近年来,美国全国化(美国)的城市化涨幅需要城市规划师和运输工程师,为大都市地区的居民提供的运输服务更加考虑。这迫使运输当局通过改进的技术和增加的服务质量来提供更好,更可靠的公共交通方式。这些改进可以通过识别和理解影响城市公共交通需求的因素来实现。可以影响城市公共交通需求的常见因素可以是内部和/或外部因素。内部因素包括过境票价,服务头路和旅行时间等政策措施。外部因素可以包括地理,社会经济和公路设施特征。在交通供需和需求之间存在固有的同时性,因此应进行两级最小二乘(2SLS)回归建模程序,以预测城市过境供求。因此,应开发两个多元线性回归模型:一个以预测运输供应和第二个以预测运输需求。结果发现,服务区域密度,每次旅行的总成本,以及最大服务中运营的平均车辆数量可用于预测运输供应,表示为车辆收入时间。此外,估计的车辆收入时间和每次旅行的总平均票价可用于预测运输需求,表示为未解释的乘客旅行。诸如各个交通机构周围区域的社会经济信息等其他数据以及各个传输系统的旅行时间信息将有助于改善开发的模型。
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自从20020年9月在世界上越来越多的Covid-19,截至世界上的确认病例和死亡人数最多,该国大多数国家都强制了行动限制,导致流动性急剧减少。然而,这场危机的整体影响和长期影响旅行和流动仍然不确定。为此,本研究开发了一个分析框架,决定和分析了影响人类流动性和在美国的最主要的因素。特别是,该研究使用GRANGER因果关系来确定影响日常车辆数英里的重要预测因子,并利用包括脊和套索技术的线性正则化算法,以模拟和预测移动性。状态级时间序列数据是从从3月1日开始的各种开放式访问来源获得,从3月1日至6月13日,2020年6月13日,整个数据集被分成两部分以进行训练和测试。 Granger因果关系选择的变量用于通过普通的最小二乘回归,脊回归和套索回归算法培训三种不同的减少订单模型。最后,在测试数据上检查了开发模型的预测准确性。结果表明,包括新的Covid案件,社会疏散指数,人口的人口,居住在家里的人口,占外的百分比,不同的目的地,社会经济地位,在家中工作的人的百分比,以及州所有人关闭其他人是影响每日VMT的最重要因素。此外,在所有建模技术中,RIDGE回归提供了最常见错误的最优越的性能,而套索回归也比普通最小二乘模型更好。
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文献中广泛讨论了千禧一代的自动为中心。大多数现有研究都使用回归模型,并假设所有因素在为年轻人的驾驶行为做出贡献方面都是线性添加的。这项研究通过应用非参数统计学习方法(即梯度提升决策树(GBDT))来放松这一假设。这项研究使用2001年和2017年的美国全国旅行调查,研究了生命周期,社会人口统计学和住宅因素对千禧年和X年轻人日常驾驶距离的非线性剂量反应影响。千禧年的年轻人拥有所有其他因素的持续不断,比X-X X驾驶的距离更短。此外,住宅和经济因素解释了大约50%的年轻人的日常驾驶距离,而对生活课程活动和人口统计的集体贡献约为33%。这项研究还确定了制定旨在减少汽车旅行需求的有效土地使用政策的密度范围。
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近年来,骑车服务的越来越重要表明,有必要研究骑车需求的关键决定因素。然而,关于骑乘需求决定因素的非线性效应和空间异质性,知之甚少。这项研究采用了可解释的基于基础学习的分析框架,以确定塑造骑车需求并在各种空间环境(机场,市区和社区)探索其非线性关联的关键因素。我们在芝加哥使用骑车旅行数据进行实证分析。结果表明,建筑环境的重要性在空间环境中各不相同,并且在预测对机场旅行的乘车需求方面共同贡献了最大的重要性。此外,建筑环境对骑车需求的非线性影响显示出强烈的空间变化。骑车需求通常对市区旅行的建筑环境变化最有反应,然后进行邻里旅行和机场旅行。这些发现提供了运输专业人员的细微见解,以管理骑车服务。
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Building an accurate model of travel behaviour based on individuals' characteristics and built environment attributes is of importance for policy-making and transportation planning. Recent experiments with big data and Machine Learning (ML) algorithms toward a better travel behaviour analysis have mainly overlooked socially disadvantaged groups. Accordingly, in this study, we explore the travel behaviour responses of low-income individuals to transit investments in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area, Canada, using statistical and ML models. We first investigate how the model choice affects the prediction of transit use by the low-income group. This step includes comparing the predictive performance of traditional and ML algorithms and then evaluating a transit investment policy by contrasting the predicted activities and the spatial distribution of transit trips generated by vulnerable households after improving accessibility. We also empirically investigate the proposed transit investment by each algorithm and compare it with the city of Brampton's future transportation plan. While, unsurprisingly, the ML algorithms outperform classical models, there are still doubts about using them due to interpretability concerns. Hence, we adopt recent local and global model-agnostic interpretation tools to interpret how the model arrives at its predictions. Our findings reveal the great potential of ML algorithms for enhanced travel behaviour predictions for low-income strata without considerably sacrificing interpretability.
