Node classification for graph-structured data aims to classify nodes whose labels are unknown. While studies on static graphs are prevalent, few studies have focused on dynamic graph node classification. Node classification on dynamic graphs is challenging for two reasons. First, the model needs to capture both structural and temporal information, particularly on dynamic graphs with a long history and require large receptive fields. Second, model scalability becomes a significant concern as the size of the dynamic graph increases. To address these problems, we propose the Time Augmented Dynamic Graph Neural Network (TADGNN) framework. TADGNN consists of two modules: 1) a time augmentation module that captures the temporal evolution of nodes across time structurally, creating a time-augmented spatio-temporal graph, and 2) an information propagation module that learns the dynamic representations for each node across time using the constructed time-augmented graph. We perform node classification experiments on four dynamic graph benchmarks. Experimental results demonstrate that TADGNN framework outperforms several static and dynamic state-of-the-art (SOTA) GNN models while demonstrating superior scalability. We also conduct theoretical and empirical analyses to validate the efficiency of the proposed method. Our code is available at https://sites.google.com/view/tadgnn.
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Graphs are ubiquitous in nature and can therefore serve as models for many practical but also theoretical problems. For this purpose, they can be defined as many different types which suitably reflect the individual contexts of the represented problem. To address cutting-edge problems based on graph data, the research field of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) has emerged. Despite the field's youth and the speed at which new models are developed, many recent surveys have been published to keep track of them. Nevertheless, it has not yet been gathered which GNN can process what kind of graph types. In this survey, we give a detailed overview of already existing GNNs and, unlike previous surveys, categorize them according to their ability to handle different graph types and properties. We consider GNNs operating on static and dynamic graphs of different structural constitutions, with or without node or edge attributes. Moreover, we distinguish between GNN models for discrete-time or continuous-time dynamic graphs and group the models according to their architecture. We find that there are still graph types that are not or only rarely covered by existing GNN models. We point out where models are missing and give potential reasons for their absence.
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动态图形表示学习是具有广泛应用程序的重要任务。以前关于动态图形学习的方法通常对嘈杂的图形信息(如缺失或虚假连接)敏感,可以产生退化的性能和泛化。为了克服这一挑战,我们提出了一种基于变换器的动态图表学习方法,命名为动态图形变换器(DGT),带有空间 - 时间编码,以有效地学习图形拓扑并捕获隐式链接。为了提高泛化能力,我们介绍了两个补充自我监督的预训练任务,并表明共同优化了两种预训练任务,通过信息理论分析导致较小的贝叶斯错误率。我们还提出了一个时间联盟图形结构和目标 - 上下文节点采样策略,用于高效和可扩展的培训。与现实世界数据集的广泛实验说明了与几个最先进的基线相比,DGT呈现出优异的性能。
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时间图代表实体之间的动态关系,并发生在许多现实生活中的应用中,例如社交网络,电子商务,通信,道路网络,生物系统等。他们需要根据其生成建模和表示学习的研究超出与静态图有关的研究。在这项调查中,我们全面回顾了近期针对处理时间图提出的神经时间依赖图表的学习和生成建模方法。最后,我们确定了现有方法的弱点,并讨论了我们最近发表的论文提格的研究建议[24]。
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How can we augment a dynamic graph for improving the performance of dynamic graph neural networks? Graph augmentation has been widely utilized to boost the learning performance of GNN-based models. However, most existing approaches only enhance spatial structure within an input static graph by transforming the graph, and do not consider dynamics caused by time such as temporal locality, i.e., recent edges are more influential than earlier ones, which remains challenging for dynamic graph augmentation. In this work, we propose TiaRa (Time-aware Random Walk Diffusion), a novel diffusion-based method for augmenting a dynamic graph represented as a discrete-time sequence of graph snapshots. For this purpose, we first design a time-aware random walk proximity so that a surfer can walk along the time dimension as well as edges, resulting in spatially and temporally localized scores. We then derive our diffusion matrices based on the time-aware random walk, and show they become enhanced adjacency matrices that both spatial and temporal localities are augmented. Throughout extensive experiments, we demonstrate that TiaRa effectively augments a given dynamic graph, and leads to significant improvements in dynamic GNN models for various graph datasets and tasks.
