深度卷积神经网络在各种计算机视觉任务上表现出色，但是它们容易从训练信号中拾取虚假相关性。所谓的“快捷方式”可以在学习过程中发生，例如，当图像数据中存在特定频率与输出预测相关的特定频率时。高频和低频都可以是由图像采集引起的潜在噪声分布的特征，而不是与有关图像内容的任务相关信息。学习与此特征噪声相关的功能的模型不会很好地推广到新数据。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种简单而有效的训练策略，频率辍学，以防止卷积神经网络从学习频率特异性成像功能中。我们在训练过程中采用了特征图的随机过滤，该特征地图充当特征级别的正则化。在这项研究中，我们考虑了常见的图像处理过滤器，例如高斯平滑，高斯（Gaussian）的拉普拉斯（Laplacian）和Gabor过滤。我们的培训策略是模型不合时宜的，可用于任何计算机视觉任务。我们证明了使用计算机视觉和医学成像数据集在一系列流行架构和多个任务中的频率辍学的有效性。我们的结果表明，所提出的方法不仅提高了预测准确性，而且还提高了针对领域转移的鲁棒性。

神经网络合奏，例如贝叶斯神经网络（BNNS），在不确定性估计和鲁棒性领域表现出了成功。但是，至关重要的挑战禁止其在实践中使用。 BNN需要大量预测来产生可靠的结果，从而大大增加了计算成本。为了减轻这个问题，我们提出了空间平滑，这是一种在空间上集合相邻的卷积神经网络特征映射点的方法。通过简单地在模型中添加一些模糊层，我们从经验上表明，空间平滑提高了BNN在整个合奏大小范围内的准确性，不确定性估计和鲁棒性。特别是，结合空间平滑的BNN仅与少数合奏实现高预测性能。此外，该方法还可以应用于规范确定性神经网络以改善性能。许多证据表明，改进可以归因于稳定的特征图和损失景观的平滑。此外，我们通过将其作为特殊的空间平滑案例来称呼它们，为先前作品提供基本解释 - 即全球平均汇集，预活化和relu6。这些不仅提高了准确性，而且通过使损失景观与空间平滑相同的方式使损失景观更加顺畅，从而提高了不确定性估计和鲁棒性。该代码可从https://github.com/xxxnell/spatial-smoothing获得。

Curriculum learning and self-paced learning are the training strategies that gradually feed the samples from easy to more complex. They have captivated increasing attention due to their excellent performance in robotic vision. Most recent works focus on designing curricula based on difficulty levels in input samples or smoothing the feature maps. However, smoothing labels to control the learning utility in a curriculum manner is still unexplored. In this work, we design a paced curriculum by label smoothing (P-CBLS) using paced learning with uniform label smoothing (ULS) for classification tasks and fuse uniform and spatially varying label smoothing (SVLS) for semantic segmentation tasks in a curriculum manner. In ULS and SVLS, a bigger smoothing factor value enforces a heavy smoothing penalty in the true label and limits learning less information. Therefore, we design the curriculum by label smoothing (CBLS). We set a bigger smoothing value at the beginning of training and gradually decreased it to zero to control the model learning utility from lower to higher. We also designed a confidence-aware pacing function and combined it with our CBLS to investigate the benefits of various curricula. The proposed techniques are validated on four robotic surgery datasets of multi-class, multi-label classification, captioning, and segmentation tasks. We also investigate the robustness of our method by corrupting validation data into different severity levels. Our extensive analysis shows that the proposed method improves prediction accuracy and robustness.

Deploying convolutional neural networks (CNNs) on embedded devices is difficult due to the limited memory and computation resources. The redundancy in feature maps is an important characteristic of those successful CNNs, but has rarely been investigated in neural architecture design. This paper proposes a novel Ghost module to generate more feature maps from cheap operations. Based on a set of intrinsic feature maps, we apply a series of linear transformations with cheap cost to generate many ghost feature maps that could fully reveal information underlying intrinsic features. The proposed Ghost module can be taken as a plug-and-play component to upgrade existing convolutional neural networks. Ghost bottlenecks are designed to stack Ghost modules, and then the lightweight Ghost-Net can be easily established. Experiments conducted on benchmarks demonstrate that the proposed Ghost module is an impressive alternative of convolution layers in baseline models, and our GhostNet can achieve higher recognition performance (e.g. 75.7% top-1 accuracy) than MobileNetV3 with similar computational cost on the ImageNet ILSVRC-2012 classification dataset. Code is available at https: //github.com/huawei-noah/ghostnet.