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19009年的大流行急剧催化了电子购物者的扩散。电子购物的急剧增长无疑会对旅行需求产生重大影响。结果,运输建模者对电子购物需求建模的能力变得越来越重要。这项研究开发了预测家庭每周送货频率的模型。我们使用经典计量经济学和机器学习技术来获得最佳模型。发现社会经济因素,例如拥有在线杂货会员资格,家庭成员的平均年龄,男性家庭成员的百分比,家庭中的工人数量以及各种土地使用因素会影响房屋送货的需求。这项研究还比较了机器学习模型和经典计量经济学模型的解释和表现。在通过机器学习和计量经济学模型确定的变量效果中找到了一致性。但是,具有相似的召回精度,有序的概率模型是一个经典的计量经济学模型,可以准确预测家庭交付需求的总分布。相反,两个机器学习模型都无法匹配观察到的分布。
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我们根据机器学习,即人工智能的子场,折扣对瑞士联邦铁路发行的火车票的需求影响。考虑到基于调查的超级票的买家样本,我们调查了哪些客户或旅行相关的特征(包括折现率)预测购买行为,即:预订旅行,否则未通过火车实现,而不是第二次购买 - 售票或重新安排旅行时(例如,远离高峰时间),当时被提供超级票时。预测机器学习表明,客户的年龄,与特定连接的需求相关信息(例如出发时间和利用率)以及折现水平允许在一定程度上预测购买行为。此外,我们使用因果机学习来评估折现率对重新安排旅行的影响,这似乎是根据高峰时间的容量限制而相关的。假设(i)折现率是基于我们丰富的特征的准随机,(ii)购买决策以折现率单调较弱,我们确定了“始终购买者”的折现率的效果,谁会旅行。即使没有折扣,也要根据我们的调查,该调查在没有折扣的情况下询问客户行为。我们发现,平均而言,将折现率提高一个百分点会使重新安排的旅行的份额增加0.16个百分点,但总是买家。研究效果的异质性在观察物中的异质性表明,在控制其他几个特征时,休闲旅行者以及高峰时段的效果较高。
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As ride-hailing services become increasingly popular, being able to accurately predict demand for such services can help operators efficiently allocate drivers to customers, and reduce idle time, improve congestion, and enhance the passenger experience. This paper proposes UberNet, a deep learning Convolutional Neural Network for short-term prediction of demand for ride-hailing services. UberNet empploys a multivariate framework that utilises a number of temporal and spatial features that have been found in the literature to explain demand for ride-hailing services. The proposed model includes two sub-networks that aim to encode the source series of various features and decode the predicting series, respectively. To assess the performance and effectiveness of UberNet, we use 9 months of Uber pickup data in 2014 and 28 spatial and temporal features from New York City. By comparing the performance of UberNet with several other approaches, we show that the prediction quality of the model is highly competitive. Further, Ubernet's prediction performance is better when using economic, social and built environment features. This suggests that Ubernet is more naturally suited to including complex motivators in making real-time passenger demand predictions for ride-hailing services.
