Vertical federated learning (VFL) is an emerging paradigm that enables collaborators to build machine learning models together in a distributed fashion. In general, these parties have a group of users in common but own different features. Existing VFL frameworks use cryptographic techniques to provide data privacy and security guarantees, leading to a line of works studying computing efficiency and fast implementation. However, the security of VFL's model remains underexplored.
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Vertical federated learning is a trending solution for multi-party collaboration in training machine learning models. Industrial frameworks adopt secure multi-party computation methods such as homomorphic encryption to guarantee data security and privacy. However, a line of work has revealed that there are still leakage risks in VFL. The leakage is caused by the correlation between the intermediate representations and the raw data. Due to the powerful approximation ability of deep neural networks, an adversary can capture the correlation precisely and reconstruct the data. To deal with the threat of the data reconstruction attack, we propose a hashing-based VFL framework, called \textit{HashVFL}, to cut off the reversibility directly. The one-way nature of hashing allows our framework to block all attempts to recover data from hash codes. However, integrating hashing also brings some challenges, e.g., the loss of information. This paper proposes and addresses three challenges to integrating hashing: learnability, bit balance, and consistency. Experimental results demonstrate \textit{HashVFL}'s efficiency in keeping the main task's performance and defending against data reconstruction attacks. Furthermore, we also analyze its potential value in detecting abnormal inputs. In addition, we conduct extensive experiments to prove \textit{HashVFL}'s generalization in various settings. In summary, \textit{HashVFL} provides a new perspective on protecting multi-party's data security and privacy in VFL. We hope our study can attract more researchers to expand the application domains of \textit{HashVFL}.
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与令人印象深刻的进步触动了我们社会的各个方面,基于深度神经网络(DNN)的AI技术正在带来越来越多的安全问题。虽然在考试时间运行的攻击垄断了研究人员的初始关注,但是通过干扰培训过程来利用破坏DNN模型的可能性,代表了破坏训练过程的可能性,这是破坏AI技术的可靠性的进一步严重威胁。在后门攻击中,攻击者损坏了培训数据,以便在测试时间诱导错误的行为。然而,测试时间误差仅在存在与正确制作的输入样本对应的触发事件的情况下被激活。通过这种方式,损坏的网络继续正常输入的预期工作,并且只有当攻击者决定激活网络内隐藏的后门时,才会发生恶意行为。在过去几年中,后门攻击一直是强烈的研究活动的主题,重点是新的攻击阶段的发展,以及可能对策的提议。此概述文件的目标是审查发表的作品,直到现在,分类到目前为止提出的不同类型的攻击和防御。指导分析的分类基于攻击者对培训过程的控制量,以及防御者验证用于培训的数据的完整性,并监控DNN在培训和测试中的操作时间。因此,拟议的分析特别适合于参考他们在运营的应用方案的攻击和防御的强度和弱点。
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Dataset distillation has emerged as a prominent technique to improve data efficiency when training machine learning models. It encapsulates the knowledge from a large dataset into a smaller synthetic dataset. A model trained on this smaller distilled dataset can attain comparable performance to a model trained on the original training dataset. However, the existing dataset distillation techniques mainly aim at achieving the best trade-off between resource usage efficiency and model utility. The security risks stemming from them have not been explored. This study performs the first backdoor attack against the models trained on the data distilled by dataset distillation models in the image domain. Concretely, we inject triggers into the synthetic data during the distillation procedure rather than during the model training stage, where all previous attacks are performed. We propose two types of backdoor attacks, namely NAIVEATTACK and DOORPING. NAIVEATTACK simply adds triggers to the raw data at the initial distillation phase, while DOORPING iteratively updates the triggers during the entire distillation procedure. We conduct extensive evaluations on multiple datasets, architectures, and dataset distillation techniques. Empirical evaluation shows that NAIVEATTACK achieves decent attack success rate (ASR) scores in some cases, while DOORPING reaches higher ASR scores (close to 1.0) in all cases. Furthermore, we conduct a comprehensive ablation study to analyze the factors that may affect the attack performance. Finally, we evaluate multiple defense mechanisms against our backdoor attacks and show that our attacks can practically circumvent these defense mechanisms.
