视觉问题回答(VQA)通常需要对视觉概念和语言语义的理解,这取决于外部知识。大多数现有方法利用了预训练的语言模型或/和非结构化文本,但是这些资源中的知识通常不完整且嘈杂。有些方法更喜欢使用经常具有强化结构知识的知识图(kgs),但是研究仍然相当初步。在本文中,我们提出了Lako,这是一种知识驱动的VQA方法,通过后期的文本注射。为了有效地纳入外部kg,我们将三元三元转移到文本中,并提出一种晚期注射机制。最后,我们将VQA作为文本生成任务,并具有有效的编码器范式。在使用OKVQA数据集的评估中,我们的方法可实现最新的结果。
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最近与大型变压器的主要工作的主要重点是优化包装到模型参数中的信息量。在这项工作中,我们问了一个不同的问题:多峰变压器可以在他们推理中利用明确的知识吗?现有,主要是单峰,方法在知识检索范例下探讨了方法,随后回答预测,但留下了关于所使用的检索知识的质量和相关性的开放性问题,以及如何集成隐含和明确知识的推理过程。为了解决这些挑战,我们提出了一种新颖的模型 - 知识增强变压器(KAT) - 在OK-VQA的开放式多模式任务上实现了强大的最先进的结果(+6分)。我们的方法在结束到终端编码器 - 解码器架构中集成了隐式和显式知识,同时在答案生成期间仍然共同推理了两个知识源。在我们分析中提高了模型预测的可解释性,可以看到明确知识集成的额外好处。
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Natural Language Processing (NLP) has been revolutionized by the use of Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) such as BERT. Despite setting new records in nearly every NLP task, PLMs still face a number of challenges including poor interpretability, weak reasoning capability, and the need for a lot of expensive annotated data when applied to downstream tasks. By integrating external knowledge into PLMs, \textit{\underline{K}nowledge-\underline{E}nhanced \underline{P}re-trained \underline{L}anguage \underline{M}odels} (KEPLMs) have the potential to overcome the above-mentioned limitations. In this paper, we examine KEPLMs systematically through a series of studies. Specifically, we outline the common types and different formats of knowledge to be integrated into KEPLMs, detail the existing methods for building and evaluating KEPLMS, present the applications of KEPLMs in downstream tasks, and discuss the future research directions. Researchers will benefit from this survey by gaining a quick and comprehensive overview of the latest developments in this field.
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Recent years have witnessed the resurgence of knowledge engineering which is featured by the fast growth of knowledge graphs. However, most of existing knowledge graphs are represented with pure symbols, which hurts the machine's capability to understand the real world. The multi-modalization of knowledge graphs is an inevitable key step towards the realization of human-level machine intelligence. The results of this endeavor are Multi-modal Knowledge Graphs (MMKGs). In this survey on MMKGs constructed by texts and images, we first give definitions of MMKGs, followed with the preliminaries on multi-modal tasks and techniques. We then systematically review the challenges, progresses and opportunities on the construction and application of MMKGs respectively, with detailed analyses of the strength and weakness of different solutions. We finalize this survey with open research problems relevant to MMKGs.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its applications have sparked extraordinary interest in recent years. This achievement can be ascribed in part to advances in AI subfields including Machine Learning (ML), Computer Vision (CV), and Natural Language Processing (NLP). Deep learning, a sub-field of machine learning that employs artificial neural network concepts, has enabled the most rapid growth in these domains. The integration of vision and language has sparked a lot of attention as a result of this. The tasks have been created in such a way that they properly exemplify the concepts of deep learning. In this review paper, we provide a thorough and an extensive review of the state of the arts approaches, key models design principles and discuss existing datasets, methods, their problem formulation and evaluation measures for VQA and Visual reasoning tasks to understand vision and language representation learning. We also present some potential future paths in this field of research, with the hope that our study may generate new ideas and novel approaches to handle existing difficulties and develop new applications.
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In this paper, we propose an end-to-end Retrieval-Augmented Visual Language Model (REVEAL) that learns to encode world knowledge into a large-scale memory, and to retrieve from it to answer knowledge-intensive queries. REVEAL consists of four key components: the memory, the encoder, the retriever and the generator. The large-scale memory encodes various sources of multimodal world knowledge (e.g. image-text pairs, question answering pairs, knowledge graph triplets, etc) via a unified encoder. The retriever finds the most relevant knowledge entries in the memory, and the generator fuses the retrieved knowledge with the input query to produce the output. A key novelty in our approach is that the memory, encoder, retriever and generator are all pre-trained end-to-end on a massive amount of data. Furthermore, our approach can use a diverse set of multimodal knowledge sources, which is shown to result in significant gains. We show that REVEAL achieves state-of-the-art results on visual question answering and image captioning.