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Before the transition of AVs to urban roads and subsequently unprecedented changes in traffic conditions, evaluation of transportation policies and futuristic road design related to pedestrian crossing behavior is of vital importance. Recent studies analyzed the non-causal impact of various variables on pedestrian waiting time in the presence of AVs. However, we mainly investigate the causal effect of traffic density on pedestrian waiting time. We develop a Double/Debiased Machine Learning (DML) model in which the impact of confounders variable influencing both a policy and an outcome of interest is addressed, resulting in unbiased policy evaluation. Furthermore, we try to analyze the effect of traffic density by developing a copula-based joint model of two main components of pedestrian crossing behavior, pedestrian stress level and waiting time. The copula approach has been widely used in the literature, for addressing self-selection problems, which can be classified as a causality analysis in travel behavior modeling. The results obtained from copula approach and DML are compared based on the effect of traffic density. In DML model structure, the standard error term of density parameter is lower than copula approach and the confidence interval is considerably more reliable. In addition, despite the similar sign of effect, the copula approach estimates the effect of traffic density lower than DML, due to the spurious effect of confounders. In short, the DML model structure can flexibly adjust the impact of confounders by using machine learning algorithms and is more reliable for planning future policies.
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Ridesplitting是合并的骑乘服务的一种形式,具有减轻骑行对环境的负面影响的巨大潜力。但是,大多数现有研究仅根据优化模型和仿真探索其理论环境益处。相比之下,这项研究旨在揭示基于观察到的中国骑车数据的数据及其决定因素的现实世界排放减少。本研究将Trip数据与Copert模型整合在一起,计算了共享乘车的CO2排放量(Ridesplitting)及其取代的单骑行(常规乘车),以估计每次骑行旅行的CO2排放降低。结果表明,并非所有的骑行旅行都减少了现实世界中的骑车的排放。二氧化碳的降低速度降低速率因行程到旅行而异,平均为43.15g/km。然后,应用可解释的机器学习模型,梯度提升机,用于探索二氧化碳排放率降低速度的关系及其决定因素之间的关系。基于Shapley添加剂解释(SHAP)方法,共享乘车的重叠率和弯路率被确定为确定二氧化碳排放率降低乘车率的最重要因素。增加重叠率,共享乘车的数量,平均速度和行驶距离比率,同时降低弯路率,实际行程距离和行驶距离差距可以增加二氧化碳排放率的降低骑行率。另外,通过部分依赖图研究了决定因素的非线性效应和相互作用。总而言之,这项研究为政府和骑车公司提供了一种科学方法,以更好地评估和优化乘车的环境利益。
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这项研究提供了一个新颖的框架,以根据开源数据估算全球城市的公共交通巴士的经济,环境和社会价值。电动巴士是替代柴油巴士以获得环境和社会利益的引人注目的候选人。但是,评估总线电气化价值的最先进模型的适用性受到限制,因为它们需要可能难以购买的总线运营数据的细粒和定制数据。我们的估值工具使用通用过境饲料规范,这是全球运输机构使用的标准数据格式,为制定优先级排序策略提供了高级指导,以使总线机队电气化。我们开发了物理知识的机器学习模型,以评估每种运输途径的能耗,碳排放,健康影响以及总拥有成本。我们通过对大波士顿和米兰大都会地区的公交线路进行案例研究来证明我们的工具的可扩展性。
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The node-place model has been widely used to classify and evaluate transit stations, which sheds light on individual travel behaviors and supports urban planning through effectively integrating land use and transportation development. This article adapts this model to investigate whether and how node, place, and mobility would be associated with the transmission risks and presences of the local COVID-19 cases in a city. Similar studies on the model and its relevance to COVID-19, according to our knowledge, have not been undertaken before. Moreover, the unique metric drawn from detailed visit history of the infected, i.e., the COVID-19 footprints, is proposed and exploited. This study then empirically uses the adapted model to examine the station-level factors affecting the local COVID-19 footprints. The model accounts for traditional measures of the node and place as well as actual human mobility patterns associated with the node and place. It finds that stations with high node, place, and human mobility indices normally have more COVID-19 footprints in proximity. A multivariate regression is fitted to see whether and to what degree different indices and indicators can predict the COVID-19 footprints. The results indicate that many of the place, node, and human mobility indicators significantly impact the concentration of COVID-19 footprints. These are useful for policy-makers to predict and monitor hotspots for COVID-19 and other pandemics transmission.
