本文介绍了Semeval-2022任务8：多语言新闻文章相似性的第二位系统。我们提出了一个富含实体的暹罗变形金刚，该变压器计算新闻文章的相似性，例如不同的子维度，例如新闻文章中讨论的事件的共享叙述，实体，位置和时间。我们的系统使用变压器编码器利用暹罗网络体系结构来学习文档级表示，以便捕获叙事以及从新闻文章中提取的基于辅助实体的功能。将所有这些功能一起使用背后的直觉是捕获不同粒度层面的新闻文章之间的相似性，并评估不同新闻媒体对“相同事件”的文章的程度。我们的实验结果和详细的消融研究证明了我们提出的方法的有效性和有效性。

Early detection of relevant locations in a piece of news is especially important in extreme events such as environmental disasters, war conflicts, disease outbreaks, or political turmoils. Additionally, this detection also helps recommender systems to promote relevant news based on user locations. Note that, when the relevant locations are not mentioned explicitly in the text, state-of-the-art methods typically fail to recognize them because these methods rely on syntactic recognition. In contrast, by incorporating a knowledge base and connecting entities with their locations, our system successfully infers the relevant locations even when they are not mentioned explicitly in the text. To evaluate the effectiveness of our approach, and due to the lack of datasets in this area, we also contribute to the research community with a gold-standard multilingual news-location dataset, NewsLOC. It contains the annotation of the relevant locations (and their WikiData IDs) of 600+ Wikinews articles in five different languages: English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish. Through experimental evaluations, we show that our proposed system outperforms the baselines and the fine-tuned version of the model using semi-supervised data that increases the classification rate. The source code and the NewsLOC dataset are publicly available for being used by the research community at https://github.com/vsuarezpaniagua/NewsLocation.

这项工作是要找到一对新闻文章之间的相似性。数据集中为每对提供了七个不同的客观相似性指标，新闻文章以多种不同的语言为单位。除了预先训练的嵌入模型之外，我们计算了基线结果的余弦相似性，然后在其上训练了前馈神经网络以改善结果。我们还为每个相似度度量的指标构建了单独的管道，以提取特征。使用特征提取和前馈神经网络，我们可以看到基线结果的显着改善。

Event Detection (ED) is the task of identifying and classifying trigger words of event mentions in text. Despite considerable research efforts in recent years for English text, the task of ED in other languages has been significantly less explored. Switching to non-English languages, important research questions for ED include how well existing ED models perform on different languages, how challenging ED is in other languages, and how well ED knowledge and annotation can be transferred across languages. To answer those questions, it is crucial to obtain multilingual ED datasets that provide consistent event annotation for multiple languages. There exist some multilingual ED datasets; however, they tend to cover a handful of languages and mainly focus on popular ones. Many languages are not covered in existing multilingual ED datasets. In addition, the current datasets are often small and not accessible to the public. To overcome those shortcomings, we introduce a new large-scale multilingual dataset for ED (called MINION) that consistently annotates events for 8 different languages; 5 of them have not been supported by existing multilingual datasets. We also perform extensive experiments and analysis to demonstrate the challenges and transferability of ED across languages in MINION that in all call for more research effort in this area.

新闻事实检查的一个重要挑战是对现有事实核对的有效传播。反过来，这需要可靠的方法来检测先前事实检查的主张。在本文中，我们专注于自动寻找在社交媒体帖子（推文）中提出的索赔的现有事实检查。我们使用多语言变压器模型（例如XLM-Roberta和多语言嵌入者，例如Labse and Sbert）进行单语（仅英语），多语言（西班牙语，葡萄牙语）和跨语性（印度英语）设置进行分类和检索实验。我们提供了四个语言对的“匹配”分类（平均准确性86％）的有希望的结果。我们还发现，在单语实验中，BM25基线的表现胜过或与最先进的多语言嵌入模型相提并论。我们在以不同的语言来解决此问题的同时，强调和讨论NLP挑战，并介绍了一个新颖的事实检查数据集和相应的推文，以供将来的研究。

