知识蒸馏（KD）将知识从高容量的教师网络转移到加强较小的学生。现有方法着重于发掘知识的提示，并将整个知识转移给学生。但是，由于知识在不同的学习阶段显示出对学生的价值观，因此出现了知识冗余。在本文中，我们提出了知识冷凝蒸馏（KCD）。具体而言，每个样本上的知识价值是动态估计的，基于期望最大化（EM）框架的迭代性凝结，从老师那里划定了一个紧凑的知识，以指导学生学习。我们的方法很容易建立在现成的KD方法之上，没有额外的培训参数和可忽略不计的计算开销。因此，它为KD提出了一种新的观点，在该观点中，积极地识别教师知识的学生可以学会更有效，有效地学习。对标准基准测试的实验表明，提出的KCD可以很好地提高学生模型的性能，甚至更高的蒸馏效率。代码可在https://github.com/dzy3/kcd上找到。

Knowledge Distillation (KD) transfers the knowledge from a high-capacity teacher model to promote a smaller student model. Existing efforts guide the distillation by matching their prediction logits, feature embedding, etc., while leaving how to efficiently utilize them in junction less explored. In this paper, we propose Hint-dynamic Knowledge Distillation, dubbed HKD, which excavates the knowledge from the teacher' s hints in a dynamic scheme. The guidance effect from the knowledge hints usually varies in different instances and learning stages, which motivates us to customize a specific hint-learning manner for each instance adaptively. Specifically, a meta-weight network is introduced to generate the instance-wise weight coefficients about knowledge hints in the perception of the dynamical learning progress of the student model. We further present a weight ensembling strategy to eliminate the potential bias of coefficient estimation by exploiting the historical statics. Experiments on standard benchmarks of CIFAR-100 and Tiny-ImageNet manifest that the proposed HKD well boost the effect of knowledge distillation tasks.

Knowledge distillation (KD) has been actively studied for image classification tasks in deep learning, aiming to improve the performance of a student based on the knowledge from a teacher. However, applying KD in image regression with a scalar response variable has been rarely studied, and there exists no KD method applicable to both classification and regression tasks yet. Moreover, existing KD methods often require a practitioner to carefully select or adjust the teacher and student architectures, making these methods less flexible in practice. To address the above problems in a unified way, we propose a comprehensive KD framework based on cGANs, termed cGAN-KD. Fundamentally different from existing KD methods, cGAN-KD distills and transfers knowledge from a teacher model to a student model via cGAN-generated samples. This novel mechanism makes cGAN-KD suitable for both classification and regression tasks, compatible with other KD methods, and insensitive to the teacher and student architectures. An error bound for a student model trained in the cGAN-KD framework is derived in this work, providing a theory for why cGAN-KD is effective as well as guiding the practical implementation of cGAN-KD. Extensive experiments on CIFAR-100 and ImageNet-100 show that we can combine state of the art KD methods with the cGAN-KD framework to yield a new state of the art. Moreover, experiments on Steering Angle and UTKFace demonstrate the effectiveness of cGAN-KD in image regression tasks, where existing KD methods are inapplicable.

Most existing distillation methods ignore the flexible role of the temperature in the loss function and fix it as a hyper-parameter that can be decided by an inefficient grid search. In general, the temperature controls the discrepancy between two distributions and can faithfully determine the difficulty level of the distillation task. Keeping a constant temperature, i.e., a fixed level of task difficulty, is usually sub-optimal for a growing student during its progressive learning stages. In this paper, we propose a simple curriculum-based technique, termed Curriculum Temperature for Knowledge Distillation (CTKD), which controls the task difficulty level during the student's learning career through a dynamic and learnable temperature. Specifically, following an easy-to-hard curriculum, we gradually increase the distillation loss w.r.t. the temperature, leading to increased distillation difficulty in an adversarial manner. As an easy-to-use plug-in technique, CTKD can be seamlessly integrated into existing knowledge distillation frameworks and brings general improvements at a negligible additional computation cost. Extensive experiments on CIFAR-100, ImageNet-2012, and MS-COCO demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. Our code is available at https://github.com/zhengli97/CTKD.