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许多最先进的ML模型在各种任务中具有优于图像分类的人类。具有如此出色的性能,ML模型今天被广泛使用。然而,存在对抗性攻击和数据中毒攻击的真正符合ML模型的稳健性。例如,Engstrom等人。证明了最先进的图像分类器可以容易地被任意图像上的小旋转欺骗。由于ML系统越来越纳入安全性和安全敏感的应用,对抗攻击和数据中毒攻击构成了相当大的威胁。本章侧重于ML安全的两个广泛和重要的领域:对抗攻击和数据中毒攻击。
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图神经网络(GNN)是一类用于处理图形域信息的基于深度学习的方法。 GNN最近已成为一种广泛使用的图形分析方法,因为它们可以为复杂的图形数据学习表示形式。但是,由于隐私问题和法规限制,集中的GNN可能很难应用于数据敏感的情况。 Federated学习(FL)是一种新兴技术,为保护隐私设置而开发,当几个方需要协作培训共享的全球模型时。尽管几项研究工作已应用于培训GNN(联邦GNN),但对他们对后门攻击的稳健性没有研究。本文通过在联邦GNN中进行两种类型的后门攻击来弥合这一差距:集中式后门攻击(CBA)和分发后门攻击(DBA)。我们的实验表明,在几乎所有评估的情况下,DBA攻击成功率高于CBA。对于CBA,即使对抗方的训练集嵌入了全球触发因素,所有本地触发器的攻击成功率也类似于全球触发因素。为了进一步探索联邦GNN中两次后门攻击的属性,我们评估了不同数量的客户,触发尺寸,中毒强度和触发密度的攻击性能。此外,我们探讨了DBA和CBA对两个最先进的防御能力的鲁棒性。我们发现,两次攻击都对被调查的防御能力进行了强大的强大,因此需要考虑将联邦GNN中的后门攻击视为需要定制防御的新威胁。
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A recent trojan attack on deep neural network (DNN) models is one insidious variant of data poisoning attacks. Trojan attacks exploit an effective backdoor created in a DNN model by leveraging the difficulty in interpretability of the learned model to misclassify any inputs signed with the attacker's chosen trojan trigger. Since the trojan trigger is a secret guarded and exploited by the attacker, detecting such trojan inputs is a challenge, especially at run-time when models are in active operation. This work builds STRong Intentional Perturbation (STRIP) based run-time trojan attack detection system and focuses on vision system. We intentionally perturb the incoming input, for instance by superimposing various image patterns, and observe the randomness of predicted classes for perturbed inputs from a given deployed model-malicious or benign. A low entropy in predicted classes violates the input-dependence property of a benign model and implies the presence of a malicious input-a characteristic of a trojaned input. The high efficacy of our method is validated through case studies on three popular and contrasting datasets: MNIST, CIFAR10 and GTSRB. We achieve an overall false acceptance rate (FAR) of less than 1%, given a preset false rejection rate (FRR) of 1%, for different types of triggers. Using CIFAR10 and GTSRB, we have empirically achieved result of 0% for both FRR and FAR. We have also evaluated STRIP robustness against a number of trojan attack variants and adaptive attacks.
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虽然最近的作品表明,联邦学习(FL)可能易受受损客户的袭击攻击,但它们对生产流系统的实际影响尚未完全理解。在这项工作中,我们的目标是通过枚举所有可能的威胁模型,中毒变化和对手的能力来制定综合系统化。我们专注于我们对未明确的中毒攻击,正如我们认为它们与生产流动部署有关。我们通过仔细表征现实威胁模型和对抗性能力,对实际生产的流动环境下无明显中毒攻击的关键分析。我们的研究结果令人惊讶:与既定信念相反,我们表明,即使使用简单,低成本的防御,我们也会在实践中非常强大。我们进一步进一步提出了新颖的,最先进的数据和模型中毒攻击,并通过三个基准数据集进行了广泛的实验,如何(在)有效中毒攻击在存在简单的防御机制中。我们的目标是纠正以前的误解,并提供关于对本主题更准确的(更现实)的研究的具体指导。
