视觉室内导航（VIN）任务已从数据驱动的机器学习社区中引起了人们的关注，尤其是在最近报告的基于学习方法的成功中。由于这项任务的先天复杂性，研究人员尝试从各种不同角度解决问题，其全部范围尚未在总体报告中捕获。这项调查首先总结了VIN任务的基于学习的方法的代表性工作，然后确定并讨论了阻碍VIN绩效的问题，并激发了值得探索社区的这些关键领域的未来研究。

We present a retrospective on the state of Embodied AI research. Our analysis focuses on 13 challenges presented at the Embodied AI Workshop at CVPR. These challenges are grouped into three themes: (1) visual navigation, (2) rearrangement, and (3) embodied vision-and-language. We discuss the dominant datasets within each theme, evaluation metrics for the challenges, and the performance of state-of-the-art models. We highlight commonalities between top approaches to the challenges and identify potential future directions for Embodied AI research.

从“Internet AI”的时代到“体现AI”的时代，AI算法和代理商出现了一个新兴范式转变，其中不再从主要来自Internet策划的图像，视频或文本的数据集。相反，他们通过与与人类类似的Enocentric感知来通过与其环境的互动学习。因此，对体现AI模拟器的需求存在大幅增长，以支持各种体现的AI研究任务。这种越来越多的体现AI兴趣是有利于对人工综合情报（AGI）的更大追求，但对这一领域并无一直存在当代和全面的调查。本文旨在向体现AI领域提供百科全书的调查，从其模拟器到其研究。通过使用我们提出的七种功能评估九个当前体现的AI模拟器，旨在了解模拟器，以其在体现AI研究和其局限性中使用。最后，本文调查了体现AI - 视觉探索，视觉导航和体现问题的三个主要研究任务（QA），涵盖了最先进的方法，评估指标和数据集。最后，随着通过测量该领域的新见解，本文将为仿真器 - 任务选择和建议提供关于该领域的未来方向的建议。

这项工作研究了图像目标导航问题，需要通过真正拥挤的环境引导具有嘈杂传感器和控制的机器人。最近的富有成效的方法依赖于深度加强学习，并学习模拟环境中的导航政策，这些环境比真实环境更简单。直接将这些训练有素的策略转移到真正的环境可能非常具有挑战性甚至危险。我们用由四个解耦模块组成的分层导航方法来解决这个问题。第一模块在机器人导航期间维护障碍物映射。第二个将定期预测实时地图上的长期目标。第三个计划碰撞命令集以导航到长期目标，而最终模块将机器人正确靠近目标图像。四个模块是单独开发的，以适应真实拥挤的情景中的图像目标导航。此外，分层分解对导航目标规划，碰撞避免和导航结束预测的学习进行了解耦，这在导航训练期间减少了搜索空间，并有助于改善以前看不见的真实场景的概括。我们通过移动机器人评估模拟器和现实世界中的方法。结果表明，我们的方法优于多种导航基线，可以在这些方案中成功实现导航任务。

A robot that can carry out a natural-language instruction has been a dream since before the Jetsons cartoon series imagined a life of leisure mediated by a fleet of attentive robot helpers. It is a dream that remains stubbornly distant. However, recent advances in vision and language methods have made incredible progress in closely related areas. This is significant because a robot interpreting a naturallanguage navigation instruction on the basis of what it sees is carrying out a vision and language process that is similar to Visual Question Answering. Both tasks can be interpreted as visually grounded sequence-to-sequence translation problems, and many of the same methods are applicable. To enable and encourage the application of vision and language methods to the problem of interpreting visuallygrounded navigation instructions, we present the Matter-port3D Simulator -a large-scale reinforcement learning environment based on real imagery [11]. Using this simulator, which can in future support a range of embodied vision and language tasks, we provide the first benchmark dataset for visually-grounded natural language navigation in real buildings -the Room-to-Room (R2R) dataset 1 .1 https://bringmeaspoon.org Instruction: Head upstairs and walk past the piano through an archway directly in front. Turn right when the hallway ends at pictures and table. Wait by the moose antlers hanging on the wall.

We present a new AI task -Embodied Question Answering (EmbodiedQA) -where an agent is spawned at a random location in a 3D environment and asked a question ('What color is the car?'). In order to answer, the agent must first intelligently navigate to explore the environment, gather information through first-person (egocentric) vision, and then answer the question ('orange'). This challenging task requires a range of AI skills -active perception, language understanding, goal-driven navigation, commonsense reasoning, and grounding of language into actions. In this work, we develop the environments, end-to-end-trained reinforcement learning agents, and evaluation protocols for EmbodiedQA.