One of the most efficient methods for model compression is hint distillation, where the student model is injected with information (hints) from several different layers of the teacher model. Although the selection of hint points can drastically alter the compression performance, conventional distillation approaches overlook this fact and use the same hint points as in the early studies. Therefore, we propose a clustering based hint selection methodology, where the layers of teacher model are clustered with respect to several metrics and the cluster centers are used as the hint points. Our method is applicable for any student network, once it is applied on a chosen teacher network. The proposed approach is validated in CIFAR-100 and ImageNet datasets, using various teacher-student pairs and numerous hint distillation methods. Our results show that hint points selected by our algorithm results in superior compression performance compared to state-of-the-art knowledge distillation algorithms on the same student models and datasets.

知识蒸馏在模型压缩方面取得了显着的成就。但是，大多数现有方法需要原始的培训数据，而实践中的实际数据通常是不可用的，因为隐私，安全性和传输限制。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一种有条件的生成数据无数据知识蒸馏（CGDD）框架，用于培训有效的便携式网络，而无需任何实际数据。在此框架中，除了使用教师模型中提取的知识外，我们将预设标签作为额外的辅助信息介绍以培训发电机。然后，训练有素的发生器可以根据需要产生指定类别的有意义的培训样本。为了促进蒸馏过程，除了使用常规蒸馏损失，我们将预设标签视为地面真理标签，以便学生网络直接由合成训练样本类别监督。此外，我们强制学生网络模仿教师模型的注意图，进一步提高了其性能。为了验证我们方法的优越性，我们设计一个新的评估度量称为相对准确性，可以直接比较不同蒸馏方法的有效性。培训的便携式网络通过提出的数据无数据蒸馏方法获得了99.63％，99.07％和99.84％的CIFAR10，CIFAR100和CALTECH101的相对准确性。实验结果表明了所提出的方法的优越性。

随着AI芯片（例如GPU，TPU和NPU）的改进以及物联网（IOT）的快速发展，一些强大的深神经网络（DNN）通常由数百万甚至数亿个参数组成，这些参数是可能不适合直接部署在低计算和低容量单元（例如边缘设备）上。最近，知识蒸馏（KD）被认为是模型压缩的有效方法之一，以减少模型参数。 KD的主要概念是从大型模型（即教师模型）的特征图中提取有用的信息，以引用成功训练一个小型模型（即学生模型），该模型大小比老师小得多。尽管已经提出了许多基于KD的方法来利用教师模型中中间层的特征图中的信息，但是，它们中的大多数并未考虑教师模型和学生模型之间的特征图的相似性，这可能让学生模型学习无用的信息。受到注意机制的启发，我们提出了一种新颖的KD方法，称为代表教师钥匙（RTK），该方法不仅考虑了特征地图的相似性，而且还会过滤掉无用的信息以提高目标学生模型的性能。在实验中，我们使用多个骨干网络（例如Resnet和wideresnet）和数据集（例如CIFAR10，CIFAR100，SVHN和CINIC10）验证了我们提出的方法。结果表明，我们提出的RTK可以有效地提高基于注意的KD方法的分类精度。

Knowledge distillation (KD) has gained a lot of attention in the field of model compression for edge devices thanks to its effectiveness in compressing large powerful networks into smaller lower-capacity models. Online distillation, in which both the teacher and the student are learning collaboratively, has also gained much interest due to its ability to improve on the performance of the networks involved. The Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence ensures the proper knowledge transfer between the teacher and student. However, most online KD techniques present some bottlenecks under the network capacity gap. By cooperatively and simultaneously training, the models the KL distance becomes incapable of properly minimizing the teacher's and student's distributions. Alongside accuracy, critical edge device applications are in need of well-calibrated compact networks. Confidence calibration provides a sensible way of getting trustworthy predictions. We propose BD-KD: Balancing of Divergences for online Knowledge Distillation. We show that adaptively balancing between the reverse and forward divergences shifts the focus of the training strategy to the compact student network without limiting the teacher network's learning process. We demonstrate that, by performing this balancing design at the level of the student distillation loss, we improve upon both performance accuracy and calibration of the compact student network. We conducted extensive experiments using a variety of network architectures and show improvements on multiple datasets including CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, Tiny-ImageNet, and ImageNet. We illustrate the effectiveness of our approach through comprehensive comparisons and ablations with current state-of-the-art online and offline KD techniques.

