A key missing ability of current language models (LMs) is grounding to real-world environments. Most existing work for grounded language understanding uses LMs to directly generate plans that can be executed in the environment to achieve the desired effects. It casts the burden of ensuring grammaticality, faithfulness, and controllability all on the LMs. We propose Pangu, a generic framework for grounded language understanding that capitalizes on the discriminative ability of LMs instead of their generative ability. Pangu consists of a symbolic agent and a neural LM working in a concerted fashion: the agent explores the environment to incrementally construct valid candidate plans, and the LM evaluates the plausibility of the candidate plans to guide the search process. A case study on the challenging problem of knowledge base question answering (KBQA), which features a massive environment, demonstrates the remarkable effectiveness and flexibility of Pangu: A BERT-base LM is sufficient for achieving a new state of the art on standard KBQA datasets, and larger LMs further improve the performance by a large margin. Pangu also enables, for the first time, effective few-shot in-context learning for KBQA with large LMs such as Codex.
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在知识库(KBQA)上回答的问题对语义解析研究提出了一个独特的挑战,这是由于两个相互交织的挑战:大大的搜索空间和模式链接中的歧义。基于常规排名的KBQA模型依靠候选枚举步骤来减少搜索空间,在预测复杂查询方面具有灵活性而挣扎并具有不切实际的运行时间。在本文中,我们提出了Arcaneqa,这是一个基于新的一代模型,它既解决统一框架中的大型搜索空间和架构将挑战联系起来的挑战,以及两种相互增强的成分:动态程序诱导,以解决大型搜索空间和动态上下文化的编码,以用于模式链接。多个流行KBQA数据集的实验结果证明了Arcaneqa在有效性和效率方面的竞争性能高。
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深度学习的最新进展极大地推动了语义解析的研究。此后,在许多下游任务中进行了改进,包括Web API的自然语言接口,文本到SQL的生成等。但是,尽管与这些任务有着密切的联系,但有关知识库的问题的研究(KBQA)的进展相对缓慢。我们将其确定并归因于KBQA的两个独特挑战,模式级的复杂性和事实级别的复杂性。在这项调查中,我们将KBQA放置在更广泛的语义解析文献中,并全面说明了现有的KBQA方法如何试图应对独特的挑战。无论面临什么独特的挑战,我们都认为我们仍然可以从语义解析的文献中汲取太大的灵感,这被现有的KBQA研究所忽略了。基于我们的讨论,我们可以更好地了解当前KBQA研究的瓶颈,并阐明KBQA的有希望的方向,以跟上语义解析的文献,尤其是在预训练的语言模型时代。
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上下文学习是最近的自然语言理解的范例,其中大型预先接受的语言模型(LM)观察测试实例和一些训练示例作为其输入,并直接对输出进行解码,而不会对其参数进行任何更新。但是,表现已被证明强烈依赖于所选培训示例(称为提示)。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种有效的方法,用于使用注释的数据和LM检索内心学习的提示。给定输入输出对,我们估计给出输入和候选训练示例的输出的概率作为提示,以及基于这种概率的正面或负标记训练示例。然后,我们从该数据中培训一个有效的密集鼠尾,用于检索训练示例作为测试时间的提示。我们在三个序列到序列任务中评估我们的方法,其中语言话语映射到意义表示,并发现它基本上优于前面的工作和电路板的多个基线。
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语言模型(LMS)被证明具有对物理世界的常识知识,这对于在日常情况下完成任务至关重要。但是,LMS是否有能力为具体任务生成扎根的可执行计划,这仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。这是非常具有挑战性的,因为LMS没有“眼睛”或“手”来感知现实的环境。在这项工作中,我们展示了有关这个重要研究问题的第一个研究。我们首先提出了一个名为G-Planet的新型问题公式,它将其作为输入一个高级目标和在特定环境中的对象表。预期输出是一个计划,该计划包括逐步指令供代理执行。为了实现此问题的研究,我们建立了一个评估协议,并设计了一个专门的指标来评估计划的质量。在我们的广泛实验中,我们表明,为编码环境添加扁平表并使用迭代解码策略都可以提高LMS的基础计划能力。我们对结果的分析也导致有趣的非平凡发现。
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我们探索使用大型预用语言模型作为少量语义解析器。语义解析中的目标是给定自然语言输入的结构化含义表示。但是,培训语言模型以生成自然语言。为了弥合差距,我们使用语言模型来解释进入一个类似于英语的受控的子宫内的输入,可以自动映射到目标含义表示表示。我们的结果表明,只有少量的数据和较少的代码转换为类似英语的代表,我们为快速启动语义解析器的蓝图导致了对多个社区任务的令人惊讶的有效性能,大大超过基线方法也在相同的限制上培训数据。
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Parsing natural language questions into executable logical forms is a useful and interpretable way to perform question answering on structured data such as knowledge bases (KB) or databases (DB). However, existing approaches on semantic parsing cannot adapt to both modalities, as they suffer from the exponential growth of the logical form candidates and can hardly generalize to unseen data. In this work, we propose Uni-Parser, a unified semantic parser for question answering (QA) on both KB and DB. We introduce the primitive (relation and entity in KB, and table name, column name and cell value in DB) as an essential element in our framework. The number of primitives grows linearly with the number of retrieved relations in KB and DB, preventing us from dealing with exponential logic form candidates. We leverage the generator to predict final logical forms by altering and composing topranked primitives with different operations (e.g. select, where, count). With sufficiently pruned search space by a contrastive primitive ranker, the generator is empowered to capture the composition of primitives enhancing its generalization ability. We achieve competitive results on multiple KB and DB QA benchmarks more efficiently, especially in the compositional and zero-shot settings.