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计算能力和大型培训数据集的可用性增加,机器学习的成功助长了。假设它充分代表了在测试时遇到的数据,则使用培训数据来学习新模型或更新现有模型。这种假设受到中毒威胁的挑战,这种攻击会操纵训练数据,以损害模型在测试时的表现。尽管中毒已被认为是行业应用中的相关威胁,到目前为止,已经提出了各种不同的攻击和防御措施,但对该领域的完整系统化和批判性审查仍然缺失。在这项调查中,我们在机器学习中提供了中毒攻击和防御措施的全面系统化,审查了过去15年中该领域发表的100多篇论文。我们首先对当前的威胁模型和攻击进行分类,然后相应地组织现有防御。虽然我们主要关注计算机视觉应用程序,但我们认为我们的系统化还包括其他数据模式的最新攻击和防御。最后,我们讨论了中毒研究的现有资源,并阐明了当前的局限性和该研究领域的开放研究问题。
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联合学习(FL)是分散机器学习的新型框架。由于FL的分散特征,它很容易受到训练程序中的对抗攻击的影响,例如,后门攻击。后门攻击旨在将后门注入机器学习模型中,以便该模型会在测试样本上任意使用一些特定的后门触发器。即使已经引入了一系列FL的后门攻击方法,但也有针对它们进行防御的方法。许多捍卫方法都利用了带有后门的模型的异常特征,或带有后门和常规模型的模型之间的差异。为了绕过这些防御,我们需要减少差异和异常特征。我们发现这种异常的来源是,后门攻击将在中毒数据时直接翻转数据标签。但是,当前对FL后门攻击的研究并不主要集中在减少带有后门和常规模型的模型之间的差异。在本文中,我们提出了对抗性知识蒸馏(ADVKD),一种方法将知识蒸馏与FL中的后门攻击结合在一起。通过知识蒸馏,我们可以减少标签翻转导致模型中的异常特征,因此该模型可以绕过防御措施。与当前方法相比,我们表明ADVKD不仅可以达到更高的攻击成功率,而且还可以在其他方法失败时成功绕过防御。为了进一步探索ADVKD的性能,我们测试参数如何影响不同情况下的ADVKD的性能。根据实验结果,我们总结了如何在不同情况下调整参数以获得更好的性能。我们还使用多种方法可视化不同攻击的效果并解释Advkd的有效性。
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As a critical threat to deep neural networks (DNNs), backdoor attacks can be categorized into two types, i.e., source-agnostic backdoor attacks (SABAs) and source-specific backdoor attacks (SSBAs). Compared to traditional SABAs, SSBAs are more advanced in that they have superior stealthier in bypassing mainstream countermeasures that are effective against SABAs. Nonetheless, existing SSBAs suffer from two major limitations. First, they can hardly achieve a good trade-off between ASR (attack success rate) and FPR (false positive rate). Besides, they can be effectively detected by the state-of-the-art (SOTA) countermeasures (e.g., SCAn). To address the limitations above, we propose a new class of viable source-specific backdoor attacks, coined as CASSOCK. Our key insight is that trigger designs when creating poisoned data and cover data in SSBAs play a crucial role in demonstrating a viable source-specific attack, which has not been considered by existing SSBAs. With this insight, we focus on trigger transparency and content when crafting triggers for poisoned dataset where a sample has an attacker-targeted label and cover dataset where a sample has a ground-truth label. Specifically, we implement $CASSOCK_{Trans}$ and $CASSOCK_{Cont}$. While both they are orthogonal, they are complementary to each other, generating a more powerful attack, called $CASSOCK_{Comp}$, with further improved attack performance and stealthiness. We perform a comprehensive evaluation of the three $CASSOCK$-based attacks on four popular datasets and three SOTA defenses. Compared with a representative SSBA as a baseline ($SSBA_{Base}$), $CASSOCK$-based attacks have significantly advanced the attack performance, i.e., higher ASR and lower FPR with comparable CDA (clean data accuracy). Besides, $CASSOCK$-based attacks have effectively bypassed the SOTA defenses, and $SSBA_{Base}$ cannot.