Often we wish to transfer representational knowledge from one neural network to another. Examples include distilling a large network into a smaller one, transferring knowledge from one sensory modality to a second, or ensembling a collection of models into a single estimator. Knowledge distillation, the standard approach to these problems, minimizes the KL divergence between the probabilistic outputs of a teacher and student network. We demonstrate that this objective ignores important structural knowledge of the teacher network. This motivates an alternative objective by which we train a student to capture significantly more information in the teacher's representation of the data. We formulate this objective as contrastive learning. Experiments demonstrate that our resulting new objective outperforms knowledge distillation and other cutting-edge distillers on a variety of knowledge transfer tasks, including single model compression, ensemble distillation, and cross-modal transfer. Our method sets a new state-of-the-art in many transfer tasks, and sometimes even outperforms the teacher network when combined with knowledge distillation.

Knowledge Distillation (KD) aims to distill the knowledge of a cumbersome teacher model into a lightweight student model. Its success is generally attributed to the privileged information on similarities among categories provided by the teacher model, and in this sense, only strong teacher models are deployed to teach weaker students in practice. In this work, we challenge this common belief by following experimental observations: 1) beyond the acknowledgment that the teacher can improve the student, the student can also enhance the teacher significantly by reversing the KD procedure; 2) a poorly-trained teacher with much lower accuracy than the student can still improve the latter significantly. To explain these observations, we provide a theoretical analysis of the relationships between KD and label smoothing regularization. We prove that 1) KD is a type of learned label smoothing regularization and 2) label smoothing regularization provides a virtual teacher model for KD. From these results, we argue that the success of KD is not fully due to the similarity information between categories from teachers, but also to the regularization of soft targets, which is equally or even more important.Based on these analyses, we further propose a novel Teacher-free Knowledge Distillation (Tf-KD) framework, where a student model learns from itself or manuallydesigned regularization distribution. The Tf-KD achieves comparable performance with normal KD from a superior teacher, which is well applied when a stronger teacher model is unavailable. Meanwhile, Tf-KD is generic and can be directly deployed for training deep neural networks. Without any extra computation cost, Tf-KD achieves up to 0.65% improvement on ImageNet over well-established baseline models, which is superior to label smoothing regularization.

知识蒸馏（KD）在将学习表征从大型模型（教师）转移到小型模型（学生）方面表现出非常有希望的能力。但是，随着学生和教师之间的容量差距变得更大，现有的KD方法无法获得更好的结果。我们的工作表明，“先验知识”对KD至关重要，尤其是在应用大型老师时。特别是，我们提出了动态的先验知识（DPK），该知识将教师特征的一部分作为特征蒸馏之前的先验知识。这意味着我们的方法还将教师的功能视为“输入”，而不仅仅是``目标''。此外，我们根据特征差距动态调整训练阶段的先验知识比率，从而引导学生在适当的困难中。为了评估所提出的方法，我们对两个图像分类基准（即CIFAR100和Imagenet）和一个对象检测基准（即MS Coco）进行了广泛的实验。结果表明，在不同的设置下，我们方法在性能方面具有优势。更重要的是，我们的DPK使学生模型的表现与教师模型的表现呈正相关，这意味着我们可以通过应用更大的教师进一步提高学生的准确性。我们的代码将公开用于可重复性。

除了使用硬标签的标准监督学习外，通常在许多监督学习设置中使用辅助损失来改善模型的概括。例如，知识蒸馏增加了第二个教师模仿模型训练的损失，在该培训中，教师可能是一个验证的模型，可以输出比标签更丰富的分布。同样，在标记数据有限的设置中，弱标记信息以标签函数的形式使用。此处引入辅助损失来对抗标签函数，这些功能可能是基于嘈杂的规则的真实标签近似值。我们解决了学习以原则性方式结合这些损失的问题。我们介绍AMAL，该AMAL使用元学习在验证度量上学习实例特定的权重，以实现损失的最佳混合。在许多知识蒸馏和规则降解域中进行的实验表明，Amal在这些领域中对竞争基准的增长可显着。我们通过经验分析我们的方法，并分享有关其提供性能提升的机制的见解。

