认知科学表明,人类会以所见主体的变化分离的事件来感知视频。状态变化触发新事件,是大量冗余信息中最有用的事件之一。但是,先前的研究重点是对细分市场的总体理解,而无需评估内部的细粒度变化。在本文中,我们介绍了一个名为Kinetic-GEB+的新数据集。该数据集由与标题相关的170K边界组成,这些字幕描述了12K视频中通用事件中的状态更改。在这个新数据集中,我们提出了三个任务,支持通过状态变化开发对视频的更细粒度,健壮和类似人类的理解。我们在数据集中评估了许多代表性基线,在该基础上,我们还设计了一种新的TPD(基于时间的成对差异)建模方法,以进行视觉差异并实现显着的性能改进。此外,结果表明,在利用不同粒度,视觉差异的表示以及状态变化的准确定位方面,当前方法仍然存在着巨大的挑战。进一步的分析表明,我们的数据集可以推动开发更强大的方法来了解状态变化,从而提高视频级别的理解。该数据集可从https://github.com/yuxuan-w/geb-plus获得
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它仍然是一个管道梦想,电话和AR眼镜的AI助手可以帮助我们的日常生活来解决我们的问题,如“如何调整这款手表日期?”和“如何设置加热持续时间?(指向烤箱的同时)”。传统任务中使用的查询(即视频问题应答,视频检索,时刻定位)通常是有关的,并基于纯文本。相比之下,我们提出了一项名为Cometdancy的问题驱动视频段检索(AQVSR)的新任务。我们每个问题都是一个图像框文本查询,专注于我们日常生活中的物品,并期望从教学视频转录程序段的语料库中检索相关的答案段。为了支持对此AQVSR任务的研究,我们构建一个名为AssionSR的新数据集。我们设计新颖的准则来创造高质量样本。此数据集包含有关1K视频片段的1.4K多模态问题,来自各种日用物品的教学视频。为了解决AQVSR,我们开发了一个称为双重多模式编码器(DME)的简单但有效的模型,显着优于几种基线方法,同时仍然有大型未来改善空间。此外,我们提供了详细的消融分析。我们的代码和数据可以在https://github.com/stanlei52/aqvsr中获得。
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Most natural videos contain numerous events. For example, in a video of a "man playing a piano", the video might also contain "another man dancing" or "a crowd clapping". We introduce the task of dense-captioning events, which involves both detecting and describing events in a video. We propose a new model that is able to identify all events in a single pass of the video while simultaneously describing the detected events with natural language. Our model introduces a variant of an existing proposal module that is designed to capture both short as well as long events that span minutes. To capture the dependencies between the events in a video, our model introduces a new captioning module that uses contextual information from past and future events to jointly describe all events. We also introduce ActivityNet Captions, a large-scale benchmark for dense-captioning events. ActivityNet Captions contains 20k videos amounting to 849 video hours with 100k total descriptions, each with it's unique start and end time. Finally, we report performances of our model for dense-captioning events, video retrieval and localization.
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本文介绍了我们针对CVPR2022通用事件边界字幕(GEBC)竞赛的冠军解决方案。 GEBC要求字幕模型对给定视频边界周围的瞬时状态变化具有理解,这使其比传统的视频字幕任务更具挑战性。在本文中,提出了对视频内容编码和字幕生成的改进的双流变压器:(1)我们利用三个预训练的模型从不同的粒度中提取视频功能。此外,我们利用边界的类型作为提示,以帮助模型生成字幕。 (2)我们特别设计一个称为双流变压器的模型,以学习边界字幕的区分表示。 (3)为了生成与内容相关和类似人类的标题,我们通过设计单词级合奏策略来提高描述质量。 GEBC测试拆分的有希望的结果证明了我们提出的模型的功效。
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视频标题的当前度量主要基于参考和候选字幕之间的文本级别比较。然而,它们具有一些不可能的缺点,例如,它们不能在没有参考的情况下处理视频,并且由于视频到文本的一对多性质和忽视视觉相关性的一对多性质,它们可能导致偏见的评估。从人类评估者的观点来看,高质量的标题应与提供的视频一致,但不一定类似于文字或语义中的参考。灵感来自人类评估,我们提出了Emscore(基于匹配的分数),是视频字幕的一种新颖的无参考度量,其直接测量视频和候选字幕之间的相似性。受益于最近的大规模预训练模型的发展,我们利用了一个良好的预先训练的视觉语言模型来提取用于计算Emscore的视觉和语言嵌入。具体地,Emscore将粗粒(视频和标题)和细粒度(帧和单词)水平的匹配分数组合,这将考虑到视频的整体理解和详细特征。此外,考虑到潜在的信息增益,Emscore可以灵活地扩展到人类标记的参考可用的条件。最后但并非最不重要的是,我们收集Vatex-eval和ActivityNet-Foil数据集以系统地评估现有的度量标准。 Vatex-emp实验表明,Emscore具有更高的人类相关性和较低的参考依赖性。 ActivityNet-Foil实验验证Emscore可以有效地识别“幻觉”标题。将释放数据集以促进视频标题度量的开发。代码可在:https://github.com/shiyaya/emcore。