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从头开始解决复杂问题通常是有挑战性的,但如果我们可以访问其解决方案的其他类似问题,则更容易 - 一种称为基于案例的推理(CBR)的范式。我们提出了一种神经象征性的CBR方法(CBR-KBQA),用于在大知识库上应答。 CBR-KBQA由非参数内存组成,该内存存储案例(问题和逻辑表单)和参数模型,该参数模型可以通过检索与其相关的案例来为新问题生成逻辑表单。在包含复杂问题的几个KBQA数据集上,CBR-KBQA实现了竞争性能。例如,在ComplexWebQuestions数据集上,CBR-KBQA以11 \%的准确度优于当前最新状态。此外,我们表明CBR-KBQA能够使用新案例\ EMPH {没有}任何进一步的培训:通过在案例存储器中纳入一些人类标记的示例,CBR-KBQA能够成功地生成包含未经看线KB实体的逻辑表格以及关系。
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随着未来以数据为中心的决策,对数据库的无缝访问至关重要。关于创建有效的文本到SQL(Text2SQL)模型以访问数据库的数据有广泛的研究。使用自然语言是可以通过有效访问数据库(尤其是对于非技术用户)来弥合数据和结果之间差距的最佳接口之一。它将打开门,并在精通技术技能或不太熟练的查询语言的用户中引起极大的兴趣。即使提出或研究了许多基于深度学习的算法,在现实工作场景中使用自然语言来解决数据查询问题仍然非常具有挑战性。原因是在不同的研究中使用不同的数据集,这带来了其局限性和假设。同时,我们确实缺乏对这些提议的模型及其对其训练的特定数据集的局限性的彻底理解。在本文中,我们试图介绍过去几年研究的24种神经网络模型的整体概述,包括其涉及卷积神经网络,经常性神经网络,指针网络,强化学习,生成模型等的架构。我们还概述11个数据集,这些数据集被广泛用于训练Text2SQL技术的模型。我们还讨论了无缝数据查询中文本2SQL技术的未来应用可能性。
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自动SQL生成一直是一个活跃的研究领域,旨在通过以特定意图编写自然语言而不是编写SQL来简化对数据库的访问。语义解析的当前SOTA方法取决于LLMS在基准数据集上实现高预测精度。这降低了其适用性,因为LLMS需要昂贵的GPU。此外,SOTA方法是未接地的,因此不能保证始终生成有效的SQL。在这里,我们提出了T5QL,这是一种新的SQL生成方法,当使用较小的LMS(即T5-base)与SOTA方法相比时,可以改善基准数据集中的性能。此外,保证T5QL始终使用无上下文语法来限制SQL生成的有效SQL。最后,我们表明,在两项任务中进行语义解析,候选SQLS的生成和重新排名,是一个有希望的研究途径,可以减少对大型LM的需求。
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知识基础问题回答(KBQA)旨在通过知识库(KB)回答问题。早期研究主要集中于回答有关KB的简单问题,并取得了巨大的成功。但是,他们在复杂问题上的表现远非令人满意。因此,近年来,研究人员提出了许多新颖的方法,研究了回答复杂问题的挑战。在这项调查中,我们回顾了KBQA的最新进展,重点是解决复杂问题,这些问题通常包含多个主题,表达复合关系或涉及数值操作。详细说明,我们从介绍复杂的KBQA任务和相关背景开始。然后,我们描述用于复杂KBQA任务的基准数据集,并介绍这些数据集的构建过程。接下来,我们提出两个复杂KBQA方法的主流类别,即基于语义解析的方法(基于SP)的方法和基于信息检索的方法(基于IR)。具体而言,我们通过流程设计说明了他们的程序,并讨论了它们的主要差异和相似性。之后,我们总结了这两类方法在回答复杂问题时会遇到的挑战,并解释了现有工作中使用的高级解决方案和技术。最后,我们结论并讨论了与复杂的KBQA有关的几个有希望的方向,以进行未来的研究。
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Recent work has shown that fine-tuning large pre-trained language models on a collection of tasks described via instructions, a.k.a. instruction-tuning, improves their zero and few-shot generalization to unseen tasks. However, there is a limited understanding of the performance trade-offs of different decisions made during the instruction-tuning process. These decisions include the scale and diversity of the instruction-tuning benchmark, different task sampling strategies, fine-tuning with and without demonstrations, training using specialized datasets for reasoning and dialogue, and finally, the fine-tuning objectives themselves. In this paper, we characterize the effect of instruction-tuning decisions on downstream task performance when scaling both model and benchmark sizes. To this end, we create OPT-IML Bench: a large benchmark for Instruction Meta-Learning (IML) of 2000 NLP tasks consolidated into task categories from 8 existing benchmarks, and prepare an evaluation framework to measure three types of model generalizations: to tasks from fully held-out categories, to held-out tasks from seen categories, and to held-out instances from seen tasks. Through the lens of this framework, we first present insights about instruction-tuning decisions as applied to OPT-30B and further exploit these insights to train OPT-IML 30B and 