在线知识蒸馏会在所有学生模型之间进行知识转移，以减轻对预培训模型的依赖。但是，现有的在线方法在很大程度上依赖于预测分布并忽略了代表性知识的进一步探索。在本文中，我们提出了一种用于在线知识蒸馏的新颖的多尺度功能提取和融合方法（MFEF），其中包括三个关键组成部分：多尺度功能提取，双重注意和功能融合，以生成更有信息的特征图，以用于蒸馏。提出了在通道维度中的多尺度提取利用分界线和catenate，以提高特征图的多尺度表示能力。为了获得更准确的信息，我们设计了双重注意，以适应重要的渠道和空间区域。此外，我们通过功能融合来汇总并融合了以前的处理功能地图，以帮助培训学生模型。关于CIF AR-10，CIF AR-100和Cinic-10的广泛实验表明，MFEF转移了更有益的代表性知识，以蒸馏和胜过各种网络体系结构之间的替代方法

深度学习的巨大成功主要是由于大规模的网络架构和高质量的培训数据。但是，在具有有限的内存和成像能力的便携式设备上部署最近的深层模型仍然挑战。一些现有的作品通过知识蒸馏进行了压缩模型。不幸的是，这些方法不能处理具有缩小图像质量的图像，例如低分辨率（LR）图像。为此，我们采取了开创性的努力，从高分辨率（HR）图像到达将处理LR图像的紧凑型网络模型中学习的繁重网络模型中蒸馏有用的知识，从而推动了新颖的像素蒸馏的当前知识蒸馏技术。为实现这一目标，我们提出了一名教师助理 - 学生（TAS）框架，将知识蒸馏分解为模型压缩阶段和高分辨率表示转移阶段。通过装备新颖的特点超分辨率（FSR）模块，我们的方法可以学习轻量级网络模型，可以实现与重型教师模型相似的准确性，但参数更少，推理速度和较低分辨率的输入。在三个广泛使用的基准，\即，幼崽200-2011，Pascal VOC 2007和ImageNetsub上的综合实验证明了我们方法的有效性。

Binary neural networks are the extreme case of network quantization, which has long been thought of as a potential edge machine learning solution. However, the significant accuracy gap to the full-precision counterparts restricts their creative potential for mobile applications. In this work, we revisit the potential of binary neural networks and focus on a compelling but unanswered problem: how can a binary neural network achieve the crucial accuracy level (e.g., 80%) on ILSVRC-2012 ImageNet? We achieve this goal by enhancing the optimization process from three complementary perspectives: (1) We design a novel binary architecture BNext based on a comprehensive study of binary architectures and their optimization process. (2) We propose a novel knowledge-distillation technique to alleviate the counter-intuitive overfitting problem observed when attempting to train extremely accurate binary models. (3) We analyze the data augmentation pipeline for binary networks and modernize it with up-to-date techniques from full-precision models. The evaluation results on ImageNet show that BNext, for the first time, pushes the binary model accuracy boundary to 80.57% and significantly outperforms all the existing binary networks. Code and trained models are available at: https://github.com/hpi-xnor/BNext.git.

知识蒸馏已成为获得紧凑又有效模型的重要方法。为实现这一目标，培训小型学生模型以利用大型训练有素的教师模型的知识。然而，由于教师和学生之间的能力差距，学生的表现很难达到老师的水平。关于这个问题，现有方法建议通过代理方式减少教师知识的难度。我们认为这些基于代理的方法忽视了教师的知识损失，这可能导致学生遇到容量瓶颈。在本文中，我们从新的角度来缓解能力差距问题，以避免知识损失的目的。我们建议通过对抗性协作学习建立一个更有力的学生，而不是牺牲教师的知识。为此，我们进一步提出了一种逆势协作知识蒸馏（ACKD）方法，有效提高了知识蒸馏的性能。具体来说，我们用多个辅助学习者构建学生模型。同时，我们设计了对抗的对抗性协作模块（ACM），引入注意机制和对抗的学习，以提高学生的能力。四个分类任务的广泛实验显示了拟议的Ackd的优越性。