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后门攻击已被证明是对深度学习模型的严重安全威胁,并且检测给定模型是否已成为后门成为至关重要的任务。现有的防御措施主要建立在观察到后门触发器通常尺寸很小或仅影响几个神经元激活的观察结果。但是,在许多情况下,尤其是对于高级后门攻击,违反了上述观察结果,阻碍了现有防御的性能和适用性。在本文中,我们提出了基于新观察的后门防御范围。也就是说,有效的后门攻击通常需要对中毒训练样本的高预测置信度,以确保训练有素的模型具有很高的可能性。基于此观察结果,Dtinspector首先学习一个可以改变最高信心数据的预测的补丁,然后通过检查在低信心数据上应用学习补丁后检查预测变化的比率来决定后门的存在。对五次后门攻击,四个数据集和三种高级攻击类型的广泛评估证明了拟议防御的有效性。
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图形神经网络(GNNS)在许多图形挖掘任务中取得了巨大的成功,这些任务从消息传递策略中受益,该策略融合了局部结构和节点特征,从而为更好的图表表示学习。尽管GNN成功,并且与其他类型的深神经网络相似,但发现GNN容易受到图形结构和节点特征的不明显扰动。已经提出了许多对抗性攻击,以披露在不同的扰动策略下创建对抗性例子的GNN的脆弱性。但是,GNNS对成功后门攻击的脆弱性直到最近才显示。在本文中,我们披露了陷阱攻击,这是可转移的图形后门攻击。核心攻击原则是用基于扰动的触发器毒化训练数据集,这可以导致有效且可转移的后门攻击。图形的扰动触发是通过通过替代模型的基于梯度的得分矩阵在图形结构上执行扰动动作来生成的。与先前的作品相比,陷阱攻击在几种方面有所不同:i)利用替代图卷积网络(GCN)模型来生成基于黑盒的后门攻击的扰动触发器; ii)它产生了没有固定模式的样品特异性扰动触发器; iii)在使用锻造中毒训练数据集训练时,在GNN的背景下,攻击转移到了不同​​的GNN模型中。通过对四个现实世界数据集进行广泛的评估,我们证明了陷阱攻击使用四个现实世界数据集在四个不同流行的GNN中构建可转移的后门的有效性
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在对抗机器学习中,防止对深度学习系统的攻击的新防御能力在释放更强大的攻击后不久就会破坏。在这种情况下,法医工具可以通过追溯成功的根本原因来为现有防御措施提供宝贵的补充,并为缓解措施提供前进的途径,以防止将来采取类似的攻击。在本文中,我们描述了我们为开发用于深度神经网络毒物攻击的法医追溯工具的努力。我们提出了一种新型的迭代聚类和修剪解决方案,该解决方案修剪了“无辜”训练样本,直到所有剩余的是一组造成攻击的中毒数据。我们的方法群群训练样本基于它们对模型参数的影响,然后使用有效的数据解读方法来修剪无辜簇。我们从经验上证明了系统对三种类型的肮脏标签(后门)毒物攻击和三种类型的清洁标签毒药攻击的功效,这些毒物跨越了计算机视觉和恶意软件分类。我们的系统在所有攻击中都达到了98.4%的精度和96.8%的召回。我们还表明,我们的系统与专门攻击它的四种抗纤维法措施相对强大。
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深度神经网络众所周知,很容易受到对抗性攻击和后门攻击的影响,在该攻击中,对输入的微小修改能够误导模型以给出错误的结果。尽管已经广泛研究了针对对抗性攻击的防御措施,但有关减轻后门攻击的调查仍处于早期阶段。尚不清楚防御这两次攻击之间是否存在任何连接和共同特征。我们对对抗性示例与深神网络的后门示例之间的联系进行了全面的研究,以寻求回答以下问题:我们可以使用对抗检测方法检测后门。我们的见解是基于这样的观察结果,即在推理过程中,对抗性示例和后门示例都有异常,与良性​​样本高度区分。结果,我们修改了四种现有的对抗防御方法来检测后门示例。广泛的评估表明,这些方法可靠地防止后门攻击,其准确性比检测对抗性实例更高。这些解决方案还揭示了模型灵敏度,激活空间和特征空间中对抗性示例,后门示例和正常样本的关系。这能够增强我们对这两次攻击和防御机会的固有特征的理解。
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有针对性的训练集攻击将恶意实例注入训练集中,以导致训练有素的模型错误地标记一个或多个特定的测试实例。这项工作提出了目标识别的任务,该任务决定了特定的测试实例是否是训练集攻击的目标。目标识别可以与对抗性识别相结合,以查找(并删除)攻击实例,从而减轻对其他预测的影响,从而减轻攻击。我们没有专注于单个攻击方法或数据模式,而是基于影响力估计,这量化了每个培训实例对模型预测的贡献。我们表明,现有的影响估计量的不良实际表现通常来自于他们对训练实例和迭代次数的过度依赖。我们重新归一化的影响估计器解决了这一弱点。他们的表现远远超过了原始估计量,可以在对抗和非对抗环境中识别有影响力的训练示例群体,甚至发现多达100%的对抗训练实例,没有清洁数据误报。然后,目标识别简化以检测具有异常影响值的测试实例。我们证明了我们的方法对各种数据域的后门和中毒攻击的有效性,包括文本,视觉和语音,以及针对灰色盒子的自适应攻击者,该攻击者专门优化了逃避我们方法的对抗性实例。我们的源代码可在https://github.com/zaydh/target_indistification中找到。
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在联合学习等协作学习环境中,好奇的疗程可能是诚实的,但正在通过推理攻击试图通过推断攻击推断其他方的私人数据,而恶意缔约方可能会通过后门攻击操纵学习过程。但是,大多数现有的作品只考虑通过样本(HFL)划分数据的联合学习场景。特征分区联合学习(VFL)可以是许多真实应用程序中的另一个重要方案。当攻击者和防守者无法访问其他参与者的功能或模型参数时,这种情况下的攻击和防御尤其挑战。以前的作品仅显示了可以从每个样本渐变重建私有标签。在本文中,我们首先表明,只有批量平均梯度被揭示时,可以重建私人标签,这是针对常见的推定。此外,我们表明VFL中的被动派对甚至可以通过梯度替换攻击将其相应的标签用目标标签替换为目标标签。为了防御第一次攻击,我们介绍了一种基于AutoEncoder和熵正则化的混乱自动化器(CoAE)的新技术。我们证明,与现有方法相比,这种技术可以成功阻止标签推理攻击,同时损害较少的主要任务准确性。我们的COAE技术在捍卫梯度替代后门攻击方面也有效,使其成为一个普遍和实用的防御策略,没有改变原来的VFL协议。我们展示了我们双方和多方VFL设置下的方法的有效性。据我们所知,这是第一次处理特征分区联合学习框架中的标签推理和后门攻击的第一个系统研究。