175B, which are instruction-tuned versions of OPT. OPT-IML demonstrates all three generalization abilities at both scales on four different evaluation benchmarks with diverse tasks and input formats -- PromptSource, FLAN, Super-NaturalInstructions, and UnifiedSKG. Not only does it significantly outperform OPT on all benchmarks but is also highly competitive with existing models fine-tuned on each specific benchmark. We release OPT-IML at both scales, together with the OPT-IML Bench evaluation framework.
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Computational notebooks, such as Jupyter notebooks, are interactive computing environments that are ubiquitous among data scientists to perform data wrangling and analytic tasks. To measure the performance of AI pair programmers that automatically synthesize programs for those tasks given natural language (NL) intents from users, we build ARCADE, a benchmark of 1082 code generation problems using the pandas data analysis framework in data science notebooks. ARCADE features multiple rounds of NL-to-code problems from the same notebook. It requires a model to understand rich multi-modal contexts, such as existing notebook cells and their execution states as well as previous turns of interaction. To establish a strong baseline on this challenging task, we develop PaChiNCo, a 62B code language model (LM) for Python computational notebooks, which significantly outperforms public code LMs. Finally, we explore few-shot prompting strategies to elicit better code with step-by-step decomposition and NL explanation, showing the potential to improve the diversity and explainability of model predictions.
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我们介绍了BenchClamp,这是一种评估受约束语言模型解析的基准测试,该基准通过通过限制性解码的启动或微调语言模型来基于输入文本的分析来产生语义输出。目前,预审前语言模型的开发人员基于分类,跨度提取和自由文本生成任务。语言解析在语言模型评估中被忽略,因为处理特定于任务的体系结构和表示的复杂性。最近的工作表明,当输出被限制为有效的语义表示时,从提示或微调的语言模型中产生的发电能力可以很好地表现。台式设备包括无上下文的语法,适用于六个具有不同输出含义表示形式的语义解析数据集,以及一个受约束的解码接口,以生成这些语法覆盖的输出。我们为每个数据集提供低,中和高资源分割,从而可以在不同的数据制度下准确比较各种语言模型。我们的基准测试既支持基于及时的学习又支持微调,并为语言模型开发人员提供了易于使用的工具包,以评估语义解析。
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Pre-trained language models (LMs) have shown remarkable reasoning performance using explanations (or ``chain-of-thought'' (CoT)) for in-context learning. On the other hand, these reasoning tasks are usually presumed to be more approachable for symbolic programming. To make progress towards understanding in-context learning, we curate synthetic datasets containing equivalent (natural, symbolic) data pairs, where symbolic examples contain first-order logic rules and predicates from knowledge bases (KBs). Then we revisit neuro-symbolic approaches and use Language Models as Logic Programmer (LMLP) that learns from demonstrations containing logic rules and corresponding examples to iteratively reason over KBs, recovering Prolog's backward chaining algorithm. Comprehensive experiments are included to systematically compare LMLP with CoT in deductive reasoning settings, showing that LMLP enjoys more than 25% higher accuracy than CoT on length generalization benchmarks even with fewer parameters.