Transformer, originally devised for natural language processing, has also attested significant success in computer vision. Thanks to its super expressive power, researchers are investigating ways to deploy transformers to reinforcement learning (RL) and the transformer-based models have manifested their potential in representative RL benchmarks. In this paper, we collect and dissect recent advances on transforming RL by transformer (transformer-based RL or TRL), in order to explore its development trajectory and future trend. We group existing developments in two categories: architecture enhancement and trajectory optimization, and examine the main applications of TRL in robotic manipulation, text-based games, navigation and autonomous driving. For architecture enhancement, these methods consider how to apply the powerful transformer structure to RL problems under the traditional RL framework, which model agents and environments much more precisely than deep RL methods, but they are still limited by the inherent defects of traditional RL algorithms, such as bootstrapping and "deadly triad". For trajectory optimization, these methods treat RL problems as sequence modeling and train a joint state-action model over entire trajectories under the behavior cloning framework, which are able to extract policies from static datasets and fully use the long-sequence modeling capability of the transformer. Given these advancements, extensions and challenges in TRL are reviewed and proposals about future direction are discussed. We hope that this survey can provide a detailed introduction to TRL and motivate future research in this rapidly developing field.

Two less addressed issues of deep reinforcement learning are (1) lack of generalization capability to new target goals, and (2) data inefficiency i.e., the model requires several (and often costly) episodes of trial and error to converge, which makes it impractical to be applied to real-world scenarios. In this paper, we address these two issues and apply our model to the task of target-driven visual navigation. To address the first issue, we propose an actor-critic model whose policy is a function of the goal as well as the current state, which allows to better generalize. To address the second issue, we propose AI2-THOR framework, which provides an environment with highquality 3D scenes and physics engine. Our framework enables agents to take actions and interact with objects. Hence, we can collect a huge number of training samples efficiently.We show that our proposed method (1) converges faster than the state-of-the-art deep reinforcement learning methods, (2) generalizes across targets and across scenes, (3) generalizes to a real robot scenario with a small amount of fine-tuning (although the model is trained in simulation), ( 4) is end-to-end trainable and does not need feature engineering, feature matching between frames or 3D reconstruction of the environment.The supplementary video can be accessed at the following link: https://youtu.be/SmBxMDiOrvs.

基于学习的培训方法的方法通常需要大量包含现实布局的高质量场景并支持有意义的互动。然而，用于体现AI（EAI）挑战的当前模拟器仅提供具有有限数量的布局的模拟室内场景。本文呈现出发光，第一研究框架采用最先进的室内场景综合算法，以在体现AI挑战的情况下生成大规模模拟场景。此外，我们通过支持复杂的家庭任务的能力自动和定量地评估生成的室内场景的质量。发光结合了一种新颖的场景生成算法（受限的随机现场生成（CSSG）），实现了具有人类设计的场景的竞争性能。在发光，EAI任务执行器，任务指令生成模块和视频呈现工具包中可以集体为实现的AI代理商的培训和评估集体为新场景产生大量多模式数据集。广泛的实验结果表明了发光产生的数据的有效性，使对泛化和鲁棒性的体现特性进行全面评估。

我们介绍了一个目标驱动的导航系统，以改善室内场景中的Fapless视觉导航。我们的方法在每次步骤中都将机器人和目标的多视图观察为输入，以提供将机器人移动到目标的一系列动作，而不依赖于运行时在运行时。通过优化包含三个关键设计的组合目标来了解该系统。首先，我们建议代理人在做出行动决定之前构建下一次观察。这是通过从专家演示中学习变分生成模块来实现的。然后，我们提出预测预先预测静态碰撞，作为辅助任务，以改善导航期间的安全性。此外，为了减轻终止动作预测的训练数据不平衡问题，我们还介绍了一个目标检查模块来区分与终止动作的增强导航策略。这三种建议的设计都有助于提高培训数据效率，静态冲突避免和导航泛化性能，从而产生了一种新颖的目标驱动的FLASES导航系统。通过对Turtlebot的实验，我们提供了证据表明我们的模型可以集成到机器人系统中并在现实世界中导航。视频和型号可以在补充材料中找到。

Navigation is one of the most heavily studied problems in robotics, and is conventionally approached as a geometric mapping and planning problem. However, real-world navigation presents a complex set of physical challenges that defies simple geometric abstractions. Machine learning offers a promising way to go beyond geometry and conventional planning, allowing for navigational systems that make decisions based on actual prior experience. Such systems can reason about traversability in ways that go beyond geometry, accounting for the physical outcomes of their actions and exploiting patterns in real-world environments. They can also improve as more data is collected, potentially providing a powerful network effect. In this article, we present a general toolkit for experiential learning of robotic navigation skills that unifies several recent approaches, describe the underlying design principles, summarize experimental results from several of our recent papers, and discuss open problems and directions for future work.

