土著非洲语言在人工智能中被归类为服务不足,并且数字包容性和信息获取差。挑战是如何在没有必要数据的情况下使用机器学习和深度学习模型。 Kencorpus是一种肯尼亚语言语料库,打算弥合有关如何收集和存储文本和语音数据的差距,足以启用数据驱动的解决方案,例如机器翻译,多语言社区中的问题回答和转录。 Kencorpus是一种主要在肯尼亚说的三种语言的语料库(文本和语音):斯瓦希里语,Dholuo和Luhya(方言Lumarachi,Lulogooli和Lubukusu)。该语料库打算填补开发数据集的空白,该数据集可用于低资源语言的自然语言处理和机器学习任务。这些语言中的每一种都为语言语料库贡献了文本和语音数据。数据收集是由社区,学校和合作伙伴(媒体,出版商)的研究人员完成的。 Kencorpus有5,594个项目的集合,为4,442个文本(560万字)和1,152个语音文件(177小时)。基于这些数据,还开发了其他数据集,例如Dholuo和Luhya的POS标记集(分别为50,000和93,000个单词),来自Swahili文本(7,537 QA对)的问答对,以及将文本转换为Swahili(12,400句子)。数据集可用于机器学习任务,例如文本处理,注释和翻译。该项目还在QA任务的文本和机器学习语音和机器学习中为概念系统提供了证明,最初的结果证实了Kencorpus对机器学习社区的可用性。 Kencorpus是这些低资源语言的第一个此类语料库,并且是学习和共享类似作品的经验的基础。
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The need for Question Answering datasets in low resource languages is the motivation of this research, leading to the development of Kencorpus Swahili Question Answering Dataset, KenSwQuAD. This dataset is annotated from raw story texts of Swahili low resource language, which is a predominantly spoken in Eastern African and in other parts of the world. Question Answering (QA) datasets are important for machine comprehension of natural language for tasks such as internet search and dialog systems. Machine learning systems need training data such as the gold standard Question Answering set developed in this research. The research engaged annotators to formulate QA pairs from Swahili texts collected by the Kencorpus project, a Kenyan languages corpus. The project annotated 1,445 texts from the total 2,585 texts with at least 5 QA pairs each, resulting into a final dataset of 7,526 QA pairs. A quality assurance set of 12.5% of the annotated texts confirmed that the QA pairs were all correctly annotated. A proof of concept on applying the set to the QA task confirmed that the dataset can be usable for such tasks. KenSwQuAD has also contributed to resourcing of the Swahili language.
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本文介绍了对土耳其语可用于的语料库和词汇资源的全面调查。我们审查了广泛的资源,重点关注公开可用的资源。除了提供有关可用语言资源的信息外,我们还提供了一组建议,并确定可用于在土耳其语言学和自然语言处理中进行研究和建筑应用的数据中的差距。
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The primary obstacle to developing technologies for low-resource languages is the lack of representative, usable data. In this paper, we report the deployment of technology-driven data collection methods for creating a corpus of more than 60,000 translations from Hindi to Gondi, a low-resource vulnerable language spoken by around 2.3 million tribal people in south and central India. During this process, we help expand information access in Gondi across 2 different dimensions (a) The creation of linguistic resources that can be used by the community, such as a dictionary, children's stories, Gondi translations from multiple sources and an Interactive Voice Response (IVR) based mass awareness platform; (b) Enabling its use in the digital domain by developing a Hindi-Gondi machine translation model, which is compressed by nearly 4 times to enable it's edge deployment on low-resource edge devices and in areas of little to no internet connectivity. We also present preliminary evaluations of utilizing the developed machine translation model to provide assistance to volunteers who are involved in collecting more data for the target language. Through these interventions, we not only created a refined and evaluated corpus of 26,240 Hindi-Gondi translations that was used for building the translation model but also engaged nearly 850 community members who can help take Gondi onto the internet.