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在过去的五十年中,研究人员已经开发了设计和改进了应急响应管理(ERM)系统的统计,数据驱动,分析和算法方法。该问题已被认为是本质上的困难,并且构成了不确定性下的时空决策,这在文献中已经解决了不同的假设和方法。该调查提供了对这些方法的详细审查,重点关注有关四个子流程的关键挑战和问题:(a)事件预测,(b)入射检测,(c)资源分配,和(c)计算机辅助调度紧急响应。我们突出了该领域前后工作的优势和缺点,并探讨了不同建模范式之间的相似之处和差异。我们通过说明这种复杂领域未来研究的开放挑战和机会的结论。
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As various city agencies and mobility operators navigate toward innovative mobility solutions, there is a need for strategic flexibility in well-timed investment decisions in the design and timing of mobility service regions, i.e. cast as "real options" (RO). This problem becomes increasingly challenging with multiple interacting RO in such investments. We propose a scalable machine learning based RO framework for multi-period sequential service region design & timing problem for mobility-on-demand services, framed as a Markov decision process with non-stationary stochastic variables. A value function approximation policy from literature uses multi-option least squares Monte Carlo simulation to get a policy value for a set of interdependent investment decisions as deferral options (CR policy). The goal is to determine the optimal selection and timing of a set of zones to include in a service region. However, prior work required explicit enumeration of all possible sequences of investments. To address the combinatorial complexity of such enumeration, we propose a new variant "deep" RO policy using an efficient recurrent neural network (RNN) based ML method (CR-RNN policy) to sample sequences to forego the need for enumeration, making network design & timing policy tractable for large scale implementation. Experiments on multiple service region scenarios in New York City (NYC) shows the proposed policy substantially reduces the overall computational cost (time reduction for RO evaluation of > 90% of total investment sequences is achieved), with zero to near-zero gap compared to the benchmark. A case study of sequential service region design for expansion of MoD services in Brooklyn, NYC show that using the CR-RNN policy to determine optimal RO investment strategy yields a similar performance (0.5% within CR policy value) with significantly reduced computation time (about 5.4 times faster).
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Dengue fever is a virulent disease spreading over 100 tropical and subtropical countries in Africa, the Americas, and Asia. This arboviral disease affects around 400 million people globally, severely distressing the healthcare systems. The unavailability of a specific drug and ready-to-use vaccine makes the situation worse. Hence, policymakers must rely on early warning systems to control intervention-related decisions. Forecasts routinely provide critical information for dangerous epidemic events. However, the available forecasting models (e.g., weather-driven mechanistic, statistical time series, and machine learning models) lack a clear understanding of different components to improve prediction accuracy and often provide unstable and unreliable forecasts. This study proposes an ensemble wavelet neural network with exogenous factor(s) (XEWNet) model that can produce reliable estimates for dengue outbreak prediction for three geographical regions, namely San Juan, Iquitos, and Ahmedabad. The proposed XEWNet model is flexible and can easily incorporate exogenous climate variable(s) confirmed by statistical causality tests in its scalable framework. The proposed model is an integrated approach that uses wavelet transformation into an ensemble neural network framework that helps in generating more reliable long-term forecasts. The proposed XEWNet allows complex non-linear relationships between the dengue incidence cases and rainfall; however, mathematically interpretable, fast in execution, and easily comprehensible. The proposal's competitiveness is measured using computational experiments based on various statistical metrics and several statistical comparison tests. In comparison with statistical, machine learning, and deep learning methods, our proposed XEWNet performs better in 75% of the cases for short-term and long-term forecasting of dengue incidence.