在视觉和语言导航（VLN）中，按照自然语言指令在现实的3D环境中需要具体的代理。现有VLN方法的一个主要瓶颈是缺乏足够的培训数据，从而导致对看不见的环境的概括不令人满意。虽然通常会手动收集VLN数据，但这种方法很昂贵，并且可以防止可扩展性。在这项工作中，我们通过建议从HM3D自动创建900个未标记的3D建筑物的大规模VLN数据集来解决数据稀缺问题。我们为每个建筑物生成一个导航图，并通过交叉视图一致性从2D传输对象预测，从2D传输伪3D对象标签。然后，我们使用伪对象标签来微调一个预处理的语言模型，作为减轻教学生成中跨模式差距的提示。在导航环境和说明方面，我们生成的HM3D-AUTOVLN数据集是比现有VLN数据集大的数量级。我们通过实验表明，HM3D-AUTOVLN显着提高了所得VLN模型的概括能力。在SPL指标上，我们的方法分别在Reverie和DataSet的看不见的验证分裂分别对艺术的状态提高了7.1％和8.1％。

与一组复杂的RL问题有关的目标条件加固学习（GCRL）训练代理在特定情况下实现不同的目标。与仅根据州或观察结果了解政策的标准RL解决方案相比，GCRL还要求代理商根据不同的目标做出决策。在这项调查中，我们对GCRL的挑战和算法进行了全面的概述。首先，我们回答该领域研究的基本问题。然后，我们解释了如何代表目标并介绍如何从不同角度设计现有解决方案。最后，我们得出结论，并讨论最近研究重点的潜在未来前景。

为了基于深度加强学习（RL）来增强目标驱动的视觉导航的交叉目标和跨场景，我们将信息理论正则化术语引入RL目标。正则化最大化导航动作与代理的视觉观察变换之间的互信息，从而促进更明智的导航决策。这样，代理通过学习变分生成模型来模拟动作观察动态。基于该模型，代理生成（想象）从其当前观察和导航目标的下一次观察。这样，代理学会了解导航操作与其观察变化之间的因果关系，这允许代理通过比较当前和想象的下一个观察来预测导航的下一个动作。 AI2-Thor框架上的交叉目标和跨场景评估表明，我们的方法在某些最先进的模型上获得了平均成功率的10美元。我们进一步评估了我们的模型在两个现实世界中：来自离散的活动视觉数据集（AVD）和带有TurtleBot的连续现实世界环境中的看不见的室内场景导航。我们证明我们的导航模型能够成功实现导航任务这些情景。视频和型号可以在补充材料中找到。

Imitation learning techniques aim to mimic human behavior in a given task. An agent (a learning machine) is trained to perform a task from demonstrations by learning a mapping between observations and actions. The idea of teaching by imitation has been around for many years, however, the field is gaining attention recently due to advances in computing and sensing as well as rising demand for intelligent applications. The paradigm of learning by imitation is gaining popularity because it facilitates teaching complex tasks with minimal expert knowledge of the tasks. Generic imitation learning methods could potentially reduce the problem of teaching a task to that of providing demonstrations; without the need for explicit programming or designing reward functions specific to the task. Modern sensors are able to collect and transmit high volumes of data rapidly, and processors with high computational power allow fast processing that maps the sensory data to actions in a timely manner. This opens the door for many potential AI applications that require real-time perception and reaction such as humanoid robots, self-driving vehicles, human computer interaction and computer games to name a few. However, specialized algorithms are needed to effectively and robustly learn models as learning by imitation poses its own set of challenges. In this paper, we survey imitation learning methods and present design options in different steps of the learning process. We introduce a background and motivation for the field as well as highlight challenges specific to the imitation problem. Methods for designing and evaluating imitation learning tasks are categorized and reviewed. Special attention is given to learning methods in robotics and games as these domains are the most popular in the literature and provide a wide array of problems and methodologies. We extensively discuss combining imitation learning approaches using different sources and methods, as well as incorporating other motion learning methods to enhance imitation. We also discuss the potential impact on industry, present major applications and highlight current and future research directions.

