We explore the ability of overparameterized shallow ReLU neural networks to learn Lipschitz, non-differentiable, bounded functions with additive noise when trained by Gradient Descent (GD). To avoid the problem that in the presence of noise, neural networks trained to nearly zero training error are inconsistent in this class, we focus on the early-stopped GD which allows us to show consistency and optimal rates. In particular, we explore this problem from the viewpoint of the Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK) approximation of a GD-trained finite-width neural network. We show that whenever some early stopping rule is guaranteed to give an optimal rate (of excess risk) on the Hilbert space of the kernel induced by the ReLU activation function, the same rule can be used to achieve minimax optimal rate for learning on the class of considered Lipschitz functions by neural networks. We discuss several data-free and data-dependent practically appealing stopping rules that yield optimal rates.

我们重新审视GD的平均算法稳定性，用于训练过度的浅色神经网络，并证明没有NTK或PL假设的新的泛化和过度的风险范围。特别是，我们显示Oracle类型的界限，揭示了GD的泛化和过度风险由具有最短GD路径的插值网络从初始化（从某种意义上是具有最小相对规范的内插网络）来控制。虽然这是封闭式嵌入式嵌入式的，但我们的证据直接适用于GD培训的网络，而无需中间结石。与此同时，通过在这里开发的放松Oracle不等式，我们以简单的方式恢复基于NTK的风险范围，这表明我们的分析更加紧张。最后，与大多数基于NTK的分析不同，我们专注于带标签噪声的回归，并显示早期停止的GD是一致的。

这项工作研究了浅relu网络通过梯度下降训练的浅relu网络，在底层数据分布一般的二进制分类数据上，（最佳）贝叶斯风险不一定为零。在此设置中，表明，在早期停止的梯度下降达到人口风险在不仅仅是逻辑和错误分类损失方面，也可以在校准方面任意接近最佳，这意味着其输出的符合矩阵映射近似于真正的条件分布任意精细。此外，这种分析的必要迭代，样本和架构复杂性，并且在真实条件模型的某种复杂度测量方面都是自然的。最后，虽然没有表明需要早期停止是必要的，但是显示满足局部内插特性的任何单变量分类器是不一致的。

过分分度化是没有凸起的关键因素，以解释神经网络的全局渐变（GD）的全局融合。除了研究良好的懒惰政权旁边，已经为浅网络开发了无限宽度（平均场）分析，使用凸优化技术。为了弥合懒惰和平均场制度之间的差距，我们研究残留的网络（RESNET），其中残留块具有线性参数化，同时仍然是非线性的。这种Resnets承认无限深度和宽度限制，在再现内核Hilbert空间（RKHS）中编码残差块。在这个限制中，我们证明了当地的Polyak-Lojasiewicz不等式。因此，每个关键点都是全球最小化器和GD的局部收敛结果，并检索懒惰的制度。与其他平均场研究相比，它在残留物的表达条件下适用于参数和非参数案。我们的分析导致实用和量化的配方：从通用RKHS开始，应用随机傅里叶特征来获得满足我们的表征条件的高概率的有限维参数化。

尽管已经取得了重大的理论进步，但揭示了过度参数化神经网络的概括之谜仍然难以捉摸。在本文中，我们通过利用算法稳定性的概念来研究浅神经网络（SNN）的概括行为。我们考虑梯度下降（GD）和随机梯度下降（SGD）来训练SNN，因为这两者都通过通过早期停止来平衡优化和概括来发展一致的多余风险范围。与现有的GD分析相比，我们的新分析需要放松的过度参数化假设，并且还适用于SGD。改进的关键是更好地估计经验风险的Hessian矩阵的最小特征值，以及通过提供对其迭代材料的精制估计，沿GD和SGD的轨迹沿GD和SGD的轨迹进行了更好的估计。

通过梯度流优化平均平衡误差，研究了功能空间中神经网络的动态。我们认为，在underParameterized制度中，网络了解由与其特征值对应的率的神经切线内核（NTK）确定的整体运算符$ t_ {k ^ \ infty} $的特征功能。例如，对于SPENTE $ S ^ {D-1} $和旋转不变的权重分配的均匀分布式数据，$ t_ {k ^ \ infty} $的特征函数是球形谐波。我们的结果可以理解为描述interparameterized制度中的光谱偏压。证据使用“阻尼偏差”的概念，其中NTK物质对具有由于阻尼因子的发生而具有大特征值的特征的偏差。除了下公共条例的制度之外，阻尼偏差可用于跟踪过度分辨率设置中经验风险的动态，允许我们在文献中延长某些结果。我们得出结论，阻尼偏差在优化平方误差时提供了动态的简单和统一的视角。

