我们提出了一种称为分配 - 均衡损失的新损失功能,用于展示长尾类分布的多标签识别问题。与传统的单标分类问题相比,由于两个重要问题,多标签识别问题通常更具挑战性,即标签的共同发生以及负标签的主导地位(当被视为多个二进制分类问题时)。分配 - 平衡损失通过对标准二进制交叉熵丢失的两个关键修改来解决这些问题:1)重新平衡考虑标签共发生造成的影响的重量的新方法,以及2)负耐受规则化以减轻负标签的过度抑制。 Pascal VOC和Coco的实验表明,使用这种新损失功能训练的模型可实现现有方法的显着性能。代码和型号可在:https://github.com/wutong16/distributionbalancedloss。
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Deep learning algorithms can fare poorly when the training dataset suffers from heavy class-imbalance but the testing criterion requires good generalization on less frequent classes. We design two novel methods to improve performance in such scenarios. First, we propose a theoretically-principled label-distribution-aware margin (LDAM) loss motivated by minimizing a margin-based generalization bound. This loss replaces the standard cross-entropy objective during training and can be applied with prior strategies for training with class-imbalance such as re-weighting or re-sampling. Second, we propose a simple, yet effective, training schedule that defers re-weighting until after the initial stage, allowing the model to learn an initial representation while avoiding some of the complications associated with re-weighting or re-sampling. We test our methods on several benchmark vision tasks including the real-world imbalanced dataset iNaturalist 2018. Our experiments show that either of these methods alone can already improve over existing techniques and their combination achieves even better performance gains 1 .
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尽管近期长尾对象检测成功,但几乎所有长尾对象探测器都是基于两级范式开发的。在实践中,一阶段探测器在行业中更为普遍,因为它们具有简单而快速的管道,易于部署。然而,在长尾情景中,到目前为止,这项工作尚未探讨。在本文中,我们调查了在这种情况下是否可以良好的单级探测器表现良好。我们发现预防一步检测器实现优异性能的主要障碍是:在长尾数据分布下,类别遭受不同程度的正负不平衡问题。传统的焦点损失与所有类别的调制因子相同的调节因子平衡,因此未能处理长尾问题。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了根据其不平衡程度独立地重新平衡不同类别的正面和负样本的损失贡献的均等的联络损失(EFL)。具体而言,EFL采用类别相关调制因子,可以通过不同类别的培训状态来动态调整。对挑战性的LVIS V1基准进行的广泛实验表明了我们提出的方法的有效性。通过端到端培训管道,EF​​L在整体AP方面实现了29.2%,并对稀有类别进行了显着的性能改进,超越了所有现有的最先进的方法。代码可在https://github.com/modeltc/eod上获得。
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现实世界数据普遍面对严重的类别 - 不平衡问题,并且展示了长尾分布,即,大多数标签与有限的情况有关。由此类数据集监督的NA \“IVE模型更愿意占主导地位标签,遇到严重的普遍化挑战并变得不佳。我们从先前的角度提出了两种新的方法,以减轻这种困境。首先,我们推导了一个以平衡为导向的数据增强命名均匀的混合物(Unimix)促进长尾情景中的混合,采用先进的混合因子和采样器,支持少数民族。第二,受贝叶斯理论的动机,我们弄清了贝叶斯偏见(北美),是由此引起的固有偏见先前的不一致,并将其补偿为对标准交叉熵损失的修改。我们进一步证明了所提出的方法理论上和经验地确保分类校准。广泛的实验验证我们的策略是否有助于更好校准的模型,以及他们的策略组合在CIFAR-LT,ImageNet-LT和Inattations 2018上实现最先进的性能。
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与其他类别(称为少数族裔或尾巴类)相比,很少的类或类别(称为多数或头等类别的类别)具有更高的数据样本数量,在现实世界中,长尾数据集经常遇到。在此类数据集上培训深层神经网络会给质量级别带来偏见。到目前为止,研究人员提出了多种加权损失和数据重新采样技术,以减少偏见。但是,大多数此类技术都认为,尾巴类始终是最难学习的类,因此需要更多的重量或注意力。在这里,我们认为该假设可能并不总是成立的。因此,我们提出了一种新颖的方法,可以在模型的训练阶段动态测量每个类别的瞬时难度。此外,我们使用每个班级的难度度量来设计一种新型的加权损失技术,称为“基于阶级难度的加权(CDB-W)损失”和一种新型的数据采样技术,称为“基于类别难度的采样)(CDB-S )'。为了验证CDB方法的广泛可用性,我们对多个任务进行了广泛的实验,例如图像分类,对象检测,实例分割和视频操作分类。结果验证了CDB-W损失和CDB-S可以在许多类似于现实世界中用例的类别不平衡数据集(例如Imagenet-LT,LVIS和EGTEA)上实现最先进的结果。
