务上优于它们，而不是比现有方法从培训和样本更快的数量级。此外，我们展示了许多看似小设计选择对整体性能的影响。

分子特性预测是与关键现实影响的深度学习的增长最快的应用之一。包括3D分子结构作为学习模型的输入可以提高它们对许多分子任务的性能。但是，此信息是不可行的，可以以几个现实世界应用程序所需的规模计算。我们建议预先训练模型，以推理仅给予其仅为2D分子图的分子的几何形状。使用来自自我监督学习的方法，我们最大化3D汇总向量和图形神经网络（GNN）的表示之间的相互信息，使得它们包含潜在的3D信息。在具有未知几何形状的分子上进行微调期间，GNN仍然产生隐式3D信息，并可以使用它来改善下游任务。我们表明3D预训练为广泛的性质提供了显着的改进，例如八个量子力学性能的22％的平均MAE。此外，可以在不同分子空间中的数据集之间有效地传送所学习的表示。

在药物发现中，分子优化是在所需药物性质方面将药物候选改变为更好的阶梯。随着近期人工智能的进展，传统上的体外过程越来越促进了Silico方法。我们以硅方法提出了一种创新的，以通过深生成模型制定分子并制定问题，以便产生优化的分子图。我们的生成模型遵循基于片段的药物设计的关键思想，并通过修改其小碎片来优化分子。我们的模型了解如何识别待优化的碎片以及如何通过学习具有良好和不良性质的分子的差异来修改此类碎片。在优化新分子时，我们的模型将学习信号应用于在片段的预测位置解码优化的片段。我们还将多个这样的模型构造成管道，使得管道中的每个模型能够优化一个片段，因此整个流水线能够在需要时改变多个分子片段。我们将我们的模型与基准数据集的其他最先进的方法进行比较，并证明我们的方法在中等分子相似度约束下具有超过80％的性质改善，在高分子相似度约束下具有超过80％的财产改善。 。

In this work, we propose MEDICO, a Multi-viEw Deep generative model for molecule generation, structural optimization, and the SARS-CoV-2 Inhibitor disCOvery. To the best of our knowledge, MEDICO is the first-of-this-kind graph generative model that can generate molecular graphs similar to the structure of targeted molecules, with a multi-view representation learning framework to sufficiently and adaptively learn comprehensive structural semantics from targeted molecular topology and geometry. We show that our MEDICO significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in generating valid, unique, and novel molecules under benchmarking comparisons. In particular, we showcase the multi-view deep learning model enables us to generate not only the molecules structurally similar to the targeted molecules but also the molecules with desired chemical properties, demonstrating the strong capability of our model in exploring the chemical space deeply. Moreover, case study results on targeted molecule generation for the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) show that by integrating molecule docking into our model as chemical priori, we successfully generate new small molecules with desired drug-like properties for the Mpro, potentially accelerating the de novo design of Covid-19 drugs. Further, we apply MEDICO to the structural optimization of three well-known Mpro inhibitors (N3, 11a, and GC376) and achieve ~88% improvement in their binding affinity to Mpro, demonstrating the application value of our model for the development of therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Supervised learning on molecules has incredible potential to be useful in chemistry, drug discovery, and materials science. Luckily, several promising and closely related neural network models invariant to molecular symmetries have already been described in the literature. These models learn a message passing algorithm and aggregation procedure to compute a function of their entire input graph. At this point, the next step is to find a particularly effective variant of this general approach and apply it to chemical prediction benchmarks until we either solve them or reach the limits of the approach. In this paper, we reformulate existing models into a single common framework we call Message Passing Neural Networks (MPNNs) and explore additional novel variations within this framework. Using MPNNs we demonstrate state of the art results on an important molecular property prediction benchmark; these results are strong enough that we believe future work should focus on datasets with larger molecules or more accurate ground truth labels.Recently, large scale quantum chemistry calculation and molecular dynamics simulations coupled with advances in high throughput experiments have begun to generate data at an unprecedented rate. Most classical techniques do not make effective use of the larger amounts of data that are now available. The time is ripe to apply more powerful and flexible machine learning methods to these problems, assuming we can find models with suitable inductive biases. The symmetries of atomic systems suggest neural networks that operate on graph structured data and are invariant to graph isomorphism might also be appropriate for molecules. Sufficiently successful models could someday help automate challenging chemical search problems in drug discovery or materials science.In this paper, our goal is to demonstrate effective machine learning models for chemical prediction problems

人工智能（AI）已被广泛应用于药物发现中，其主要任务是分子财产预测。尽管分子表示学习中AI技术的繁荣，但尚未仔细检查分子性质预测的一些关键方面。在这项研究中，我们对三个代表性模型，即随机森林，莫尔伯特和格罗弗进行了系统比较，该模型分别利用了三个主要的分子表示，扩展连接的指纹，微笑的字符串和分子图。值得注意的是，莫尔伯特（Molbert）和格罗弗（Grover）以自我监督的方式在大规模的无标记分子库中进行了预定。除了常用的分子基准数据集外，我们还组装了一套与阿片类药物相关的数据集进行下游预测评估。我们首先对标签分布和结构分析进行了数据集分析；我们还检查了阿片类药物相关数据集中的活动悬崖问题。然后，我们培训了4,320个预测模型，并评估了学习表示的有用性。此外，我们通过研究统计测试，评估指标和任务设置的效果来探索模型评估。最后，我们将化学空间的概括分解为施加间和支柱内的概括，并测量了预测性能，以评估两种设置下模型的普遍性。通过采取这种喘息，我们反映了分子财产预测的基本关键方面，希望在该领域带来更好的AI技术的意识。