知识库，例如Wikidata Amass大量命名实体信息，例如多语言标签，这些信息对于各种多语言和跨语义应用程序非常有用。但是，从信息一致性的角度来看，不能保证这样的标签可以跨语言匹配，从而极大地损害了它们对机器翻译等字段的有用性。在这项工作中，我们研究了单词和句子对准技术的应用，再加上匹配算法，以将从Wikidata提取的10种语言中提取的跨语性实体标签对齐。我们的结果表明，Wikidata的主标签之间的映射将通过任何使用的方法都大大提高（F1分数最高20美元）。我们展示了依赖句子嵌入的方法如何超过所有其他脚本，甚至在不同的脚本上。我们认为，这种技术在测量标签对的相似性上的应用，再加上富含高质量实体标签的知识库，是机器翻译的绝佳资产。

我们介绍Samanantar，是最大的公开可用的并行Corpora Collection，用于指示语言。该集合中的英语和11个上线语言之间总共包含4970万句对（来自两种语言系列）。具体而言，我们从现有的公共可用并行基层编译1240万句对，另外，从网络上挖掘3740万句对，导致4倍增加。我们通过组合许多语料库，工具和方法来挖掘网站的并行句子：（a）Web爬行单格式语料库，（b）文档OCR，用于从扫描的文档中提取句子，（c）用于对齐句子的多语言表示模型，以及（d）近似最近的邻居搜索搜索大量句子。人类评估新矿业的Corpora的样本验证了11种语言的高质量平行句子。此外，我们使用英语作为枢轴语言，从英式并行语料库中提取所有55个指示语言对之间的834百万句子对。我们培训了跨越Samanantar上所有这些语言的多语种NMT模型，这在公开可用的基准上表现出现有的模型和基准，例如弗洛雷斯，建立萨曼塔尔的效用。我们的数据和模型可在Https://indicnlp.ai4bharat.org/samanantar/上公开提供，我们希望他们能够帮助推进NMT和Multibingual NLP的研究。

Event Extraction (EE) is one of the fundamental tasks in Information Extraction (IE) that aims to recognize event mentions and their arguments (i.e., participants) from text. Due to its importance, extensive methods and resources have been developed for Event Extraction. However, one limitation of current research for EE involves the under-exploration for non-English languages in which the lack of high-quality multilingual EE datasets for model training and evaluation has been the main hindrance. To address this limitation, we propose a novel Multilingual Event Extraction dataset (MEE) that provides annotation for more than 50K event mentions in 8 typologically different languages. MEE comprehensively annotates data for entity mentions, event triggers and event arguments. We conduct extensive experiments on the proposed dataset to reveal challenges and opportunities for multilingual EE.

Translating training data into many languages has emerged as a practical solution for improving cross-lingual transfer. For tasks that involve span-level annotations, such as information extraction or question answering, an additional label projection step is required to map annotated spans onto the translated texts. Recently, a few efforts have utilized a simple mark-then-translate method to jointly perform translation and projection by inserting special markers around the labeled spans in the original sentence. However, as far as we are aware, no empirical analysis has been conducted on how this approach compares to traditional annotation projection based on word alignment. In this paper, we present an extensive empirical study across 42 languages and three tasks (QA, NER, and Event Extraction) to evaluate the effectiveness and limitations of both methods, filling an important gap in the literature. Experimental results show that our optimized version of mark-then-translate, which we call EasyProject, is easily applied to many languages and works surprisingly well, outperforming the more complex word alignment-based methods. We analyze several key factors that affect end-task performance, and show EasyProject works well because it can accurately preserve label span boundaries after translation. We will publicly release all our code and data.

We present, Naamapadam, the largest publicly available Named Entity Recognition (NER) dataset for the 11 major Indian languages from two language families. In each language, it contains more than 400k sentences annotated with a total of at least 100k entities from three standard entity categories (Person, Location and Organization) for 9 out of the 11 languages. The training dataset has been automatically created from the Samanantar parallel corpus by projecting automatically tagged entities from an English sentence to the corresponding Indian language sentence. We also create manually annotated testsets for 8 languages containing approximately 1000 sentences per language. We demonstrate the utility of the obtained dataset on existing testsets and the Naamapadam-test data for 8 Indic languages. We also release IndicNER, a multilingual mBERT model fine-tuned on the Naamapadam training set. IndicNER achieves the best F1 on the Naamapadam-test set compared to an mBERT model fine-tuned on existing datasets. IndicNER achieves an F1 score of more than 80 for 7 out of 11 Indic languages. The dataset and models are available under open-source licenses at https://ai4bharat.iitm.ac.in/naamapadam.