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密集的视频字幕旨在使用视频的时间位置生成多个相关标题。以前的方法遵循复杂的“本地化 - 然后描述”方案,这些方案严重依赖于众多手工制作的组件。在本文中,通过将密集的标题产生作为设置预测任务,我们提出了一种具有并行解码(PDVC)的端到端密集视频字幕的简单且有效的框架。实际上,通过在变压器解码器顶部堆叠新提出的事件计数器,PDVC在对视频内容的整体理解下,将视频精确地将视频分成多个事件部分,这有效地提高了预测标题的相干性和可读性。与现有技术相比,PDVC具有多种吸引力优势:(1)不依赖于启发式非最大抑制或复发事件序列选择网络以除去冗余,PDVC直接产生具有适当尺寸的事件集; (2)与采用两级方案相比,我们并行地将事件查询的增强型表达送入本地化头和标题头,使这两个子任务深入相互关联,通过优化相互促进; (3)没有贝尔和吹口哨,对ActivityNet标题和YouScook2的广泛实验表明,PDVC能够产生高质量的标题结果,当其本地化准确性与它们相提并如此时,最先进的两级方法。代码可在https://github.com/ttengwang/pdvc提供。
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为了为视频产生适当的标题,推理需要确定相关的概念并注意它们之间的空间关系以及剪辑中的时间发展。我们的端到端编码器视频字幕框架结合了两个基于变压器的体系结构,这是一种用于单个关节时空视频分析的改编变压器,以及用于高级文本生成的基于自我注意力的解码器。此外,我们引入了一种自适应框架选择方案,以减少所需的传入帧数,同时在训练两个变压器时保持相关内容。此外,我们通过汇总每个样本的所有基础真理标题来估计与视频字幕相关的语义概念。我们的方法在MSVD以及大规模的MSR-VTT和VATEX基准数据集上实现了最新的结果,并考虑了多个自然语言产生(NLG)指标。对多样性得分的其他评估突出了我们生成的标题结构的表现力和多样性。
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密集的视频字幕(DVC)旨在生成多句子描述,以阐明视频中的多个事件,这是具有挑战性,需要的视觉一致性,疑惑一致性和语言多样性。现有方法主要生成各个视频段的标题,缺乏适应全局视觉上下文和快速发展的视觉内容和文本描述之间的渐进对齐,这导致冗余和拼接描述。在本文中,我们介绍了信息流的概念,以模拟跨视频序列和标题的渐进信息。通过设计跨模型信息流对准机制,捕获和对齐的视觉和文本信息流,其在事件/主题演化上以更丰富的上下文和动态赋予标题处理。基于跨模型信息流对准模块,我们进一步提出了DVCFlow框架,它由全球本地视觉编码器组成,用于捕获每个视频段的全局功能和本地特征,以及用于产生标题的预先培训的标题生成器。对流行的ActivityNet标题和Youcookii数据集的广泛实验表明,我们的方法显着优于竞争基础,并根据主题和客观测试产生更多人类文本。
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Annotation of multimedia data by humans is time-consuming and costly, while reliable automatic generation of semantic metadata is a major challenge. We propose a framework to extract semantic metadata from automatically generated video captions. As metadata, we consider entities, the entities' properties, relations between entities, and the video category. We employ two state-of-the-art dense video captioning models with masked transformer (MT) and parallel decoding (PVDC) to generate captions for videos of the ActivityNet Captions dataset. Our experiments show that it is possible to extract entities, their properties, relations between entities, and the video category from the generated captions. We observe that the quality of the extracted information is mainly influenced by the quality of the event localization in the video as well as the performance of the event caption generation.
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The little girl jumps back up after falling. Figure 1: We consider localizing moments in video with natural language and demonstrate that incorporating local and global video features is important for this task. To train and evaluate our model, we collect the Distinct Describable Moments (DiDeMo) dataset which consists of over 40,000 pairs of localized video moments and corresponding natural language.