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The long-tail distribution of the visual world poses great challenges for deep learning based classification models on how to handle the class imbalance problem. Existing solutions usually involve class-balancing strategies, e.g. by loss re-weighting, data re-sampling, or transfer learning from head-to tail-classes, but most of them adhere to the scheme of jointly learning representations and classifiers. In this work, we decouple the learning procedure into representation learning and classification, and systematically explore how different balancing strategies affect them for long-tailed recognition. The findings are surprising: (1) data imbalance might not be an issue in learning high-quality representations; (2) with representations learned with the simplest instance-balanced (natural) sampling, it is also possible to achieve strong long-tailed recognition ability by adjusting only the classifier. We conduct extensive experiments and set new state-of-the-art performance on common long-tailed benchmarks like ImageNet-LT, Places-LT and iNaturalist, showing that it is possible to outperform carefully designed losses, sampling strategies, even complex modules with memory, by using a straightforward approach that decouples representation and classification. Our code is available at https://github.com/facebookresearch/classifier-balancing.
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Object recognition techniques using convolutional neural networks (CNN) have achieved great success. However, state-of-the-art object detection methods still perform poorly on large vocabulary and long-tailed datasets, e.g. LVIS.In this work, we analyze this problem from a novel perspective: each positive sample of one category can be seen as a negative sample for other categories, making the tail categories receive more discouraging gradients. Based on it, we propose a simple but effective loss, named equalization loss, to tackle the problem of long-tailed rare categories by simply ignoring those gradients for rare categories. The equalization loss protects the learning of rare categories from being at a disadvantage during the network parameter updating. Thus the model is capable of learning better discriminative features for objects of rare classes. Without any bells and whistles, our method achieves AP gains of 4.1% and 4.8% for the rare and common categories on the challenging LVIS benchmark, compared to the Mask R-CNN baseline. With the utilization of the effective equalization loss, we finally won the 1st place in the LVIS Challenge 2019. Code has been made available at: https: //github.com/tztztztztz/eql.detectron2