从计算机视觉的频率的角度来看，以前的无监督域适应方法无法处理跨域问题。可以将不同域的图像或特征地图分解为低频组件和高频组件。本文提出了这样一个假设，即低频信息是更域的不变性，而高频信息包含与域相关的信息。因此，我们引入了一种名为低频模块（LFM）的方法，以提取域不变特征表示。 LFM由数字高斯低通滤波器构建。我们的方法易于实施，并且不引入额外的超参数。我们设计了两种有效的方法来利用LFM进行域的适应性，我们的方法与其他现有方法互补，并作为可以与这些方法结合使用的插件单元。实验结果表明，我们的LFM优于各种计算机视觉任务的最先进方法，包括图像分类和对象检测。

Modern convolutional networks are not shiftinvariant, as small input shifts or translations can cause drastic changes in the output. Commonly used downsampling methods, such as max-pooling, strided-convolution, and averagepooling, ignore the sampling theorem. The wellknown signal processing fix is anti-aliasing by low-pass filtering before downsampling. However, simply inserting this module into deep networks degrades performance; as a result, it is seldomly used today. We show that when integrated correctly, it is compatible with existing architectural components, such as max-pooling and strided-convolution. We observe increased accuracy in ImageNet classification, across several commonly-used architectures, such as ResNet, DenseNet, and MobileNet, indicating effective regularization. Furthermore, we observe better generalization, in terms of stability and robustness to input corruptions. Our results demonstrate that this classical signal processing technique has been undeservingly overlooked in modern deep networks.

在过去的几年中，卷积神经网络（CNN）一直是广泛的计算机视觉任务中的主导神经架构。从图像和信号处理的角度来看，这一成功可能会令人惊讶，因为大多数CNN的固有空间金字塔设计显然违反了基本的信号处理法，即在其下采样操作中对定理进行采样。但是，由于不良的采样似乎不影响模型的准确性，因此在模型鲁棒性开始受到更多关注之前，该问题已被广泛忽略。最近的工作[17]在对抗性攻击和分布变化的背景下，毕竟表明，CNN的脆弱性与不良下降采样操作引起的混叠伪像之间存在很强的相关性。本文以这些发现为基础，并引入了一个可混合的免费下采样操作，可以轻松地插入任何CNN体系结构：频lowcut池。我们的实验表明，结合简单而快速的FGSM对抗训练，我们的超参数无操作员显着提高了模型的鲁棒性，并避免了灾难性的过度拟合。

使用卷积神经网络（CNN）已经显着改善了几种图像处理任务，例如图像分类和对象检测。与Reset和Abseralnet一样，许多架构在创建时至少在一个数据集中实现了出色的结果。培训的一个关键因素涉及网络的正规化，这可以防止结构过度装备。这项工作分析了在过去几年中开发的几种正规化方法，显示了不同CNN模型的显着改进。该作品分为三个主要区域：第一个称为“数据增强”，其中所有技术都侧重于执行输入数据的更改。第二个，命名为“内部更改”，旨在描述修改神经网络或内核生成的特征映射的过程。最后一个称为“标签”，涉及转换给定输入的标签。这项工作提出了与关于正则化的其他可用调查相比的两个主要差异：（i）第一个涉及在稿件中收集的论文并非超过五年，并第二个区别是关于可重复性，即所有作品此处推荐在公共存储库中可用的代码，或者它们已直接在某些框架中实现，例如Tensorflow或Torch。

In standard Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), the receptive fields of artificial neurons in each layer are designed to share the same size. It is well-known in the neuroscience community that the receptive field size of visual cortical neurons are modulated by the stimulus, which has been rarely considered in constructing CNNs. We propose a dynamic selection mechanism in CNNs that allows each neuron to adaptively adjust its receptive field size based on multiple scales of input information. A building block called Selective Kernel (SK) unit is designed, in which multiple branches with different kernel sizes are fused using softmax attention that is guided by the information in these branches. Different attentions on these branches yield different sizes of the effective receptive fields of neurons in the fusion layer. Multiple SK units are stacked to a deep network termed Selective Kernel Networks (SKNets). On the ImageNet and CIFAR benchmarks, we empirically show that SKNet outperforms the existing state-of-the-art architectures with lower model complexity. Detailed analyses show that the neurons in SKNet can capture target objects with different scales, which verifies the capability of neurons for adaptively adjusting their receptive field sizes according to the input. The code and models are available at https://github.com/implus/SKNet.