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Despite progress in perceptual tasks such as image classification, computers still perform poorly on cognitive tasks such as image description and question answering. Cognition is core to tasks that involve not just recognizing, but reasoning about our visual world. However, models used to tackle the rich content in images for cognitive tasks are still being trained using the same datasets designed for perceptual tasks. To achieve success at cognitive tasks, models need to understand the interactions and relationships between objects in
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The potential for agents, whether embodied or software, to learn by observing other agents performing procedures involving objects and actions is rich. Current research on automatic procedure learning heavily relies on action labels or video subtitles, even during the evaluation phase, which makes them infeasible in real-world scenarios. This leads to our question: can the human-consensus structure of a procedure be learned from a large set of long, unconstrained videos (e.g., instructional videos from YouTube) with only visual evidence? To answer this question, we introduce the problem of procedure segmentation-to segment a video procedure into category-independent procedure segments. Given that no large-scale dataset is available for this problem, we collect a large-scale procedure segmentation dataset with procedure segments temporally localized and described; we use cooking videos and name the dataset YouCook2. We propose a segment-level recurrent network for generating procedure segments by modeling the dependencies across segments. The generated segments can be used as pre-processing for other tasks, such as dense video captioning and event parsing. We show in our experiments that the proposed model outperforms competitive baselines in procedure segmentation.
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连接视觉和语言在生成智能中起着重要作用。因此,已经致力于图像标题的大型研究工作,即用句法和语义有意义的句子描述图像。从2015年开始,该任务通常通过由Visual Encoder组成的管道和文本生成的语言模型来解决任务。在这些年来,两种组件通过对象区域,属性,介绍多模态连接,完全关注方法和伯特早期融合策略的利用而显着发展。但是,无论令人印象深刻的结果,图像标题的研究还没有达到结论性答案。这项工作旨在提供图像标题方法的全面概述,从视觉编码和文本生成到培训策略,数据集和评估度量。在这方面,我们量化地比较了许多相关的最先进的方法来确定架构和培训策略中最有影响力的技术创新。此外,讨论了问题的许多变体及其开放挑战。这项工作的最终目标是作为理解现有文献的工具,并突出显示计算机视觉和自然语言处理的研究领域的未来方向可以找到最佳的协同作用。
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密集的视频字幕旨在为未修剪视频中的一系列事件生成相应的文本描述,这些事件可以分为两个子任务,即事件检测和事件字幕。与以前分别解决这两个子任务的作品不同,最近的作品着重于增强两个子任务之间的任务间关联。但是,由于其特定于任务的解决方案的巨大差异,设计用于事件检测和字幕的任务间相互作用并不是微不足道的。此外,以前的事件检测方法通常会忽略事件之间的时间依赖性,从而导致事件冗余或不一致问题。在本文中,我们将事件检测定义为序列生成任务,并提出一个统一的预训练和微调框架,以自然增强事件检测和字幕之间的任务间关联。由于该模型将每个事件预测为以前的事件为上下文,因此事件之间的相互依赖性被充分利用,因此我们的模型可以检测到视频中更多样化和一致的事件。 ActivityNet数据集上的实验表明,我们的模型优于最新方法,并且在对大型视频文本数据进行预训练时,可以进一步提高。代码可在\ url {https://github.com/qiqang/uedvc}上获得。
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Temporal video segmentation and classification have been advanced greatly by public benchmarks in recent years. However, such research still mainly focuses on human actions, failing to describe videos in a holistic view. In addition, previous research tends to pay much attention to visual information yet ignores the multi-modal nature of videos. To fill this gap, we construct the Tencent `Ads Video Segmentation'~(TAVS) dataset in the ads domain to escalate multi-modal video analysis to a new level. TAVS describes videos from three independent perspectives as `presentation form', `place', and `style', and contains rich multi-modal information such as video, audio, and text. TAVS is organized hierarchically in semantic aspects for comprehensive temporal video segmentation with three levels of categories for multi-label classification, e.g., `place' - `working place' - `office'. Therefore, TAVS is distinguished from previous temporal segmentation datasets due to its multi-modal information, holistic view of categories, and hierarchical granularities. It includes 12,000 videos, 82 classes, 33,900 segments, 121,100 shots, and 168,500 labels. Accompanied with TAVS, we also present a strong multi-modal video segmentation baseline coupled with multi-label class prediction. Extensive experiments are conducted to evaluate our proposed method as well as existing representative methods to reveal key challenges of our dataset TAVS.