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Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) which are trained on large text corpus through the self-supervised learning method, have yielded promising performance on various tasks in Natural Language Processing (NLP). However, though PLMs with huge parameters can effectively possess rich knowledge learned from massive training text and benefit downstream tasks at the fine-tuning stage, they still have some limitations such as poor reasoning ability due to the lack of external knowledge. Incorporating knowledge into PLMs has been tried to tackle these issues. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of Knowledge-Enhanced Pre-trained Language Models (KE-PLMs) to provide a clear insight into this thriving field. We introduce appropriate taxonomies respectively for Natural Language Understanding (NLU) and Natural Language Generation (NLG) to highlight the focus of these two kinds of tasks. For NLU, we take several types of knowledge into account and divide them into four categories: linguistic knowledge, text knowledge, knowledge graph (KG), and rule knowledge. The KE-PLMs for NLG are categorized into KG-based and retrieval-based methods. Finally, we point out some promising future directions of KE-PLMs.
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机器学习方法尤其是深度神经网络取得了巨大的成功,但其中许多往往依赖于一些标记的样品进行训练。在真实世界的应用中,我们经常需要通过例如具有新兴预测目标和昂贵的样本注释的动态上下文来解决样本短缺。因此,低资源学习,旨在学习具有足够资源(特别是培训样本)的强大预测模型,现在正在被广泛调查。在所有低资源学习研究中,许多人更喜欢以知识图(kg)的形式利用一些辅助信息,这对于知识表示变得越来越受欢迎,以减少对标记样本的依赖。在这项调查中,我们非常全面地审查了90美元的报纸关于两个主要的低资源学习设置 - 零射击学习(ZSL)的预测,从未出现过训练,而且很少拍摄的学习(FSL)预测的新类仅具有可用的少量标记样本。我们首先介绍了ZSL和FSL研究中使用的KGS以及现有的和潜在的KG施工解决方案,然后系统地分类和总结了KG感知ZSL和FSL方法,将它们划分为不同的范例,例如基于映射的映射,数据增强,基于传播和基于优化的。我们接下来呈现了不同的应用程序,包括计算机视觉和自然语言处理中的kg增强预测任务,还包括kg完成的任务,以及每个任务的一些典型评估资源。我们最终讨论了一些关于新学习和推理范式的方面的一些挑战和未来方向,以及高质量的KGs的建设。
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基于多模式方面的情感分类(MABSC)是一项新兴的分类任务,旨在将给定目标的情感分类,例如具有不同模式的数据中提到的实体。在带有文本和图像的典型多模式数据中,以前的方法不能充分利用图像的细颗粒语义,尤其是与文本的语义结合在一起,并且不完全考虑对细粒图像之间的关系进行建模信息和目标,这导致图像的使用不足和不足以识别细粒度的方面和意见。为了应对这些局限性,我们提出了一个新的框架SEQCSG,包括一种构建顺序跨模式语义图和编码器模型的方法。具体而言,我们从原始图像,图像标题和场景图中提取细粒度的信息,并将它们视为跨模式语义图的元素以及文本的令牌。跨模式语义图表示为具有多模式可见矩阵的序列,指示元素之间的关系。为了有效地利用跨模式语义图,我们建议使用目标提示模板的编码器解码器方法。实验结果表明,我们的方法优于现有方法,并在两个标准数据集MABSC上实现了最新方法。进一步的分析证明了每个组件的有效性,我们的模型可以隐含地学习图像的目标和细粒度信息之间的相关性。
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基于知识的视觉问题答案(VQA)希望模型依靠外部知识来进行强大的答案预测。尽管这很重要,但本文发现了阻碍当前最新方法发展的几个主要因素。一方面,利用显式知识的方法将知识视为经过精心训练的VQA模型的补充。尽管它们有效,但这些方法通常会遭受噪声纳入和错误传播的影响。另一方面,与隐式知识有关的是,基于知识的VQA的多模式隐式知识仍然在很大程度上尚未探索。这项工作为基于知识的VQA提供了统一的端到端检索器框架。特别是,我们阐明了从视觉语言预训练模型中的多模式隐式知识,以挖掘其在知识推理中的潜力。至于检索操作在显式知识上遇到的噪音问题,我们设计了一种新的方案,以创建伪标签以进行有效的知识监督。该方案不仅能够为知识检索提供指导,而且还可以将这些实例带入问题回答的可能性。为了验证所提出的方法的有效性,我们在基准数据集上进行了广泛的实验。实验结果表明,我们的方法以明显的边距优于现有基线。除了报道的数字外,本文还通过一些经验发现,进一步催生了对未来研究的知识利用的一些见解。
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Multi-modal and multi-hop question answering aims to answer a question based on multiple input sources from different modalities. Previous methods retrieve the evidence separately and feed the retrieved evidence to a language model to generate the corresponding answer. However, these methods fail to build connections between candidates and thus cannot model the inter-dependent relation during retrieval. Moreover, the reasoning process over multi-modality candidates can be unbalanced without building alignments between different modalities. To address this limitation, we propose a Structured Knowledge and Unified Retrieval Generation based method (SKURG). We align the sources from different modalities via the shared entities and map them into a shared semantic space via structured knowledge. Then, we utilize a unified retrieval-generation decoder to integrate intermediate retrieval results for answer generation and adaptively determine the number of retrieval steps. We perform experiments on two multi-modal and multi-hop datasets: WebQA and MultimodalQA. The results demonstrate that SKURG achieves state-of-the-art performance on both retrieval and answer generation.