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图表可以模拟实体之间的复杂交互,它在许多重要的应用程序中自然出现。这些应用程序通常可以投入到标准图形学习任务中,其中关键步骤是学习低维图表示。图形神经网络(GNN)目前是嵌入方法中最受欢迎的模型。然而,邻域聚合范例中的标准GNN患有区分\ EMPH {高阶}图形结构的有限辨别力,而不是\ EMPH {低位}结构。为了捕获高阶结构,研究人员求助于主题和开发的基于主题的GNN。然而,现有的基于主基的GNN仍然仍然遭受较少的辨别力的高阶结构。为了克服上述局限性,我们提出了一个新颖的框架,以更好地捕获高阶结构的新框架,铰接于我们所提出的主题冗余最小化操作员和注射主题组合的新颖框架。首先,MGNN生成一组节点表示W.R.T.每个主题。下一阶段是我们在图案中提出的冗余最小化,该主题在彼此相互比较并蒸馏出每个主题的特征。最后,MGNN通过组合来自不同图案的多个表示来执行节点表示的更新。特别地,为了增强鉴别的功率,MGNN利用重新注射功能来组合表示的函数w.r.t.不同的主题。我们进一步表明,我们的拟议体系结构增加了GNN的表现力,具有理论分析。我们展示了MGNN在节点分类和图形分类任务上的七个公共基准上表现出最先进的方法。
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近年来,图形变压器在各种图形学习任务上表现出了优势。但是,现有图形变压器的复杂性与节点的数量二次缩放,因此难以扩展到具有数千个节点的图形。为此,我们提出了一个邻域聚集图变压器(Nagphormer),该变压器可扩展到具有数百万节点的大图。在将节点特征馈送到变压器模型中之前,Nagphormer构造令牌由称为Hop2Token的邻域聚合模块为每个节点。对于每个节点,Hop2token聚合从每个跳跃到表示形式的邻域特征,从而产生一系列令牌向量。随后,不同HOP信息的结果序列是变压器模型的输入。通过将每个节点视为一个序列,可以以迷你批量的方式训练Nagphormer,从而可以扩展到大图。 Nagphormer进一步开发了基于注意力的读数功能,以便学习每个跳跃的重要性。我们在各种流行的基准测试中进行了广泛的实验,包括六个小数据集和三个大数据集。结果表明,Nagphormer始终优于现有的图形变压器和主流图神经网络。
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最近的研究侧重于制定流量预测作为一种时空图形建模问题。它们通常在每个时间步骤构造静态空间图,然后将每个节点连接在相邻时间步骤之间以构造时空图形。在这样的图形中,不同时间步骤的不同节点之间的相关性未明确地反映,这可以限制图形神经网络的学习能力。同时,这些模型在不同时间步骤中使用相同的邻接矩阵时,忽略节点之间的动态时空相关性。为了克服这些限制,我们提出了一种时空关节图卷积网络(StJGCN),用于交通预测在公路网络上的几个时间上限。具体地,我们在任何两个时间步长之间构造预定的和自适应时空关节图(STJG),这代表了全面和动态的时空相关性。我们进一步设计了STJG上的扩张因果时空关节图卷积层,以捕获与多个范围不同的视角的时空依赖关系。提出了一种多范围注意机制来聚合不同范围的信息。四个公共交通数据集的实验表明,STJGCN是计算的高效和优于11个最先进的基线方法。
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异质图卷积网络在解决异质网络数据的各种网络分析任务方面已广受欢迎,从链接预测到节点分类。但是,大多数现有作品都忽略了多型节点之间的多重网络的关系异质性,而在元路径中,元素嵌入中关系的重要性不同,这几乎无法捕获不同关系跨不同关系的异质结构信号。为了应对这一挑战,这项工作提出了用于异质网络嵌入的多重异质图卷积网络(MHGCN)。我们的MHGCN可以通过多层卷积聚合自动学习多重异质网络中不同长度的有用的异质元路径相互作用。此外,我们有效地将多相关结构信号和属性语义集成到学习的节点嵌入中,并具有无监督和精选的学习范式。在具有各种网络分析任务的五个现实世界数据集上进行的广泛实验表明,根据所有评估指标,MHGCN与最先进的嵌入基线的优势。
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Deep learning has revolutionized many machine learning tasks in recent years, ranging from image classification and video processing to speech recognition and natural language understanding. The data in these tasks are typically represented in the Euclidean space. However, there is an increasing number of applications where data are generated from non-Euclidean domains and are represented as graphs with complex relationships and interdependency between objects. The complexity of graph data has imposed significant challenges on existing machine learning algorithms. Recently, many studies on extending deep learning approaches for graph data have emerged. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive overview of graph neural networks (GNNs) in data mining and machine learning fields. We propose a new taxonomy to divide the state-of-the-art graph neural networks into four categories, namely recurrent graph neural networks, convolutional graph neural networks, graph autoencoders, and spatial-temporal graph neural networks. We further discuss the applications of graph neural networks across various domains and summarize the open source codes, benchmark data sets, and model evaluation of graph neural networks. Finally, we propose potential research directions in this rapidly growing field.
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图形神经网络(GNNS)依赖于图形结构来定义聚合策略,其中每个节点通过与邻居的信息组合来更新其表示。已知GNN的限制是,随着层数的增加,信息被平滑,压扁并且节点嵌入式变得无法区分,对性能产生负面影响。因此,实用的GNN模型雇用了几层,只能在每个节点周围的有限邻域利用图形结构。不可避免地,实际的GNN不会根据图的全局结构捕获信息。虽然有几种研究GNNS的局限性和表达性,但是关于图形结构数据的实际应用的问题需要全局结构知识,仍然没有答案。在这项工作中,我们通过向几个GNN模型提供全球信息并观察其对下游性能的影响来认证解决这个问题。我们的研究结果表明,全球信息实际上可以为共同的图形相关任务提供显着的好处。我们进一步确定了一项新的正规化策略,导致所有考虑的任务的平均准确性提高超过5%。
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本文旨在统一非欧几里得空间中的空间依赖性和时间依赖性,同时捕获流量数据的内部空间依赖性。对于具有拓扑结构的时空属性实体,时空是连续的和统一的,而每个节点的当前状态都受到每个邻居的变异时期的邻居的过去状态的影响。大多数用于流量预测研究的空间依赖性和时间相关性的空间神经网络在处理中分别损害了时空完整性,而忽略了邻居节点的时间依赖期可以延迟和动态的事实。为了建模这种实际条件,我们提出了一种新型的空间 - 周期性图神经网络,将空间和时间视为不可分割的整体,以挖掘时空图,同时通过消息传播机制利用每个节点的发展时空依赖性。进行消融和参数研究的实验已经验证了拟议的遍及术的有效性,并且可以从https://github.com/nnzhan/traversenet中找到详细的实现。
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图形结构化数据通常在自然界中具有动态字符,例如,在许多现实世界中,链接和节点的添加。近年来见证了对这种图形数据进行建模的动态图神经网络所支付的越来越多的注意力,几乎所有现有方法都假设,当建立新的链接时,应通过学习时间动态来传播邻居节点的嵌入。新的信息。但是,这种方法遭受了这样的限制,如果新连接引入的节点包含嘈杂的信息,那么将其知识传播到其他节点是不可靠的,甚至导致模型崩溃。在本文中,我们提出了Adanet:通过增强动态图神经网络的强化知识适应框架。与以前的方法相反,一旦添加了新链接,就立即更新邻居节点的嵌入方式,Adanet试图自适应地确定由于涉及的新链接而应更新哪些节点。考虑到是否更新一个邻居节点的嵌入的决定将对其他邻居节点产生很大的影响,因此,我们将节点更新的选择作为序列决策问题,并通过强化学习解决此问题。通过这种方式,我们可以将知识自适应地传播到其他节点,以学习健壮的节点嵌入表示。据我们所知,我们的方法构成了通过强化学习的动态图神经网络来探索强大知识适应的首次尝试。在三个基准数据集上进行的广泛实验表明,Adanet可以实现最新的性能。此外,我们通过在数据集中添加不同程度的噪声来执行实验,并定量和定性地说明ADANET的鲁棒性。
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图形神经网络(GNNS)在学习归属图中显示了很大的力量。但是,GNNS从源节点利用遥控器的信息仍然是一个挑战。此外,常规GNN要求将图形属性作为输入,因此它们无法应用于纯图。在论文中,我们提出了名为G-GNNS(GNN的全局信息)的新模型来解决上述限制。首先,通过无监督的预训练获得每个节点的全局结构和属性特征,其保留与节点相关联的全局信息。然后,使用全局功能和原始网络属性,我们提出了一个并行GNN的并行框架来了解这些功能的不同方面。所提出的学习方法可以应用于普通图和归属图。广泛的实验表明,G-GNNS可以在三个标准评估图上优于其他最先进的模型。特别是,我们的方法在学习归属图表时建立了Cora(84.31 \%)和PubMed(80.95 \%)的新基准记录。