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在现实世界中,医疗数据集通常表现出长尾数据分布(即,一些类占据大多数数据,而大多数类都很少有一些样本),这导致挑战的不平衡学习场景。例如,估计有超过40种不同的视网膜疾病,无论发生了多种发病率,然而,来自全球患者队列的超过30多种条件非常罕见,这导致基于深度学习的筛选典型的长尾学习问题楷模。此外,视网膜中可能存在多种疾病,这导致多标签情景并为重新采样策略带来标签共生问题。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种新颖的框架,利用了视网膜疾病的先验知识,以便在等级 - 明智的约束下培训模型的更强大的代表。然后,首先引入了一个实例 - 明智的类平衡的采样策略和混合知识蒸馏方式,以从长尾的多标签分布中学习。我们的实验培训超过一百万个样品的视网膜数据集展示了我们所提出的方法的优越性,这些方法优于所有竞争对手,并显着提高大多数疾病的识别准确性,特别是那些罕见的疾病。
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由于癌症样品收集和注释的难度,宫颈癌数据集通常表现出长尾数据分布。当训练检测器以检测WSI(整个切片图像)中的癌细胞时,从TCT(ThinPrep细胞学测试)样品捕获的样品时,头部类别(例如正常细胞和炎性细胞)通常比尾巴类别数量更大。 (例如癌细胞)。对象检测中的大多数现有最新的长尾学习方法将重点放在类别分布统计上,以解决长尾方案中的问题,而无需考虑每个样本的“硬度”。为了解决这个问题,在这项工作中,我们提出了一个Grad-libra损失,该损失利用梯度动态校准每个样品的硬度程度,以使不同类别的硬度度重新平衡正面和负样品的梯度。因此,我们的损失可以帮助探测器更加重视头部和尾部类别中的这些硬样品。在长尾的TCT WSI图像数据集上进行了广泛的实验表明,主流检测器,例如对使用我们建议的梯度损失训练的训练,重新点,FCO,ATSS,YOLOF等的地图比使用跨透明分类损失训练的地图要高得多(7.8%)。
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大多数现有的最新视频分类方法假设训练数据遵守统一的分布。但是,现实世界中的视频数据通常会表现出不平衡的长尾巴分布,从而导致模型偏见对头等阶层,并且在尾巴上的性能相对较低。虽然当前的长尾分类方法通常集中在图像分类上,但将其调整到视频数据并不是微不足道的扩展。我们提出了一种端到端的多专家分布校准方法,以基于两级分布信息来应对这些挑战。该方法共同考虑了每个类别中样品的分布(类内部分布)和各种数据(类间分布)的总体分布,以解决在长尾分布下数据不平衡数据的问题。通过对两级分布信息进行建模,该模型可以共同考虑头等阶层和尾部类别,并将知识从头等阶层显着转移,以提高尾部类别的性能。广泛的实验验证了我们的方法是否在长尾视频分类任务上实现了最先进的性能。
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The real-world data tends to be heavily imbalanced and severely skew the data-driven deep neural networks, which makes Long-Tailed Recognition (LTR) a massive challenging task. Existing LTR methods seldom train Vision Transformers (ViTs) with Long-Tailed (LT) data, while the off-the-shelf pretrain weight of ViTs always leads to unfair comparisons. In this paper, we systematically investigate the ViTs' performance in LTR and propose LiVT to train ViTs from scratch only with LT data. With the observation that ViTs suffer more severe LTR problems, we conduct Masked Generative Pretraining (MGP) to learn generalized features. With ample and solid evidence, we show that MGP is more robust than supervised manners. In addition, Binary Cross Entropy (BCE) loss, which shows conspicuous performance with ViTs, encounters predicaments in LTR. We further propose the balanced BCE to ameliorate it with strong theoretical groundings. Specially, we derive the unbiased extension of Sigmoid and compensate extra logit margins to deploy it. Our Bal-BCE contributes to the quick convergence of ViTs in just a few epochs. Extensive experiments demonstrate that with MGP and Bal-BCE, LiVT successfully trains ViTs well without any additional data and outperforms comparable state-of-the-art methods significantly, e.g., our ViT-B achieves 81.0% Top-1 accuracy in iNaturalist 2018 without bells and whistles. Code is available at https://github.com/XuZhengzhuo/LiVT.