Universal cross-lingual sentence embeddings map semantically similar cross-lingual sentences into a shared embedding space. Aligning cross-lingual sentence embeddings usually requires supervised cross-lingual parallel sentences. In this work, we propose mSimCSE, which extends SimCSE to multilingual settings and reveal that contrastive learning on English data can surprisingly learn high-quality universal cross-lingual sentence embeddings without any parallel data. In unsupervised and weakly supervised settings, mSimCSE significantly improves previous sentence embedding methods on cross-lingual retrieval and multilingual STS tasks. The performance of unsupervised mSimCSE is comparable to fully supervised methods in retrieving low-resource languages and multilingual STS. The performance can be further enhanced when cross-lingual NLI data is available. Our code is publicly available at https://github.com/yaushian/mSimCSE.

句子嵌入通常用于文本聚类和语义检索任务中。最先进的句子表示方法基于大量手动标记句子对集合的人工神经网络。高资源语言（例如英语或中文）可以使用足够数量的注释数据。在不太受欢迎的语言中，必须使用多语言模型，从而提供较低的性能。在本出版物中，我们通过提出一种培训有效的语言特定句子编码的方法来解决此问题，而无需手动标记数据。我们的方法是从句子对准双语文本语料库中自动构建释义对数据集。然后，我们使用收集的数据来微调具有附加复发池层的变压器语言模型。我们的句子编码器可以在不到一天的时间内在一张图形卡上进行培训，从而在各种句子级的任务上实现高性能。我们在波兰语中评估了八个语言任务的方法，并将其与最佳可用多语言句子编码器进行比较。

识别跨语言抄袭是挑战性的，特别是对于遥远的语言对和感知翻译。我们介绍了这项任务的新型多语言检索模型跨语言本体论（CL \ nobreakdash-osa）。 CL-OSA表示从开放知识图Wikidata获得的实体向量的文档。反对其他方法，Cl \ nobreakdash-osa不需要计算昂贵的机器翻译，也不需要使用可比较或平行语料库进行预培训。它可靠地歧义同音异义和缩放，以允许其应用于Web级文档集合。我们展示了CL-OSA优于从五个大局部多样化的测试语料中检索候选文档的最先进的方法，包括日语英语等遥控语言对。为了识别在角色级别的跨语言抄袭，CL-OSA主要改善了感觉识别翻译的检测。对于这些挑战性案例，CL-OSA在良好的Plagdet得分方面的表现超过了最佳竞争对手的比例超过两种。我们研究的代码和数据公开可用。

零拍摄的交叉传输是现代NLP模型和架构中的一个重要功能，以支持低资源语言。在这项工作中，我们在多标签文本分类下将零拍摄的交叉传输到法语和德语，我们使用英语培训集培训分类器，我们使用法语和德语测试集进行测试。我们以法语和德语官方翻译扩展了欧洲互联网数据集，英国数据集，了解法律文件的主题分类。我们调查使用一些训练技术，即逐步的未填写和语言模型FineTuning的效果，对零射击交叉传输的质量。我们发现，多语言预训练模型（M-Distilbert，M-BERT）的语言模型，导致32.0-34.94％，相应地对法国和德国测试集的相对改进。此外，在培训期间逐渐未经培训的模型层，为法国人的相对提高38-45％，德国人58-70％。与使用英语，法国和德国培训集中的联合培训方案中的模型进行培训，零击贝尔的分类模型达到了通过共同训练的基于伯特的分类模型实现的86％。

Much recent progress in applications of machine learning models to NLP has been driven by benchmarks that evaluate models across a wide variety of tasks. However, these broad-coverage benchmarks have been mostly limited to English, and despite an increasing interest in multilingual models, a benchmark that enables the comprehensive evaluation of such methods on a diverse range of languages and tasks is still missing. To this end, we introduce the Cross-lingual TRansfer Evaluation of Multilingual Encoders (XTREME) benchmark, a multi-task benchmark for evaluating the cross-lingual generalization capabilities of multilingual representations across 40 languages and 9 tasks. We demonstrate that while models tested on English reach human performance on many tasks, there is still a sizable gap in the performance of cross-lingually transferred models, particularly on syntactic and sentence retrieval tasks. There is also a wide spread of results across languages. We release the benchmark 1 to encourage research on cross-lingual learning methods that transfer linguistic knowledge across a diverse and representative set of languages and tasks.