We consider the problem of estimating the optimal transport map between a (fixed) source distribution $P$ and an unknown target distribution $Q$, based on samples from $Q$. The estimation of such optimal transport maps has become increasingly relevant in modern statistical applications, such as generative modeling. At present, estimation rates are only known in a few settings (e.g. when $P$ and $Q$ have densities bounded above and below and when the transport map lies in a H\"older class), which are often not reflected in practice. We present a unified methodology for obtaining rates of estimation of optimal transport maps in general function spaces. Our assumptions are significantly weaker than those appearing in the literature: we require only that the source measure $P$ satisfies a Poincar\'e inequality and that the optimal map be the gradient of a smooth convex function that lies in a space whose metric entropy can be controlled. As a special case, we recover known estimation rates for bounded densities and H\"older transport maps, but also obtain nearly sharp results in many settings not covered by prior work. For example, we provide the first statistical rates of estimation when $P$ is the normal distribution and the transport map is given by an infinite-width shallow neural network.

Consider the multivariate nonparametric regression model. It is shown that estimators based on sparsely connected deep neural networks with ReLU activation function and properly chosen network architecture achieve the minimax rates of convergence (up to log nfactors) under a general composition assumption on the regression function. The framework includes many well-studied structural constraints such as (generalized) additive models. While there is a lot of flexibility in the network architecture, the tuning parameter is the sparsity of the network. Specifically, we consider large networks with number of potential network parameters exceeding the sample size. The analysis gives some insights into why multilayer feedforward neural networks perform well in practice. Interestingly, for ReLU activation function the depth (number of layers) of the neural network architectures plays an important role and our theory suggests that for nonparametric regression, scaling the network depth with the sample size is natural. It is also shown that under the composition assumption wavelet estimators can only achieve suboptimal rates.

现代神经网络通常以强烈的过度构造状态运行：它们包含许多参数，即使实际标签被纯粹随机的标签代替，它们也可以插入训练集。尽管如此，他们在看不见的数据上达到了良好的预测错误：插值训练集并不会导致巨大的概括错误。此外，过度散色化似乎是有益的，因为它简化了优化景观。在这里，我们在神经切线（NT）制度中的两层神经网络的背景下研究这些现象。我们考虑了一个简单的数据模型，以及各向同性协变量的矢量，$ d $尺寸和$ n $隐藏的神经元。我们假设样本量$ n $和尺寸$ d $都很大，并且它们在多项式上相关。我们的第一个主要结果是对过份术的经验NT内核的特征结构的特征。这种表征意味着必然的表明，经验NT内核的最低特征值在$ ND \ gg n $后立即从零界限，因此网络可以在同一制度中精确插值任意标签。我们的第二个主要结果是对NT Ridge回归的概括误差的表征，包括特殊情况，最小值-ULL_2 $ NORD插值。我们证明，一旦$ nd \ gg n $，测试误差就会被内核岭回归之一相对于无限宽度内核而近似。多项式脊回归的误差依次近似后者，从而通过与激活函数的高度组件相关的“自我诱导的”项增加了正则化参数。多项式程度取决于样本量和尺寸（尤其是$ \ log n/\ log d $）。

We study a natural extension of classical empirical risk minimization, where the hypothesis space is a random subspace of a given space. In particular, we consider possibly data dependent subspaces spanned by a random subset of the data, recovering as a special case Nystrom approaches for kernel methods. Considering random subspaces naturally leads to computational savings, but the question is whether the corresponding learning accuracy is degraded. These statistical-computational tradeoffs have been recently explored for the least squares loss and self-concordant loss functions, such as the logistic loss. Here, we work to extend these results to convex Lipschitz loss functions, that might not be smooth, such as the hinge loss used in support vector machines. This unified analysis requires developing new proofs, that use different technical tools, such as sub-gaussian inputs, to achieve fast rates. Our main results show the existence of different settings, depending on how hard the learning problem is, for which computational efficiency can be improved with no loss in performance.