建立一个对话体现的代理执行现实生活任务一直是一个长期而又具有挑战性的研究目标，因为它需要有效的人类代理沟通，多模式理解，远程顺序决策等。传统的符号方法具有扩展和概括问题，而端到端的深度学习模型则遭受数据稀缺和高任务复杂性的影响，并且通常很难解释。为了从两全其美的世界中受益，我们提出了一个神经符号常识性推理（JARVIS）框架，用于模块化，可推广和可解释的对话体现的药物。首先，它通过提示大型语言模型（LLM）来获得符号表示，以了解语言理解和次目标计划，并通过从视觉观察中构建语义图。然后，基于任务和动作级别的常识，次目标计划和行动生成的符号模块。在Teach数据集上进行的大量实验验证了我们的JARVIS框架的功效和效率，该框架在所有三个基于对话框的具体任务上实现了最新的（SOTA）结果，包括对话记录（EDH）的执行，对话框的轨迹， （TFD）和两个代理任务完成（TATC）（例如，我们的方法将EDH看不见的成功率从6.1 \％\％提高到15.8 \％）。此外，我们系统地分析了影响任务绩效的基本因素，并在几个射击设置中证明了我们方法的优越性。我们的Jarvis模型在Alexa奖Simbot公共基准挑战赛中排名第一。

对象看起来和声音的方式提供了对其物理特性的互补反射。在许多设置中，视觉和试听的线索都异步到达，但必须集成，就像我们听到一个物体掉落在地板上，然后必须找到它时。在本文中，我们介绍了一个设置，用于研究3D虚拟环境中的多模式对象定位。一个物体在房间的某个地方掉落。配备了摄像头和麦克风的具体机器人剂必须通过将音频和视觉信号与知识的基础物理学结合来确定已删除的对象以及位置。为了研究此问题，我们生成了一个大规模数据集 - 倒下的对象数据集 - 其中包括64个房间中30个物理对象类别的8000个实例。该数据集使用Threedworld平台，该平台可以模拟基于物理的影响声音和在影片设置中对象之间的复杂物理交互。作为解决这一挑战的第一步，我们基于模仿学习，强化学习和模块化计划，开发了一组具体的代理基线，并对这项新任务的挑战进行了深入的分析。

我们建议通过学习通过构思它预期看到的下一个观察来引导的代理来改善视觉导航的跨目标和跨场景概括。这是通过学习变分贝叶斯模型来实现的，称为Neonav，该模型产生了在试剂和目标视图的当前观察中的下一个预期观察（Neo）。我们的生成模式是通过优化包含两个关键设计的变分目标来了解。首先，潜在分布在当前观察和目标视图上进行调节，导致基于模型的目标驱动导航。其次，潜伏的空间用在当前观察和下一个最佳动作上的高斯的混合物建模。我们使用后医混合物的用途能够有效地减轻过正规化的潜在空间的问题，从而大大提高了新目标和新场景的模型概括。此外，Neo Generation模型代理环境交互的前向动态，从而提高了近似推断的质量，因此提高了数据效率。我们对现实世界和合成基准进行了广泛的评估，并表明我们的模型在成功率，数据效率和泛化方面始终如一地优于最先进的模型。

部署后，AI代理会遇到超出其自动解决问题能力的问题。利用人类援助可以帮助代理人克服其固有的局限性，并坚决应对陌生的情况。我们提出了一个通用的交互式框架，该框架使代理商能够从对任务和环境有知识的助手那里请求和解释丰富的上下文有用的信息。我们在模拟的人类辅助导航问题上证明了框架的实用性。在我们的方法中学到的援助要求政策的帮助下，导航代理与完全自主行为相比，在以前看不见的环境中发生的任务上的成功率提高了7倍。我们表明，代理商可以根据上下文来利用不同类型的信息，并分析学习援助要求政策的好处和挑战，当助手可以递归地将任务分解为子任务。

Deep reinforcement learning is poised to revolutionise the field of AI and represents a step towards building autonomous systems with a higher level understanding of the visual world. Currently, deep learning is enabling reinforcement learning to scale to problems that were previously intractable, such as learning to play video games directly from pixels. Deep reinforcement learning algorithms are also applied to robotics, allowing control policies for robots to be learned directly from camera inputs in the real world. In this survey, we begin with an introduction to the general field of reinforcement learning, then progress to the main streams of value-based and policybased methods. Our survey will cover central algorithms in deep reinforcement learning, including the deep Q-network, trust region policy optimisation, and asynchronous advantage actor-critic. In parallel, we highlight the unique advantages of deep neural networks, focusing on visual understanding via reinforcement learning. To conclude, we describe several current areas of research within the field.