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在本文中,我们使用语言数据收集的现场方法讨论了四种低资源印度语语言的演讲语料库的过程中的工作 - Awadhi,Bhojpuri,Braj和Magahi。目前,语料库的总大小约为18小时(每种语言约4-5小时),并用语法信息进行转录和注释,例如词性标签,形态学特征和普遍的依赖关系。我们讨论了以这些语言收集数据的方法,其中大多数是在Covid-19大流行中心进行的,其中之一是为低收入群体带来一些额外的收入,说这些语言。在本文中,我们还讨论了这些语言中自动语音识别系统的基线实验的结果。
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如果有足够的高质量数据和计算资源,现代语音合成技术可以产生自然的语音。但是,许多语言不容易获得此类数据。本文着重于低资源的非洲语言的语音综合,从语料库创建到共享和部署文本到语音(TTS)系统。我们首先为具有最低技术资源和主题专业知识的构建语音合成系统创建了一组通用说明。接下来,我们通过参与式方法从“发现”数据(现有记录)中创建新的数据集,并考虑可访问性,质量和广度。我们证明,即使在次优环境中记录下来,我们也可以开发出具有25分钟的语音的合成器,这些合成器即使在次优环境中记录下来。最后,我们发布了12种非洲语言的语音数据,代码和受过训练的声音,以支持研究人员和开发人员。
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数据增强是自然语言处理(NLP)模型的鲁棒性评估的重要组成部分,以及增强他们培训的数据的多样性。在本文中,我们呈现NL-Cogmenter,这是一种新的参与式Python的自然语言增强框架,它支持创建两个转换(对数据的修改)和过滤器(根据特定功能的数据拆分)。我们描述了框架和初始的117个变换和23个过滤器,用于各种自然语言任务。我们通过使用其几个转换来分析流行自然语言模型的鲁棒性来证明NL-Upmenter的功效。基础架构,Datacards和稳健性分析结果在NL-Augmenter存储库上公开可用(\ url {https://github.com/gem-benchmark/nl-augmenter})。
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自动语音识别(ASR)是一个复杂和具有挑战性的任务。近年来,该地区出现了重大进展。特别是对于巴西葡萄牙语(BP)语言,在2020年的下半年,有大约376小时的公众可供ASR任务。在2021年初发布新数据集,这个数字增加到574小时。但是,现有资源由仅包含读取和准备的演讲的Audios组成。缺少数据集包括自发性语音,这在不同的ASR应用中是必不可少的。本文介绍了Coraa(注释Audios语料库)V1。使用290.77小时,在包含验证对(音频转录)的BP中ASR的公共可用数据集。科拉还含有欧洲葡萄牙音像(4.69小时)。我们还提供了一个基于Wav2VEC 2.0 XLSR-53的公共ASR模型,并通过CoraA进行微调。我们的模型在CoraA测试集中实现了24.18%的单词误差率,并且在常见的语音测试集上为20.08%。测量字符错误率时,我们分别获得11.02%和6.34%,分别为CoraA和常见声音。 Coraa Corpora在自发言论中与BP中的改进ASR模型进行了组装,并激励年轻研究人员开始研究葡萄牙语的ASR。所有Corpora都在CC By-NC-ND 4.0许可证下公开提供Https://github.com/nilc-nlp/coraa。
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本文提出了创造和管理12个主要印度语言的大型并行语言(即将扩展到23种语言)的挑战,作为由信息技术部(DIT),政府部门资助的主要财团项目的一部分。印度,并在印度的10所不同大学中平行运行。为了有效地管理这些巨大的Corpora的创建和传播过程,基于Web的(具有减少的独立版本)的注释工具ILCiann(印度语言语料集团倡议注释工具)已经开发出来。它主要是为POS注释制定的,以及由具有不同竞争力和物理位于相距远的地点的人员的管理器的管理。为了维持在创建Corpora中的一致性和标准,有必要每个人都在这个工具提供的共同平台上。
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世界各地的隐私法律和法规的景观是复杂而不断变化的。国家和超国家法律,协议,法令和其他政府发行的规则构成了公司必须遵循的拼凑而成才能在国际上进行运作。为了检查该拼凑而成的状态和演变,我们介绍了1,043条隐私法,法规和准则的政府隐私指示语料库或GPI语料库,涵盖了182个司法管辖区。该语料库可以对法律焦点进行大规模定量和定性检查。我们检查了创建GPI的时间分布,并说明了过去50年中隐私立法的急剧增加,尽管较细粒度的检查表明,增加的速度取决于GPIS所说的个人数据类型。我们的探索还表明,大多数隐私法分别解决了相对较少的个人数据类型,这表明全面的隐私立法仍然很少见。此外,主题建模结果显示了GPI中常见主题的普遍性,例如财务,医疗保健和电信。最后,我们将语料库释放到研究界,以促进进一步的研究。
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有关应答数据集和模型的研究在研究界中获得了很多关注。其中许多人释放了自己的问题应答数据集以及模型。我们在该研究领域看到了巨大的进展。本调查的目的是识别,总结和分析许多研究人员释放的现有数据集,尤其是在非英语数据集以及研究代码和评估指标等资源中。在本文中,我们审查了问题应答数据集,这些数据集可以以法语,德语,日语,中文,阿拉伯语,俄语以及多语言和交叉的问答数据集进行英语。