我们研究了称为“乐观速率”（Panchenko 2002; Srebro等，2010）的统一收敛概念，用于与高斯数据的线性回归。我们的精致分析避免了现有结果中的隐藏常量和对数因子，这已知在高维设置中至关重要，特别是用于了解插值学习。作为一个特殊情况，我们的分析恢复了Koehler等人的保证。（2021年），在良性过度的过度条件下，严格地表征了低规范内插器的人口风险。但是，我们的乐观速度绑定还分析了具有任意训练错误的预测因子。这使我们能够在随机设计下恢复脊和套索回归的一些经典统计保障，并有助于我们在过度参数化制度中获得精确了解近端器的过度风险。

深度分离结果提出了对深度神经网络过较浅的架构的好处的理论解释，建立前者具有卓越的近似能力。然而，没有已知的结果，其中更深的架构利用这种优势成为可提供的优化保证。我们证明，当数据由具有满足某些温和假设的径向对称的分布产生的数据时，梯度下降可以使用具有两层S形激活的深度2神经网络有效地学习球指示器功能，并且隐藏层固定在一起训练。由于众所周知，当使用用单层非线性的深度2网络（Safran和Shamir，2017）使用深度2网络时，球指示器难以近似于一定的重型分配，这建立了我们最好的知识，基于第一优化的分离结果，其中近似架构的近似效益在实践中可怕的。我们的证明技术依赖于随机特征方法，该方法减少了用单个神经元学习的问题，其中新工具需要在数据分布重尾时显示梯度下降的收敛。

尽管有许多有吸引力的财产，但内核方法受到维度的诅咒受到严重影响。例如，在$ \ mathbb {r} ^ d $的内部产品内核的情况下，再现内核希尔伯特空间（RKHS）规范对于依赖于小方向子集（RIDGE函数）的功能往往非常大。相应地，使用内核方法难以学习这样的功能。这种观察结果有动力研究内核方法的概括，由此rkhs规范 - 它等同于加权$ \ ell_2 $ norm - 被加权函数$ \ ell_p $ norm替换，我们将其称为$ \ mathcal {f} _p $ norm。不幸的是，这些方法的陶油是不清楚的。内核技巧不可用，最大限度地减少这些规范要求解决无限维凸面问题。我们将随机特征近似于这些规范，表明，对于$ p> 1 $，近似于原始学习问题所需的随机功能的数量是由样本大小的多项式的上限。因此，使用$ \ mathcal {f} _p $ norms在这些情况下是易行的。我们介绍了一种基于双重均匀浓度的证明技术，这可以对超分子化模型的研究更广泛。对于$ p = 1 $，我们对随机功能的保证近似分解。我们证明了使用$ \ mathcal {f} _1 $ norm的学习是在随机减少的$ \ mathsf {np} $ - 基于噪音的半个空间问题的问题。

This paper investigates the stability of deep ReLU neural networks for nonparametric regression under the assumption that the noise has only a finite p-th moment. We unveil how the optimal rate of convergence depends on p, the degree of smoothness and the intrinsic dimension in a class of nonparametric regression functions with hierarchical composition structure when both the adaptive Huber loss and deep ReLU neural networks are used. This optimal rate of convergence cannot be obtained by the ordinary least squares but can be achieved by the Huber loss with a properly chosen parameter that adapts to the sample size, smoothness, and moment parameters. A concentration inequality for the adaptive Huber ReLU neural network estimators with allowable optimization errors is also derived. To establish a matching lower bound within the class of neural network estimators using the Huber loss, we employ a different strategy from the traditional route: constructing a deep ReLU network estimator that has a better empirical loss than the true function and the difference between these two functions furnishes a low bound. This step is related to the Huberization bias, yet more critically to the approximability of deep ReLU networks. As a result, we also contribute some new results on the approximation theory of deep ReLU neural networks.