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大型语言模型,提示包含在上下文示例,可以使用很少的培训数据进行语义解析。他们做的更好时,我们制订问题,转述成经典话语,其投隐含的意思表示为控制自然语言类似的表示。直观地,这种模型可以更容易地输出规范的话语,因为它们更接近用于预训练的自然语言。最近,型号也在代码中预先训练,如Openai Codex,在突出中升起。由于准确建模代码需要了解可执行语义。这些模型可能在语义解析中可以证明更擅长。在本文中,我们测试了这个假设,并发现Codex在语义解析比等效GPT-3模型中表现更好。我们发现,不同GPT-3,食品法典委员会执行同样直接针对意思表示时,也许在语义分析使用的意思表示的结构类似代码。
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Reasoning, as an essential ability for complex problem-solving, can provide back-end support for various real-world applications, such as medical diagnosis, negotiation, etc. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of cutting-edge research on reasoning with language model prompting. We introduce research works with comparisons and summaries and provide systematic resources to help beginners. We also discuss the potential reasons for emerging such reasoning abilities and highlight future research directions.
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Retrieval-augmented in-context learning has emerged as a powerful approach for addressing knowledge-intensive tasks using frozen language models (LM) and retrieval models (RM). Existing work has combined these in simple "retrieve-then-read" pipelines in which the RM retrieves passages that are inserted into the LM prompt. To begin to fully realize the potential of frozen LMs and RMs, we propose Demonstrate-Search-Predict (DSP), a framework that relies on passing natural language texts in sophisticated pipelines between an LM and an RM. DSP can express high-level programs that bootstrap pipeline-aware demonstrations, search for relevant passages, and generate grounded predictions, systematically breaking down problems into small transformations that the LM and RM can handle more reliably. We have written novel DSP programs for answering questions in open-domain, multi-hop, and conversational settings, establishing in early evaluations new state-of-the-art in-context learning results and delivering 37-200%, 8-40%, and 80-290% relative gains against vanilla LMs, a standard retrieve-then-read pipeline, and a contemporaneous self-ask pipeline, respectively.
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大型语言模型在各种任务上显示出令人印象深刻的几次结果。但是,当知识是此类结果的关键时,就像问题回答和事实检查之类的任务一样,似乎需要存储知识的大量参数计数。众所周知,检索增强模型可以在不需要多个参数的情况下在知识密集的任务上表现出色,但是目前尚不清楚它们是否在几个弹药设置中工作。在这项工作中,我们介绍了地图集,这是一个经过精心设计和预先训练的增强语言模型,能够通过很少的培训示例学习知识密集型任务。我们对包括MMLU,苏格兰短裙和归类等各种任务进行评估,并研究文档索引内容的影响,表明它可以很容易地进行更新。值得注意的是,在自然问题上仅使用64个示例在自然问题上达到超过42 \%的准确性,尽管参数少了50倍,但比540B参数模型的表现优于540b参数模型。
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程序合成或代码生成旨在生成满足问题规范的程序。使用大规模预处理的语言模型(LMS)的最新方法显示出令人鼓舞的结果,但它们有一些关键的局限性。特别是,他们经常遵循标准监督的微调程序,仅从对自然语言问题描述和基础真相计划对培训代码生成模型。这种范式在很大程度上忽略了问题规范中的一些重要但潜在的信号,例如单位测试,因此在求解复杂的看不见的编码任务时通常会导致性能差。为了解决这些局限性,我们提出了“ Coderl”,这是通过验证的LMS和深入强化学习(RL)实现程序合成任务的新框架。具体而言,在培训期间,我们将代码生成的LM视为参与者网络,并引入批评网络,该网络经过培训,以预测生成的程序的功能正确性,并为演员提供密集的反馈信号。在推理期间,我们引入了一种新一代程序,具有关键的抽样策略,该过程允许模型根据示例单位测试和评论家分数的反馈自动重新生成程序。对于模型骨架,我们扩展了Codet5的编码器架构,具有增强的学习目标,更大的模型大小和更好的预处理数据。我们的方法不仅在具有挑战性的应用程序基准上实现了新的SOTA结果,而且还显示出强大的零弹性传输能力,并在简单的MBPP基准上具有新的SOTA结果。
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