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发现别人认为是我们信息收集策略的关键方面。现在,人们可以积极利用信息技术来寻找和理解他人的想法,这要归功于越来越多的意见资源(例如在线评论网站和个人博客)的越来越多。由于其在理解人们的意见方面的关键功能,因此情感分析(SA)是一项至关重要的任务。另一方面,现有的研究主要集中在英语上,只有少量研究专门研究低资源语言。对于情感分析,这项工作根据用户评估提供了一个新的多级乌尔都语数据集。高音扬声器网站用于获取乌尔都语数据集。我们提出的数据集包括10,000项评论,这些评论已被人类专家精心归类为两类:正面,负面。这项研究的主要目的是构建一个手动注释的数据集进行乌尔都语情绪分析,并确定基线结果。采用了五种不同的词典和规则的算法,包括NaiveBayes,Stanza,TextBlob,Vader和Flair,实验结果表明,其精度为70%的天赋优于其他经过测试的算法。
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意大利的特征是欧洲一种一种独一无二的语言多样性格局,该景观暗中编码了当地知识,文化传统,艺术表达及其演讲者的历史。但是,意大利的30多种语言品种有几代人内消失的风险。语言技术在保存濒危语言方面具有主要作用,但是目前,它在资源不足,主要缺乏标准拼写术的品种中挣扎,主要用于口语环境。在本文中,我们介绍了意大利的语言背景,并讨论了意大利语言品种开发NLP技术面临的挑战。我们提供潜在的方向,并倡导从以机器为中心转向以说话者为中心的NLP的范式转变。最后,我们建议建立一个当地社区,旨在为意大利语言和方言的言语和语言技术负责,参与式发展。
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社交媒体有可能提供有关紧急情况和突然事件的及时信息。但是,在每天发布的数百万帖子中找到相关信息可能很困难,并且开发数据分析项目通常需要时间和技术技能。这项研究提出了一种为分析社交媒体的灵活支持的方法,尤其是在紧急情况下。引入了可以采用社交媒体分析的不同用例,并讨论了从大量帖子中检索信息的挑战。重点是分析社交媒体帖子中包含的图像和文本,以及一组自动数据处理工具,用于过滤,分类和使用人类的方法来支持数据分析师的内容。这种支持包括配置自动化工具的反馈和建议,以及众包收集公民的投入。通过讨论Crowd4SDG H2020欧洲项目中开发的三个案例研究来验证结果。
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While the NLP community is generally aware of resource disparities among languages, we lack research that quantifies the extent and types of such disparity. Prior surveys estimating the availability of resources based on the number of datasets can be misleading as dataset quality varies: many datasets are automatically induced or translated from English data. To provide a more comprehensive picture of language resources, we examine the characteristics of 156 publicly available NLP datasets. We manually annotate how they are created, including input text and label sources and tools used to build them, and what they study, tasks they address and motivations for their creation. After quantifying the qualitative NLP resource gap across languages, we discuss how to improve data collection in low-resource languages. We survey language-proficient NLP researchers and crowd workers per language, finding that their estimated availability correlates with dataset availability. Through crowdsourcing experiments, we identify strategies for collecting high-quality multilingual data on the Mechanical Turk platform. We conclude by making macro and micro-level suggestions to the NLP community and individual researchers for future multilingual data development.