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Natural Language Generation (NLG) has improved exponentially in recent years thanks to the development of sequence-to-sequence deep learning technologies such as Transformer-based language models. This advancement has led to more fluent and coherent NLG, leading to improved development in downstream tasks such as abstractive summarization, dialogue generation and data-to-text generation. However, it is also apparent that deep learning based generation is prone to hallucinate unintended text, which degrades the system performance and fails to meet user expectations in many real-world scenarios. To address this issue, many studies have been presented in measuring and mitigating hallucinated texts, but these have never been reviewed in a comprehensive manner before. In this survey, we thus provide a broad overview of the research progress and challenges in the hallucination problem in NLG. The survey is organized into two parts: (1) a general overview of metrics, mitigation methods, and future directions; and (2) an overview of task-specific research progress on hallucinations in the following downstream tasks, namely abstractive summarization, dialogue generation, generative question answering, data-to-text generation, machine translation, and visual-language generation. This survey serves to facilitate collaborative efforts among researchers in tackling the challenge of hallucinated texts in NLG.
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文本VQA的开放式问题回答任务通常需要读取和推理图像中很少见或完全看不见的场景文本内容。我们通过提出广义使用外部知识来增强我们对场景文本的理解来解决问题的零射击性质。我们设计一个框架,使用标准的多模式变压器来提取,验证和理性,以了解视觉语言理解任务。通过经验证据和定性结果,我们证明了外部知识如何突出实例的线索,从而有助于应对培训数据偏见,提高答案实体类型的正确性并检测名为“实体”的多字。在类似上游OCR系统和培训数据的限制下,我们生成的结果与三个公开数据集的最新结果相当。
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本文对过去二十年来对自然语言生成(NLG)的研究提供了全面的审查,特别是与数据到文本生成和文本到文本生成深度学习方法有关,以及NLG的新应用技术。该调查旨在(a)给出关于NLG核心任务的最新综合,以及该领域采用的建筑;(b)详细介绍各种NLG任务和数据集,并提请注意NLG评估中的挑战,专注于不同的评估方法及其关系;(c)强调一些未来的强调和相对近期的研究问题,因为NLG和其他人工智能领域的协同作用而增加,例如计算机视觉,文本和计算创造力。
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基于知识的视觉问题的问题涉及除了图像内容之外还涉及需要外部知识的问题。这些知识通常有各种形式,包括视觉,文本和致辞知识。使用更多知识来源,增加了检索更无关紧要或嘈杂的事实的可能性,使其充实并找到答案的挑战。为了解决这一挑战,我们使用外部知识(MAVEX)提出了多模态答案验证,其中该想法是根据答案特定知识检索验证一组有希望的答案候选者。而不是在大多数现有方法中搜索大量不相关的事实中的答案,Mavex旨在学习如何从嘈杂来源中提取相关知识,这是对每个答复候选者的信任,以及如何使用候选者那个来源。除了以维基百科句子和概念概念的形式之外,我们的多模态设置是第一个利用外部视觉知识(使用谷歌搜索的图像)。我们的实验与OK-VQA是一个具有挑战性的知识VQA数据集,证明了MAVEX实现了新的最先进的结果。我们的代码可在https://github.com/jialinwu17/mavex提供
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随着图像文本对的大量数据以及视觉和语言(V&L)任务的多样性,学者在该研究领域引入了大量的深度学习模型。此外,近年来,转移学习还显示出在计算机愿景中的巨大成功,例如图像分类,对象检测等以及在自然语言处理中以进行问答,机器翻译等的自然语言处理。继承转移学习的精神, V&L的研究工作已经在大规模数据集上设计了多种预训练技术,以增强下游任务的性能。本文的目的是提供当代V&L预审前模型的全面修订。特别是,我们对预处理的方法进行了分类和描述,以及最先进的视觉和语言预训练模型的摘要。此外,还提供了培训数据集和下游任务的列表,以进一步提高V&L预处理的观点。最后,我们决定采取进一步的一步,讨论众多未来研究的方向。