在过去的几十年中，卷积神经网络（CNN）在计算机视觉方面取得了令人印象深刻的成功。图像卷积操作可帮助CNN在与图像相关的任务上获得良好的性能。但是，图像卷积具有很高的计算复杂性，难以实现。本文提出了可以在频域中训练的Cemnet。这项研究的最重要动机是，我们可以根据互相关定理替换频域中的直接元素乘法操作来替换频域中的图像卷积，从而显然降低了计算复杂性。我们进一步介绍了一种体重固定机制，以减轻过度拟合的问题，并分析批准，泄漏的速度和频域中辍学的工作行为，以设计其为Cemnet的对应物。此外，为了处理由离散的傅立叶变换带来的复杂输入，我们为CENNET设计了两个分支网络结构。实验结果表明，Cemnet在MNIST和CIFAR-10数据库上取得了良好的性能。

我们提出蒙版频率建模（MFM），这是一种基于统一的基于频域的方法，用于自我监督的视觉模型预训练。在本文中，我们将视角转移到了频域中，而不是将蒙版令牌随机插入到空间域中的输入嵌入。具体而言，MFM首先掩盖了输入图像的一部分频率分量，然后预测频谱上的缺失频率。我们的关键见解是，由于沉重的空间冗余，预测频域中的屏蔽组件更理想地揭示了基础图像模式，而不是预测空间域中的掩盖斑块。我们的发现表明，通过对蒙版和预测策略的正确配置，高频组件中的结构信息和低频对应物中的低级统计信息都有用。 MFM首次证明，对于VIT和CNN，即使没有使用以下内容，简单的非叙事框架也可以学习有意义的表示形式：（i）额外的数据，（ii）额外的模型，（iii）蒙版令牌。与最近的蒙版图像建模方法相比，对成像网和几个鲁棒性基准的实验结果表明，MFM的竞争性能和高级鲁棒性。此外，我们还全面研究了从统一的频率角度来表示经典图像恢复任务对表示学习的有效性，并揭示了他们与MFM方法的有趣关系。项目页面：https：//www.mmlab-ntu.com/project/mfm/index.html。

Deep residual networks were shown to be able to scale up to thousands of layers and still have improving performance. However, each fraction of a percent of improved accuracy costs nearly doubling the number of layers, and so training very deep residual networks has a problem of diminishing feature reuse, which makes these networks very slow to train. To tackle these problems, in this paper we conduct a detailed experimental study on the architecture of ResNet blocks, based on which we propose a novel architecture where we decrease depth and increase width of residual networks. We call the resulting network structures wide residual networks (WRNs) and show that these are far superior over their commonly used thin and very deep counterparts. For example, we demonstrate that even a simple 16-layer-deep wide residual network outperforms in accuracy and efficiency all previous deep residual networks, including thousand-layerdeep networks, achieving new state-of-the-art results on CIFAR, SVHN, COCO, and significant improvements on ImageNet. Our code and models are available at https: //github.com/szagoruyko/wide-residual-networks.

Recent work has shown that convolutional networks can be substantially deeper, more accurate, and efficient to train if they contain shorter connections between layers close to the input and those close to the output. In this paper, we embrace this observation and introduce the Dense Convolutional Network (DenseNet), which connects each layer to every other layer in a feed-forward fashion. Whereas traditional convolutional networks with L layers have L connections-one between each layer and its subsequent layer-our network has L(L+1) 2 direct connections. For each layer, the feature-maps of all preceding layers are used as inputs, and its own feature-maps are used as inputs into all subsequent layers. DenseNets have several compelling advantages: they alleviate the vanishing-gradient problem, strengthen feature propagation, encourage feature reuse, and substantially reduce the number of parameters. We evaluate our proposed architecture on four highly competitive object recognition benchmark tasks SVHN, and ImageNet). DenseNets obtain significant improvements over the state-of-the-art on most of them, whilst requiring less computation to achieve high performance. Code and pre-trained models are available at https://github.com/liuzhuang13/DenseNet.

In this paper, we address the problem of blind deblurring with high efficiency. We propose a set of lightweight deep-wiener-network to finish the task with real-time speed. The Network contains a deep neural network for estimating parameters of wiener networks and a wiener network for deblurring. Experimental evaluations show that our approaches have an edge on State of the Art in terms of inference times and numbers of parameters. Two of our models can reach a speed of 100 images per second, which is qualified for real-time deblurring. Further research may focus on some real-world applications of deblurring with our models.

标准卷积神经网络（CNN）设计很少专注于明确捕获各种功能以增强网络性能的重要性。相反，大多数现有方法遵循增加或调整网络深度和宽度的间接方法，这在许多情况下显着提高了计算成本。受生物视觉系统的启发，我们提出了一种多样化和自适应的卷积网络（DA $ ^ {2} $ - net），它使任何前锋CNN能够明确地捕获不同的功能，并自适应地选择并强调最具信息性的功能有效地提高网络的性能。 DA $ ^ {2} $ - NET会引入可忽略不计的计算开销，它旨在与任何CNN架构轻松集成。我们广泛地评估了基准数据集的DA $ ^ {2} $ - 网上，包括CNN架构的CNN100，SVHN和Imagenet，包括CNN100。实验结果显示DA $ ^ {2} $ - NET提供了具有非常最小的计算开销的显着性能改进。