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In terms of artificial intelligence, there are several security and privacy deficiencies in the traditional centralized training methods of machine learning models by a server. To address this limitation, federated learning (FL) has been proposed and is known for breaking down ``data silos" and protecting the privacy of users. However, FL has not yet gained popularity in the industry, mainly due to its security, privacy, and high cost of communication. For the purpose of advancing the research in this field, building a robust FL system, and realizing the wide application of FL, this paper sorts out the possible attacks and corresponding defenses of the current FL system systematically. Firstly, this paper briefly introduces the basic workflow of FL and related knowledge of attacks and defenses. It reviews a great deal of research about privacy theft and malicious attacks that have been studied in recent years. Most importantly, in view of the current three classification criteria, namely the three stages of machine learning, the three different roles in federated learning, and the CIA (Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability) guidelines on privacy protection, we divide attack approaches into two categories according to the training stage and the prediction stage in machine learning. Furthermore, we also identify the CIA property violated for each attack method and potential attack role. Various defense mechanisms are then analyzed separately from the level of privacy and security. Finally, we summarize the possible challenges in the application of FL from the aspect of attacks and defenses and discuss the future development direction of FL systems. In this way, the designed FL system has the ability to resist different attacks and is more secure and stable.
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机器学习(ML)模型已广泛应用于各种应用,包括图像分类,文本生成,音频识别和图形数据分析。然而,最近的研究表明,ML模型容易受到隶属推导攻击(MIS),其目的是推断数据记录是否用于训练目标模型。 ML模型上的MIA可以直接导致隐私违规行为。例如,通过确定已经用于训练与某种疾病相关的模型的临床记录,攻击者可以推断临床记录的所有者具有很大的机会。近年来,MIS已被证明对各种ML模型有效,例如,分类模型和生成模型。同时,已经提出了许多防御方法来减轻米西亚。虽然ML模型上的MIAS形成了一个新的新兴和快速增长的研究区,但还没有对这一主题进行系统的调查。在本文中,我们对会员推论和防御进行了第一个全面调查。我们根据其特征提供攻击和防御的分类管理,并讨论其优点和缺点。根据本次调查中确定的限制和差距,我们指出了几个未来的未来研究方向,以激发希望遵循该地区的研究人员。这项调查不仅是研究社区的参考,而且还为该研究领域之外的研究人员带来了清晰的照片。为了进一步促进研究人员,我们创建了一个在线资源存储库,并与未来的相关作品继续更新。感兴趣的读者可以在https://github.com/hongshenghu/membership-inference-machine-learning-literature找到存储库。
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随着机器学习数据的策展变得越来越自动化,数据集篡改是一种安装威胁。后门攻击者通过培训数据篡改,以嵌入在该数据上培训的模型中的漏洞。然后通过将“触发”放入模型的输入中的推理时间以推理时间激活此漏洞。典型的后门攻击将触发器直接插入训练数据,尽管在检查时可能会看到这种攻击。相比之下,隐藏的触发后托攻击攻击达到中毒,而无需将触发器放入训练数据即可。然而,这种隐藏的触发攻击在从头开始培训的中毒神经网络时无效。我们开发了一个新的隐藏触发攻击,睡眠代理,在制备过程中使用梯度匹配,数据选择和目标模型重新培训。睡眠者代理是第一个隐藏的触发后门攻击,以对从头开始培训的神经网络有效。我们展示了Imagenet和黑盒设置的有效性。我们的实现代码可以在https://github.com/hsouri/sleeper-agent找到。
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