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消息传递已作为设计图形神经网络(GNN)的有效工具的发展。但是,消息传递的大多数现有方法简单地简单或平均所有相邻的功能更新节点表示。它们受到两个问题的限制,即(i)缺乏可解释性来识别对GNN的预测重要的节点特征,以及(ii)特征过度混合,导致捕获长期依赖和无能为力的过度平滑问题在异质或低同质的下方处理图。在本文中,我们提出了一个节点级胶囊图神经网络(NCGNN),以通过改进的消息传递方案来解决这些问题。具体而言,NCGNN表示节点为节点级胶囊组,其中每个胶囊都提取其相应节点的独特特征。对于每个节点级胶囊,开发了一个新颖的动态路由过程,以适应适当的胶囊,以从设计的图形滤波器确定的子图中聚集。 NCGNN聚集仅有利的胶囊并限制无关的消息,以避免交互节点的过度混合特征。因此,它可以缓解过度平滑的问题,并通过同粒或异质的图表学习有效的节点表示。此外,我们提出的消息传递方案本质上是可解释的,并免于复杂的事后解释,因为图形过滤器和动态路由过程确定了节点特征的子集,这对于从提取的子分类中的模型预测最为重要。关于合成和现实图形的广泛实验表明,NCGNN可以很好地解决过度光滑的问题,并为半监视的节点分类产生更好的节点表示。它的表现优于同质和异质的艺术状态。
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图表神经网络(GNNS)在各种机器学习任务中获得了表示学习的提高。然而,应用邻域聚合的大多数现有GNN通常在图中的图表上执行不良,其中相邻的节点属于不同的类。在本文中,我们示出了在典型的异界图中,边缘可以被引导,以及是否像是处理边缘,也可以使它们过度地影响到GNN模型的性能。此外,由于异常的限制,节点对来自本地邻域之外的类似节点的消息非常有益。这些激励我们开发一个自适应地学习图表的方向性的模型,并利用潜在的长距离相关性节点之间。我们首先将图拉普拉斯概括为基于所提出的特征感知PageRank算法向数字化,该算法同时考虑节点之间的图形方向性和长距离特征相似性。然后,Digraph Laplacian定义了一个图形传播矩阵,导致一个名为{\ em diglaciangcn}的模型。基于此,我们进一步利用节点之间的通勤时间测量的节点接近度,以便在拓扑级别上保留节点的远距离相关性。具有不同级别的10个数据集的广泛实验,同意级别展示了我们在节点分类任务任务中对现有解决方案的有效性。
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Recent years have witnessed the emerging success of graph neural networks (GNNs) for modeling structured data. However, most GNNs are designed for homogeneous graphs, in which all nodes and edges belong to the same types, making them infeasible to represent heterogeneous structures. In this paper, we present the Heterogeneous Graph Transformer (HGT) architecture for modeling Web-scale heterogeneous graphs. To model heterogeneity, we design node-and edge-type dependent parameters to characterize the heterogeneous attention over each edge, empowering HGT to maintain dedicated representations for different types of nodes and edges. To handle dynamic heterogeneous graphs, we introduce the relative temporal encoding technique into HGT, which is able to capture the dynamic structural dependency with arbitrary durations. To handle Web-scale graph data, we design the heterogeneous mini-batch graph sampling algorithm-HGSampling-for efficient and scalable training. Extensive experiments on the Open Academic Graph of 179 million nodes and 2 billion edges show that the proposed HGT model consistently outperforms all the state-of-the-art GNN baselines by 9%-21% on various downstream tasks. The dataset and source code of HGT are publicly available at https://github.com/acbull/pyHGT.