自我介绍在训练过程中利用自身的非均匀软监管，并在没有任何运行时成本的情况下提高性能。但是，在训练过程中的开销经常被忽略，但是在巨型模型的时代，培训期间的时间和记忆开销越来越重要。本文提出了一种名为ZIPF标签平滑（ZIPF的LS）的有效自我验证方法，该方法使用网络的直立预测来生成软监管，该软监管在不使用任何对比样本或辅助参数的情况下符合ZIPF分布。我们的想法来自经验观察，即当对网络进行适当训练时，在按样品的大小和平均分类后，应遵循分布的分布，让人联想到ZIPF的自然语言频率统计信息，这是在按样品中的大小和平均值进行排序之后进行的。 。通过在样本级别和整个培训期内强制执行此属性，我们发现预测准确性可以大大提高。使用INAT21细粒分类数据集上的RESNET50，与香草基线相比，我们的技术获得了 +3.61％的准确性增长，而与先前的标签平滑或自我验证策略相比，增益增加了0.88％。该实现可在https://github.com/megvii-research/zipfls上公开获得。

知识蒸馏（KD）是压缩边缘设备深层分类模型的有效工具。但是，KD的表现受教师和学生网络之间较大容量差距的影响。最近的方法已诉诸KD的多个教师助手（TA）设置，该设置依次降低了教师模型的大小，以相对弥合这些模型之间的尺寸差距。本文提出了一种称为“知识蒸馏”课程专家选择的新技术，以有效地增强在容量差距问题下对紧凑型学生的学习。该技术建立在以下假设的基础上：学生网络应逐渐使用分层的教学课程来逐步指导，因为它可以从较低（较高的）容量教师网络中更好地学习（硬）数据样本。具体而言，我们的方法是一种基于TA的逐渐的KD技术，它每个输入图像选择单个教师，该课程是基于通过对图像进行分类的难度驱动的课程的。在这项工作中，我们凭经验验证了我们的假设，并对CIFAR-10，CIFAR-100，CINIC-10和Imagenet数据集进行了严格的实验，并在类似VGG的模型，Resnets和WideresNets架构上显示出提高的准确性。

知识蒸馏（KD）最近被出现为将学生预先接受教师模型转移到轻量级学生的知识的强大战略，并在广泛的应用方面表现出了前所未有的成功。尽管结果令人鼓舞的结果，但KD流程本身对网络所有权保护构成了潜在的威胁，因为网络中包含的知识可以毫不费力地蒸馏，因此暴露于恶意用户。在本文中，我们提出了一种新颖的框架，称为安全蒸馏盒（SDB），允许我们将预先训练的模型包装在虚拟盒中用于知识产权保护。具体地，SDB将包装模型的推理能力保留给所有用户，但从未经授权的用户中排除KD。另一方面，对于授权用户，SDB执行知识增强方案，以加强KD性能和学生模型的结果。换句话说，所有用户都可以在SDB中使用模型进行推断，但只有授权用户只能从模型中访问KD。所提出的SDB对模型架构不对限制，并且可以易于作为即插即用解决方案，以保护预先训练的网络的所有权。各个数据集和架构的实验表明，对于SDB，未经授权的KD的性能显着下降，而授权的销量会增强，展示SDB的有效性。

最初引入了知识蒸馏，以利用来自单一教师模型的额外监督为学生模型培训。为了提高学生表现，最近的一些变体试图利用多个教师利用不同的知识来源。然而，现有研究主要通过对多种教师预测的平均或将它们与其他无标签策略相结合，将知识集成在多种来源中，可能在可能存在低质量的教师预测存在中误导学生。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了信心感知的多教师知识蒸馏（CA-MKD），该知识蒸馏（CA-MKD）在地面真理标签的帮助下，适用于每个教师预测的样本明智的可靠性，与那些接近单热的教师预测标签分配了大量的重量。此外，CA-MKD包含中间层，以进一步提高学生表现。广泛的实验表明，我们的CA-MKD始终如一地优于各种教师学生架构的所有最先进的方法。