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视频时刻检索旨在搜索与给定语言查询最相关的那一刻。然而,该社区中的大多数现有方法通常需要季节边界注释,这昂贵且耗时地标记。因此,最近仅通过使用粗略视频级标签来提出弱监督的方法。尽管有效,但这些方法通常是独立处理候选人的候选人,同时忽略了不同时间尺度中候选者之间的自然时间依赖性的关键问题。要应对这个问题,我们提出了一种多尺度的2D表示学习方法,用于弱监督视频时刻检索。具体地,我们首先构造每个时间刻度的二维图以捕获候选者之间的时间依赖性。该地图中的两个维度表示这些候选人的开始和结束时间点。然后,我们使用学习卷积神经网络从每个刻度变化的地图中选择Top-K候选。通过新设计的时刻评估模块,我们获得所选候选人的对齐分数。最后,标题和语言查询之间的相似性被用作进一步培训候选者选择器的监督。两个基准数据集Charades-STA和ActivityNet标题的实验表明,我们的方法能够实现最先进的结果。
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We introduce LaViLa, a new approach to learning video-language representations by leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs). We repurpose pre-trained LLMs to be conditioned on visual input, and finetune them to create automatic video narrators. Our auto-generated narrations offer a number of advantages, including dense coverage of long videos, better temporal synchronization of the visual information and text, and much higher diversity of text. The video-text embedding learned contrastively with these additional auto-generated narrations outperforms the previous state-of-the-art on multiple first-person and third-person video tasks, both in zero-shot and finetuned setups. Most notably, LaViLa obtains an absolute gain of 10.1% on EGTEA classification and 5.9% Epic-Kitchens-100 multi-instance retrieval benchmarks. Furthermore, LaViLa trained with only half the narrations from the Ego4D dataset outperforms baseline models trained on the full set, and shows positive scaling behavior on increasing pre-training data and model size.
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视频接地旨在通过给定语言查询,本地化未经监控的视频中的相应视频时刻。现有方法通常以间接方式解决此任务,通过将其作为提案和匹配或融合和检测问题。解决这些替代问题通常需要在培训和手工制作的近重复结果中进行复杂的标签分配。同时,现有的作品通常专注于具有单句的稀疏视频接地,作为输入可能导致由于其不清晰的描述而产生模糊的本地化。在本文中,我们通过将段落作为输入同时定位多个时刻来解决密集视频接地的新问题。从视频接地的视角是语言条件回归,我们通过重新拟合变压器 - 相似的架构(PRVG)来提出端到端的并行解码范式。我们的PRVG中的关键设计是使用语言作为查询,并基于语言调制的可视表示直接回归矩界限。由于其简单设计,我们的PRVG框架可以应用于不同的测试方案(稀疏或密集的接地),并允许无需任何后处理技术的有效推理。此外,我们设计了强大的提案级注意力损失,以指导PRVG的培训,这不变于时刻持续时间,并有助于模型收敛。我们对ActivityNet标题和炸玉米饼的两个视频接地基准进行实验,展示了我们的PRVG可以显着优于以前的方法。我们还进行深入的研究,以研究并行回归范例对视频接地的有效性。
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这项工作提出了一个名为TEG的自我监督的学习框架,探讨学习视频表示中的时间粒度。在TEG中,我们从视频中抽出一个长剪辑,以及在长夹内部的短夹。然后我们提取密集的时间嵌入品。培训目标由两部分组成:一个细粒度的时间学习目的,以最大化短夹和长剪辑中的相应时间嵌入之间的相似性,以及持续的时间学习目标,以将两个剪辑的全局嵌入在一起。我们的研究揭示了时间粒度与三个主要发现的影响。 1)不同的视频任务可能需要不同时间粒度的特征。 2)有趣的是,广泛认为需要时间感知的一些任务实际上可以通过时间持久的功能来解决。 3)TEG的灵活性对8个视频基准测试产生最先进的结果,在大多数情况下优于监督预训练。
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Video understanding is a growing field and a subject of intense research, which includes many interesting tasks to understanding both spatial and temporal information, e.g., action detection, action recognition, video captioning, video retrieval. One of the most challenging problems in video understanding is dealing with feature extraction, i.e. extract contextual visual representation from given untrimmed video due to the long and complicated temporal structure of unconstrained videos. Different from existing approaches, which apply a pre-trained backbone network as a black-box to extract visual representation, our approach aims to extract the most contextual information with an explainable mechanism. As we observed, humans typically perceive a video through the interactions between three main factors, i.e., the actors, the relevant objects, and the surrounding environment. Therefore, it is very crucial to design a contextual explainable video representation extraction that can capture each of such factors and model the relationships between them. In this paper, we discuss approaches, that incorporate the human perception process into modeling actors, objects, and the environment. We choose video paragraph captioning and temporal action detection to illustrate the effectiveness of human perception based-contextual representation in video understanding. Source code is publicly available at https://github.com/UARK-AICV/Video_Representation.
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