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知识图完成(KGC)最近已扩展到多个知识图(kg)结构,启动了新的研究方向,例如静态kgc,颞kgc和少数kgc。以前的作品通常设计了KGC模型与特定的图形结构紧密结合,这不可避免地会导致两个缺点:1)结构特异性KGC模型是互不兼容的; 2)现有的KGC方法不适合新兴KG。在本文中,我们提出了KG-S2S,即SEQ2SEQ生成框架,可以通过将KG事实的表示形式统一为“平坦”文本,无论其原始形式如何,可以通过将KG事实的表示来解决不同的语言图形结构。为了纠正“平面”文本的KG结构信息损失,我们进一步改善了实体和关系的输入表示,以及KG-S2中的推理算法。五个基准测试的实验表明,KG-S2S的表现优于许多竞争基线,从而创造了新的最新性能。最后,我们分析了KG-S2S在不同关系和非实体世代上的能力。
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自动问题应答(QA)系统的目的是以时间有效的方式向用户查询提供答案。通常在数据库(或知识库)或通常被称为语料库的文件集合中找到答案。在过去的几十年里,收购知识的扩散,因此生物医学领域的新科学文章一直是指数增长。因此,即使对于领域专家,也难以跟踪域中的所有信息。随着商业搜索引擎的改进,用户可以在某些情况下键入其查询并获得最相关的一小组文档,以及在某些情况下从文档中的相关片段。但是,手动查找所需信息或答案可能仍然令人疑惑和耗时。这需要开发高效的QA系统,该系统旨在为用户提供精确和精确的答案提供了生物医学领域的自然语言问题。在本文中,我们介绍了用于开发普通域QA系统的基本方法,然后彻底调查生物医学QA系统的不同方面,包括使用结构化数据库和文本集合的基准数据集和几种提出的方​​法。我们还探讨了当前系统的局限性,并探索潜在的途径以获得进一步的进步。
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视觉问题回答是自然语言和愿景理解的重要任务。但是,在大多数公众视觉问题上回答了诸如VQA,CLEVR之类的数据集,这些问题是针对给定图像的特定于“她的眼睛是什么颜色?”的人类产生的。人类产生的众包问题相对简单,有时对某些实体或属性有偏见。在本文中,我们介绍了一个基于Image-Chiqa的新问题回答数据集。它包含Internet用户发布的现实查询,并结合了几个相关的开放域图像。系统应确定图像是否可以回答问题。与以前的VQA数据集不同,这些问题是现实世界中独立的查询,这些查询更加各种和无偏见。与先前的图像回程或图像捕获数据集相比,Chiqa不仅衡量了相关性,而且还可以衡量答案性,这需要更细粒度的视力和语言推理。 Chiqa包含超过40k的问题和超过200k的问题图像对。将三级2/1/0标签分配给每个对,指示完美的答案,部分答案和无关紧要。数据分析表明,Chiqa需要对语言和视觉有深入的了解,包括接地,比较和阅读。我们评估了几种最先进的视觉语言模型,例如ALBEF,表明仍然有一个很大的改进奇卡的空间。
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Knowledge graphs (KG) have served as the key component of various natural language processing applications. Commonsense knowledge graphs (CKG) are a special type of KG, where entities and relations are composed of free-form text. However, previous works in KG completion and CKG completion suffer from long-tail relations and newly-added relations which do not have many know triples for training. In light of this, few-shot KG completion (FKGC), which requires the strengths of graph representation learning and few-shot learning, has been proposed to challenge the problem of limited annotated data. In this paper, we comprehensively survey previous attempts on such tasks in the form of a series of methods and applications. Specifically, we first introduce FKGC challenges, commonly used KGs, and CKGs. Then we systematically categorize and summarize existing works in terms of the type of KGs and the methods. Finally, we present applications of FKGC models on prediction tasks in different areas and share our thoughts on future research directions of FKGC.
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