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Our work focuses on tackling the challenging but natural visual recognition task of long-tailed data distribution (i.e., a few classes occupy most of the data, while most classes have rarely few samples). In the literature, class re-balancing strategies (e.g., re-weighting and re-sampling) are the prominent and effective methods proposed to alleviate the extreme imbalance for dealing with long-tailed problems. In this paper, we firstly discover that these rebalancing methods achieving satisfactory recognition accuracy owe to that they could significantly promote the classifier learning of deep networks. However, at the same time, they will unexpectedly damage the representative ability of the learned deep features to some extent. Therefore, we propose a unified Bilateral-Branch Network (BBN) to take care of both representation learning and classifier learning simultaneously, where each branch does perform its own duty separately. In particular, our BBN model is further equipped with a novel cumulative learning strategy, which is designed to first learn the universal patterns and then pay attention to the tail data gradually. Extensive experiments on four benchmark datasets, including the large-scale iNaturalist ones, justify that the proposed BBN can significantly outperform state-of-the-art methods. Furthermore, validation experiments can demonstrate both our preliminary discovery and effectiveness of tailored designs in BBN for long-tailed problems. Our method won the first place in the iNaturalist 2019 large scale species classification competition, and our code is open-source and available at https://github.com/Megvii-Nanjing/BBN . * Q. Cui and Z.-M. Chen's contribution was made when they were interns in Megvii Research Nanjing, Megvii Technology, China. X.
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深度神经网络通常使用遇到数量不平衡和分类难度不平衡问题的数据集的性能很差。尽管在该领域取得了进展,但现有的两阶段方法中仍然存在数据集偏差或域转移问题。因此,提出了一个分阶段的渐进学习时间表,从而提出了从表示学习到上层分类器培训的平稳转移。这对严重失衡或较小尺度的数据集具有更大的有效性。设计了耦合 - 调节损失损失函数,耦合校正项,局灶性损失和LDAM损失。损失可以更好地处理数量不平衡和异常值,同时调节具有不同分类困难的样本的注意力重点。这些方法在多个基准数据集上取得了令人满意的结果,包括不平衡的CIFAR10,不平衡的CIFAR100,Imagenet-LT和Inaturalist 2018,并且还可以轻松地将其用于其他不平衡分类模型。
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With the rapid increase of large-scale, real-world datasets, it becomes critical to address the problem of longtailed data distribution (i.e., a few classes account for most of the data, while most classes are under-represented). Existing solutions typically adopt class re-balancing strategies such as re-sampling and re-weighting based on the number of observations for each class. In this work, we argue that as the number of samples increases, the additional benefit of a newly added data point will diminish. We introduce a novel theoretical framework to measure data overlap by associating with each sample a small neighboring region rather than a single point. The effective number of samples is defined as the volume of samples and can be calculated by a simple formula (1−β n )/(1−β), where n is the number of samples and β ∈ [0, 1) is a hyperparameter. We design a re-weighting scheme that uses the effective number of samples for each class to re-balance the loss, thereby yielding a class-balanced loss. Comprehensive experiments are conducted on artificially induced long-tailed CIFAR datasets and large-scale datasets including ImageNet and iNaturalist. Our results show that when trained with the proposed class-balanced loss, the network is able to achieve significant performance gains on long-tailed datasets. * The work was performed while Yin Cui and Yang Song worked at Google (a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc.).
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在缺少标签(MLML)的情况下,多标签学习是一个具有挑战性的问题。现有方法主要关注网络结构或培训方案的设计,这提高了实现的复杂性。这项工作旨在满足MLML中的损失函数的潜力,而不增加程序和复杂性。为此,我们通过鲁棒损失设计提出了两种简单但有效的方法,基于观察到模型可以在高精度训练期间识别丢失的标签。首先是对底层的良好损失,即山损,重量底部以山的形状重量否定,以减轻虚假底片的效果。第二个是自定步损耗校正(SPLC)方法,其利用缺失标签的近似分布下的最大似然标准导出的丢失。在各种多标签图像分类数据集上的综合实验表明,我们的方法可以显着提高MLML的性能,并在MLML中实现新的最先进的损失函数。
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长尾数据集(Head Class)组成的培训样本比尾巴类别多得多,这会导致识别模型对头等舱有偏见。加权损失是缓解此问题的最受欢迎的方法之一,最近的一项工作表明,班级难度可能比常规使用的类频率更好地决定了权重的分布。在先前的工作中使用了一种启发式公式来量化难度,但是我们从经验上发现,最佳公式取决于数据集的特征。因此,我们提出了困难网络,该难题学习在元学习框架中使用模型的性能来预测类的难度。为了使其在其他班级的背景下学习班级的合理难度,我们新介绍了两个关键概念,即相对难度和驾驶员损失。前者有助于困难网络在计算班级难度时考虑其他课程,而后者对于将学习指向有意义的方向是必不可少的。对流行的长尾数据集进行了广泛的实验证明了该方法的有效性,并且在多个长尾数据集上实现了最先进的性能。
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少数族裔类的数据增强是长尾识别的有效策略,因此开发了大量方法。尽管这些方法都确保了样本数量的平衡,但是增强样品的质量并不总是令人满意的,识别且容易出现过度拟合,缺乏多样性,语义漂移等问题。对于这些问题,我们建议班级感知的大学启发了重新平衡学习(CAUIRR),以进行长尾识别,这使Universum具有班级感知的能力,可以从样本数量和质量中重新平衡个人少数族裔。特别是,我们从理论上证明,凯尔学到的分类器与从贝叶斯的角度从平衡状态下学到的那些人一致。此外,我们进一步开发了一种高阶混合方法,该方法可以自动生成类感知的Universum(CAU)数据,而无需诉诸任何外部数据。与传统的大学不同,此类产生的全球还考虑了域的相似性,阶级可分离性和样本多样性。基准数据集的广泛实验证明了我们方法的令人惊讶的优势,尤其是与最先进的方法相比,少数族裔类别的TOP1准确性提高了1.9%6%。
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类别不平衡数据的问题在于,由于少数类别的数据缺乏数据,分类器的泛化性能劣化。在本文中,我们提出了一种新的少数民族过度采样方法,通过利用大多数类作为背景图像的丰富背景来增加多元化的少数民族样本。为了使少数民族样本多样化,我们的主要思想是将前景补丁从少数级别粘贴到来自具有富裕环境的多数类的背景图像。我们的方法很简单,可以轻松地与现有的长尾识别方法结合。我们通过广泛的实验和消融研究证明了提出的过采样方法的有效性。如果没有任何架构更改或复杂的算法,我们的方法在各种长尾分类基准上实现了最先进的性能。我们的代码将在链接上公开提供。
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由于难以收集详尽的多标签注释,因此多标签数据集通常包含部分标签。我们考虑了这个弱监督的学习问题的极端,称为单个积极的多标签学习(SPML),其中每个多标签训练图像只有一个正标签。传统上,所有未注释的标签都被认为是SPML中的负标签,它引入了假阴性标签,并导致模型训练被假定的负标签所支配。在这项工作中,我们选择从替代角度来对待所有未经注释的标签,即承认它们是未知的。因此,我们提出熵最大化(EM)损失,以达到提供适当监督信号的特殊梯度制度。此外,我们提出了采用不对称耐受性策略和自定进度程序的不对称伪标记(APL),以与EM损失合作,然后提供更精确的监督。实验表明,我们的方法可显着提高性能,并在所有四个基准测试中实现最先进的结果。代码可从https://github.com/correr-zhou/spml-acktheunknown获得。
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当样本通过深层神经网络时,功能,逻辑和标签是三个主要数据。近年来,功能扰动和标签扰动受到越来越多的关注。事实证明,它们在各种深度学习方法中很有用。例如,(对抗性)特征扰动可以提高学习模型的鲁棒性甚至概括能力。但是,有限的研究已明确探索了对逻辑向量的扰动。这项工作讨论了几种与类级别logit扰动有关的现有方法。建立了logit扰动引起的正/负数据扩大和损失变化之间的统一观点。提供理论分析以阐明为什么类级logit扰动有用。因此,提出了新的方法,以明确学习单标签和多标签分类任务的扰动逻辑。基准图像分类数据集及其长尾版本的广泛实验表明我们的学习方法的竞争性能。由于它仅在logit上,因此可以用作与任何现有分类算法融合的插件。所有代码均可在https://github.com/limengyang1992/lpl上找到。
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