The fundamental learning theory behind neural networks remains largely open. What classes of functions can neural networks actually learn? Why doesn't the trained network overfit when it is overparameterized?In this work, we prove that overparameterized neural networks can learn some notable concept classes, including two and three-layer networks with fewer parameters and smooth activations. Moreover, the learning can be simply done by SGD (stochastic gradient descent) or its variants in polynomial time using polynomially many samples. The sample complexity can also be almost independent of the number of parameters in the network.On the technique side, our analysis goes beyond the so-called NTK (neural tangent kernel) linearization of neural networks in prior works. We establish a new notion of quadratic approximation of the neural network (that can be viewed as a second-order variant of NTK), and connect it to the SGD theory of escaping saddle points.

我们在随机特征矩阵的条件数上提供（高概率）界限。特别是，我们表明，如果复杂性比率$ \ frac {n} $ where $ n $是n $ with n $ wore $ n $是$ m $的数量，如$ \ log ^ {-1}（ n）$或$ \ log（m）$，然后随机功能矩阵很好。该结果在没有正则化的情况下保持并且依赖于在随机特征矩阵的相关组件之间建立各种浓度界限。另外，我们在随机特征矩阵的受限等距常数上获得界限。我们证明了使用随机特征矩阵的回归问题相关的风险表现出双重下降现象，并且这是条件数的双缩小行为的效果。风险范围包括使用最小二乘问题的underParamedAimed设置和使用最小规范插值问题或稀疏回归问题的过次参数化设置。对于最小二乘或稀疏的回归案例，我们表明风险降低为$ M $和$ N $增加，即使在存在有限或随机噪声时也是如此。风险绑定与文献中的最佳缩放匹配，我们的结果中的常量是显式的，并且独立于数据的维度。

Artificial neural networks are functions depending on a finite number of parameters typically encoded as weights and biases. The identification of the parameters of the network from finite samples of input-output pairs is often referred to as the \emph{teacher-student model}, and this model has represented a popular framework for understanding training and generalization. Even if the problem is NP-complete in the worst case, a rapidly growing literature -- after adding suitable distributional assumptions -- has established finite sample identification of two-layer networks with a number of neurons $m=\mathcal O(D)$, $D$ being the input dimension. For the range $D<m<D^2$ the problem becomes harder, and truly little is known for networks parametrized by biases as well. This paper fills the gap by providing constructive methods and theoretical guarantees of finite sample identification for such wider shallow networks with biases. Our approach is based on a two-step pipeline: first, we recover the direction of the weights, by exploiting second order information; next, we identify the signs by suitable algebraic evaluations, and we recover the biases by empirical risk minimization via gradient descent. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.

我们证明了由例如He等人提出的广泛使用的方法。（2015年）并使用梯度下降对最小二乘损失进行训练并不普遍。具体而言，我们描述了一大批一维数据生成分布，较高的概率下降只会发现优化景观的局部最小值不好，因为它无法将其偏离偏差远离其初始化，以零移动。。事实证明，在这些情况下，即使目标函数是非线性的，发现的网络也基本执行线性回归。我们进一步提供了数值证据，表明在实际情况下，对于某些多维分布而发生这种情况，并且随机梯度下降表现出相似的行为。我们还提供了有关初始化和优化器的选择如何影响这种行为的经验结果。

近年来目睹了采用灵活的机械学习模型进行乐器变量（IV）回归的兴趣，但仍然缺乏不确定性量化方法的发展。在这项工作中，我们为IV次数回归提出了一种新的Quasi-Bayesian程序，建立了最近开发的核化IV模型和IV回归的双/极小配方。我们通过在$ l_2 $和sobolev规范中建立最低限度的最佳收缩率，并讨论可信球的常见有效性来分析所提出的方法的频繁行为。我们进一步推出了一种可扩展的推理算法，可以扩展到与宽神经网络模型一起工作。实证评价表明，我们的方法对复杂的高维问题产生了丰富的不确定性估计。

我们考虑与高斯数据的高维线性回归中的插值学习，并在类高斯宽度方面证明了任意假设类别中的内插器的泛化误差。将通用绑定到欧几里德常规球恢复了Bartlett等人的一致性结果。（2020）对于最小规范内插器，并确认周等人的预测。（2020）在高斯数据的特殊情况下，对于近乎最小常态的内插器。我们通过将其应用于单位来证明所界限的一般性，从而获得最小L1-NORM Interpoolator（基础追踪）的新型一致性结果。我们的结果表明，基于规范的泛化界限如何解释并用于分析良性过度装备，至少在某些设置中。