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This paper presents the OPUS ecosystem with a focus on the development of open machine translation models and tools, and their integration into end-user applications, development platforms and professional workflows. We discuss our on-going mission of increasing language coverage and translation quality, and also describe on-going work on the development of modular translation models and speed-optimized compact solutions for real-time translation on regular desktops and small devices.
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We present NusaCrowd, a collaborative initiative to collect and unite existing resources for Indonesian languages, including opening access to previously non-public resources. Through this initiative, we have has brought together 137 datasets and 117 standardized data loaders. The quality of the datasets has been assessed manually and automatically, and their effectiveness has been demonstrated in multiple experiments. NusaCrowd's data collection enables the creation of the first zero-shot benchmarks for natural language understanding and generation in Indonesian and its local languages. Furthermore, NusaCrowd brings the creation of the first multilingual automatic speech recognition benchmark in Indonesian and its local languages. Our work is intended to help advance natural language processing research in under-represented languages.
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Twitter包含来自现实世界中的大量语言数据。我们检查了Twitter的低资源语言(例如本地印尼语)的用户生成的内容。为了使NLP在印尼语中工作,它必须考虑本地方言,地理环境和区域文化影响印尼语言。本文确定了我们在构建本地印尼NLP数据集时面临的问题。此外,我们正在开发一个用于创建,收集和分类NLP本地印尼数据集的框架。使用Twitter的地理位置工具自动注释。
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Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) is the task of automatically detecting and correcting errors in text. The task not only includes the correction of grammatical errors, such as missing prepositions and mismatched subject-verb agreement, but also orthographic and semantic errors, such as misspellings and word choice errors respectively. The field has seen significant progress in the last decade, motivated in part by a series of five shared tasks, which drove the development of rule-based methods, statistical classifiers, statistical machine translation, and finally neural machine translation systems which represent the current dominant state of the art. In this survey paper, we condense the field into a single article and first outline some of the linguistic challenges of the task, introduce the most popular datasets that are available to researchers (for both English and other languages), and summarise the various methods and techniques that have been developed with a particular focus on artificial error generation. We next describe the many different approaches to evaluation as well as concerns surrounding metric reliability, especially in relation to subjective human judgements, before concluding with an overview of recent progress and suggestions for future work and remaining challenges. We hope that this survey will serve as comprehensive resource for researchers who are new to the field or who want to be kept apprised of recent developments.
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Huqariq语料库是秘鲁本地语言的多语言集合。转录后的语料库旨在研究和开发语音技术,以保护秘鲁的濒危语言。Huqariq主要设计用于开发自动语音识别,语言识别和文本到语音工具。为了可持续获得语料库收集,我们采用众包方法。Huqariq包括秘鲁的四种母语,预计到2022年底,秘鲁的48种母语中最多可以达到20种母语。该语料库有500多名志愿者记录的220个小时的转录音频,使其成为秘鲁母语最大的语料库。为了验证语料库的质量,我们使用220小时的完全转录音频提出语音识别实验。
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