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背景:Coronavirus,Covid-19首次于2020年在美国检测到。为了抑制3月中旬的疾病的传播,不同的国家发出了强制性宿舍(SAH)订单。这些非药物干预措施是根据先前经验的授权,例如1918年流感流行病。因此,我们决定研究限制对减少Covid-19传输的流动性的影响。方法:我们设计了一项生态时间序列,我们的曝光变量作为马里兰州的移动模式,于2020年3月2020年3月和我们的结果变量与同一时期的Covid-19住院治疗。我们建立了极端梯度升压(XGBoost)集合机器学习模型,并以马里兰不同地区的流动体积回归滞后的Covid-19住院治疗。结果:我们发现Covid-19住院时间增加18%,当流动性增加了5倍,同样在流动性进一步增加了十因素时增加了43%。结论:我们的研究结果表明了流动性与Covid-19例的发生率之间的正线性关系。这些发现与其他研究表明的其他研究是一致的,这表明了移动性限制的益处。尽管需要更详细的方法来精确地了解移动性限制的益处和限制,作为对Covid-19流行的反应的一部分。
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通过有效的监控和调整电池操作条件,促进了锂离子电池的寿命和安全性。因此,为电池管理系统上的健康状况(SOH)监测提供快速准确的算法至关重要。由于对电池劣化的复杂性和多种因素的复杂性和多种因素的复杂性,特别是因为不同的劣化过程发生在各种时间尺度,并且它们的相互作用发挥着重要作用。数据驱动方法通过用统计或机器学习模型近似复杂进程来绕过这个问题。本文提出了一种数据驱动方法,在电池劣化的背景下,尽管其简单性和易于计算:多变量分数多项式(MFP)回归。模型从一个耗尽的细胞的历史数据训练,并用于预测其他细胞的SOH。数据的特征在于模拟动态操作条件的载荷变化。考虑了两个假设情景:假设最近的容量测量是已知的,则另一个仅基于标称容量。结果表明,在考虑到电池寿命的电池结束时,通过其历史数据的历史数据受到它们的历史数据的影响,电池的降解行为受到其历史数据的影响。此外,我们提供了一种多因素视角,分析了每个不同因素的影响程度。最后,我们与长期内记忆神经网络和其他来自相同数据集的文献的其他作品进行比较。我们得出结论,MFP回归与当代作品有效和竞争,提供了几种额外的优点。在可解释性,恒定性和可实现性方面。
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旅行时间是交通的重要措施。准确的旅行时间预测也是操作和先进信息系统的基础。短期旅行时间预测等各种解决方案,例如利用实时GPS数据和优化方法来跟踪车辆的路径的解决方案。然而,可靠的长期预测仍然具有挑战性。我们在本文中展示了旅行时间的适用性和有用性即邮政服务的交货时间预测。我们调查了几种方法,如线性回归模型和基于树的集合,如随机森林,堆垛和升压,允许通过进行广泛的实验并考虑许多可用性方案来预测交货时间。结果表明,旅行时间预测可以帮助减轻邮政服务的高延误。我们表明,一些升压算法,例如轻梯度提升和CATBoost,在准确性和运行时效率方面具有比其他基线,如线性回归模型,装袋回归和随机林等其他基线具有更高的性能。
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2022年,乌克兰遭受了入侵,随着时间的流逝和地理位置的急剧影响。本文研究了使用分析以及基于区域的网络模型对持续中断对交通行为的影响。该方法是一种数据驱动的方法,该方法利用了在进化算法框架内获得的旅行时间条件,该算法框架在基于流量分配的自动化过程中渗透了原始过程的需求值。由于实施的自动化,可以为多个城市近似众多的每日模型。本文与先前发表的核心方法的新颖性包括一项分析,以确保获得的数据合适,因为由于持续的破坏,某些数据源被禁用。此外,新颖性包括将分析与中断时间表的直接联系,以新的方式检查相互作用。最后,确定了特定的网络指标,这些指标特别适合概念化冲突中断对交通网络条件的影响。最终目的是建立过程,概念和分析,以促进快速量化冲突情景的交通影响的更广泛的活动。
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我们基于技能评分,对确定性太阳预测进行了首次全面的荟萃分析,筛选了Google Scholar的1,447篇论文,并审查了320篇论文的全文以进行数据提取。用多元自适应回归样条模型,部分依赖图和线性回归构建和分析了4,758点的数据库。值得注意的是,分析说明了数据中最重要的非线性关系和交互项。我们量化了对重要变量的预测准确性的影响,例如预测范围,分辨率,气候条件,区域的年度太阳辐照度水平,电力系统大小和容量,预测模型,火车和测试集以及使用不同的技术和投入。通过控制预测之间的关键差异,包括位置变量,可以在全球应用分析的发现。还提供了该领域科学进步的概述。
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