一些基于变压器的模型可以执行跨语言转移学习：这些模型可以通过一种语言对特定任务进行培训，并以另一种语言的同一任务给予相对良好的结果，尽管仅在单语任务中进行了预先培训。但是，关于这些基于变压器的模型是否学习跨语言的通用模式，目前尚无共识。我们提出了一种单词级的任务不可能的方法，以评估此类模型构建的上下文化表示的对齐方式。我们表明，与以前的方法相比，我们的方法提供了更准确的翻译成对，以评估单词级别对齐。我们的结果表明，基于多语言变压器模型的某些内部层优于其他明确对齐的表示，甚至根据多语言对齐的更严格的定义，更是如此。

现代实体链接（EL）系统构成了流行偏见，但是没有数据集以英语以外的其他语言上关注尾巴和新兴实体。我们向Hansel展示了中国人的新基准，它填补了非英国几乎没有射击和零击EL挑战的空缺。Hansel的测试集经过人工注释和审查，并采用了一种用于收集零照片EL数据集的新方法。它涵盖了新闻，社交媒体帖子和其他网络文章中的10k多种文档，Wikidata作为目标知识库。我们证明，现有的最新EL系统在Hansel上的表现不佳（R@1中的36.6％，几乎没有射击）。然后，我们建立了一个强大的基线，该基线在我们的数据集上的零射门上为46.2％的R@1分之1。我们还表明，我们的基线在TAC-KBP2015中国实体链接任务上取得了竞争成果。

翻译质量估计（QE）是预测机器翻译（MT）输出质量的任务，而无需任何参考。作为MT实际应用中的重要组成部分，这项任务已越来越受到关注。在本文中，我们首先提出了XLMRScore，这是一种基于使用XLM-Roberta（XLMR）模型计算的BertScore的简单无监督的QE方法，同时讨论了使用此方法发生的问题。接下来，我们建议两种减轻问题的方法：用未知令牌和预训练模型的跨语性对准替换未翻译的单词，以表示彼此之间的一致性单词。我们在WMT21 QE共享任务的四个低资源语言对上评估了所提出的方法，以及本文介绍的新的英语FARSI测试数据集。实验表明，我们的方法可以在两个零射击方案的监督基线中获得可比的结果，即皮尔森相关性的差异少于0.01，同时在所有低资源语言对中的平均低资源语言对中的无人看管竞争对手的平均水平超过8％的平均水平超过8％。 。

在本文中，我们建议将不同语言的句子表示对齐到统一的嵌入空间，其中可以用简单的点产品计算语义相似之处（交叉语言和单晶）。预先接受的语言模型与翻译排名任务进行微调。现有工作（Feng等人，2020）使用与批量相同的句子作为否定，这可能会遭受易于否定的问题。我们适应MOCO（赫尔，2020）以进一步提高对准质量。作为实验结果表明，我们的模型产生的句子表示在包括Tatoeba en-Zh的许多任务中实现了新的最先进的，包括STATOEBA EN-ZH类似性搜索（Artetxe和Schwenk，2019b），Bucc en-Zh Bitext Mining，7个数据集上的语义文本相似性。

In this work, we introduce IndicXTREME, a benchmark consisting of nine diverse tasks covering 18 languages from the Indic sub-continent belonging to four different families. Across languages and tasks, IndicXTREME contains a total of 103 evaluation sets, of which 51 are new contributions to the literature. To maintain high quality, we only use human annotators to curate or translate\footnote{for IndicXParaphrase, where an automatic translation system is used, a second human verification and correction step is done.} our datasets. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first effort toward creating a standard benchmark for Indic languages that aims to test the zero-shot capabilities of pretrained language models. We also release IndicCorp v2, an updated and much larger version of IndicCorp that contains 20.9 billion tokens in 24 languages. We pretrain IndicBERT v2 on IndicCorp v2 and evaluate it on IndicXTREME to show that it outperforms existing multilingual language models such as XLM-R and MuRIL.