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Graph classification is an important area in both modern research and industry. Multiple applications, especially in chemistry and novel drug discovery, encourage rapid development of machine learning models in this area. To keep up with the pace of new research, proper experimental design, fair evaluation, and independent benchmarks are essential. Design of strong baselines is an indispensable element of such works. In this thesis, we explore multiple approaches to graph classification. We focus on Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), which emerged as a de facto standard deep learning technique for graph representation learning. Classical approaches, such as graph descriptors and molecular fingerprints, are also addressed. We design fair evaluation experimental protocol and choose proper datasets collection. This allows us to perform numerous experiments and rigorously analyze modern approaches. We arrive to many conclusions, which shed new light on performance and quality of novel algorithms. We investigate application of Jumping Knowledge GNN architecture to graph classification, which proves to be an efficient tool for improving base graph neural network architectures. Multiple improvements to baseline models are also proposed and experimentally verified, which constitutes an important contribution to the field of fair model comparison.
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动态图中的表示学习是一个具有挑战性的问题,因为图形和节点功能的拓扑在不同的时间内变化。这要求模型能够有效地捕获图形拓扑信息和时间信息。大多数现有的作品都是基于经常性神经网络(RNN)的作品,用于确切的动态图形的时间信息,因此它们继承了RNN的相同缺点。在本文中,我们提出了在动态图表(LEDG)上的发展 - 一种新的算法,共同学习图信息和时间信息。具体而言,我们的方法利用基于梯度的元学习来学习更新的策略,这些策略与快照上的RNN具有更好的泛化能力。它是模型 - 不可知的,因此可以在动态图表上培训基于图形神经网络(GNN)的任何消息。为了增强代表性权力,我们将嵌入的嵌入嵌入到时间嵌入和图形内在嵌入。我们对各种数据集和下游任务进行实验,实验结果验证了我们方法的有效性。
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Neural message passing algorithms for semi-supervised classification on graphs have recently achieved great success. However, for classifying a node these methods only consider nodes that are a few propagation steps away and the size of this utilized neighborhood is hard to extend. In this paper, we use the relationship between graph convolutional networks (GCN) and PageRank to derive an improved propagation scheme based on personalized PageRank. We utilize this propagation procedure to construct a simple model, personalized propagation of neural predictions (PPNP), and its fast approximation, APPNP. Our model's training time is on par or faster and its number of parameters on par or lower than previous models. It leverages a large, adjustable neighborhood for classification and can be easily combined with any neural network. We show that this model outperforms several recently proposed methods for semi-supervised classification in the most thorough study done so far for GCN-like models. Our implementation is available online. 1
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