我们关注模型概括中最坏的情况，因为一个模型旨在在许多看不见的域上表现良好，而只有一个单个域可供训练。我们提出基于元学习的对抗领域的增强，以解决此范围泛化问题。关键思想是利用对抗性训练来创建“虚构的”但“具有挑战性”的人群，模型可以从中学会通过理论保证进行概括。为了促进快速和理想的域增强，我们将模型训练施加在元学习方案中，并使用Wasserstein自动编码器放宽广泛使用的最坏情况的约束。我们通过整合有效域概括的不确定性定量来进一步改善我们的方法。在多个基准数据集上进行的广泛实验表明其在解决单个领域概括方面的出色性能。

In this paper, we introduce Random Erasing, a new data augmentation method for training the convolutional neural network (CNN). In training, Random Erasing randomly selects a rectangle region in an image and erases its pixels with random values. In this process, training images with various levels of occlusion are generated, which reduces the risk of over-fitting and makes the model robust to occlusion. Random Erasing is parameter learning free, easy to implement, and can be integrated with most of the CNN-based recognition models. Albeit simple, Random Erasing is complementary to commonly used data augmentation techniques such as random cropping and flipping, and yields consistent improvement over strong baselines in image classification, object detection and person reidentification. Code is available at: https://github. com/zhunzhong07/Random-Erasing.

由于存储器和计算资源有限，部署在移动设备上的卷积神经网络（CNNS）是困难的。我们的目标是通过利用特征图中的冗余来设计包括CPU和GPU的异构设备的高效神经网络，这很少在神经结构设计中进行了研究。对于类似CPU的设备，我们提出了一种新颖的CPU高效的Ghost（C-Ghost）模块，以生成从廉价操作的更多特征映射。基于一组内在的特征映射，我们使用廉价的成本应用一系列线性变换，以生成许多幽灵特征图，可以完全揭示内在特征的信息。所提出的C-Ghost模块可以作为即插即用组件，以升级现有的卷积神经网络。 C-Ghost瓶颈旨在堆叠C-Ghost模块，然后可以轻松建立轻量级的C-Ghostnet。我们进一步考虑GPU设备的有效网络。在建筑阶段的情况下，不涉及太多的GPU效率（例如，深度明智的卷积），我们建议利用阶段明智的特征冗余来制定GPU高效的幽灵（G-GHOST）阶段结构。舞台中的特征被分成两个部分，其中使用具有较少输出通道的原始块处理第一部分，用于生成内在特征，另一个通过利用阶段明智的冗余来生成廉价的操作。在基准测试上进行的实验证明了所提出的C-Ghost模块和G-Ghost阶段的有效性。 C-Ghostnet和G-Ghostnet分别可以分别实现CPU和GPU的准确性和延迟的最佳权衡。代码可在https://github.com/huawei-noah/cv-backbones获得。

Deep convolutional networks have proven to be very successful in learning task specific features that allow for unprecedented performance on various computer vision tasks. Training of such networks follows mostly the supervised learning paradigm, where sufficiently many input-output pairs are required for training. Acquisition of large training sets is one of the key challenges, when approaching a new task. In this paper, we aim for generic feature learning and present an approach for training a convolutional network using only unlabeled data. To this end, we train the network to discriminate between a set of surrogate classes. Each surrogate class is formed by applying a variety of transformations to a randomly sampled 'seed' image patch. In contrast to supervised network training, the resulting feature representation is not class specific. It rather provides robustness to the transformations that have been applied during training. This generic feature representation allows for classification results that outperform the state of the art for unsupervised learning on several popular datasets . While such generic features cannot compete with class specific features from supervised training on a classification task, we show that they are advantageous on geometric matching problems, where they also outperform the SIFT descriptor.

自动肿瘤或病变分割是用于计算机辅助诊断的医学图像分析的关键步骤。尽管基于卷积神经网络（CNN）的现有方法已经达到了最先进的表现，但医疗肿瘤分割中仍然存在许多挑战。这是因为，尽管人类视觉系统可以有效地检测到2D图像中的对称性，但常规CNN只能利用翻译不变性，忽略医学图像中存在的进一步固有的对称性，例如旋转和反射。为了解决这个问题，我们通过编码那些固有的对称性来学习更精确的表示形式，提出了一个新型的群体模棱两可的分割框架。首先，在每个方向上都设计了基于内核的模棱两可的操作，这使其能够有效地解决现有方法中学习对称性的差距。然后，为了保持全球分割网络，我们设计具有层面对称性约束的独特组层。最后，基于我们的新框架，对现实世界临床数据进行的广泛实验表明，一个群体含量的res-unet（名为GER-UNET）优于其基于CNN的常规对应物，并且在最新的分段方法中优于其最新的分段方法。肝肿瘤分割，COVID-19肺部感染分割和视网膜血管检测的任务。更重要的是，新建的GER-UNET还显示出在降低样品复杂性和过滤器的冗余，升级当前分割CNN和划定器官上的其他医学成像方式上的潜力。