In this paper, we revisit the class of iterative shrinkage-thresholding algorithms (ISTA) for solving the linear inverse problem with sparse representation, which arises in signal and image processing. It is shown in the numerical experiment to deblur an image that the convergence behavior in the logarithmic-scale ordinate tends to be linear instead of logarithmic, approximating to be flat. Making meticulous observations, we find that the previous assumption for the smooth part to be convex weakens the least-square model. Specifically, assuming the smooth part to be strongly convex is more reasonable for the least-square model, even though the image matrix is probably ill-conditioned. Furthermore, we improve the pivotal inequality tighter for composite optimization with the smooth part to be strongly convex instead of general convex, which is first found in [Li et al., 2022]. Based on this pivotal inequality, we generalize the linear convergence to composite optimization in both the objective value and the squared proximal subgradient norm. Meanwhile, we set a simple ill-conditioned matrix which is easy to compute the singular values instead of the original blur matrix. The new numerical experiment shows the proximal generalization of Nesterov's accelerated gradient descent (NAG) for the strongly convex function has a faster linear convergence rate than ISTA. Based on the tighter pivotal inequality, we also generalize the faster linear convergence rate to composite optimization, in both the objective value and the squared proximal subgradient norm, by taking advantage of the well-constructed Lyapunov function with a slight modification and the phase-space representation based on the high-resolution differential equation framework from the implicit-velocity scheme.
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Nesterov's accelerated gradient descent (NAG) is one of the milestones in the history of first-order algorithms. It was not successfully uncovered until the high-resolution differential equation framework was proposed in [Shi et al., 2022] that the mechanism behind the acceleration phenomenon is due to the gradient correction term. To deepen our understanding of the high-resolution differential equation framework on the convergence rate, we continue to investigate NAG for the $\mu$-strongly convex function based on the techniques of Lyapunov analysis and phase-space representation in this paper. First, we revisit the proof from the gradient-correction scheme. Similar to [Chen et al., 2022], the straightforward calculation simplifies the proof extremely and enlarges the step size to $s=1/L$ with minor modification. Meanwhile, the way of constructing Lyapunov functions is principled. Furthermore, we also investigate NAG from the implicit-velocity scheme. Due to the difference in the velocity iterates, we find that the Lyapunov function is constructed from the implicit-velocity scheme without the additional term and the calculation of iterative difference becomes simpler. Together with the optimal step size obtained, the high-resolution differential equation framework from the implicit-velocity scheme of NAG is perfect and outperforms the gradient-correction scheme.
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在一阶算法的历史中,Nesterov的加速梯度下降(NAG)是里程碑之一。但是,长期以来,加速的原因一直是一个谜。直到[Shi等,2021]中提出的高分辨率微分方程框架之前,梯度校正的存在尚未得到揭示。在本文中,我们继续研究加速现象。首先,我们基于精确的观察结果和$ L $ SMOTH功能的不等式提供了明显的简化证明。然后,提出了一个新的隐式高分辨率差分方程框架,以及相应的隐式 - 速度版本的相位空间表示和lyapunov函数,以研究迭代序列$ \ {x_k \} _的迭代序列的收敛行为{k = 0}^{\ infty} $的nag。此外,从两种类型的相空间表示形式中,我们发现梯度校正所起的作用等同于按速度隐含在梯度中包含的作用,其中唯一的区别来自迭代序列$ \ \ {y_ {y_ {k} \} _ {k = 0}^{\ infty} $由$ \ {x_k \} _ {k = 0}^{\ infty} $代替。最后,对于NAG的梯度规范最小化是否具有更快的速率$ O(1/K^3)$的开放问题,我们为证明提供了一个积极的答案。同时,为$ r> 2 $显示了目标值最小化$ o(1/k^2)$的更快的速度。
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Recently, there has been great interest in connections between continuous-time dynamical systems and optimization algorithms, notably in the context of accelerated methods for smooth and unconstrained problems. In this paper we extend this perspective to nonsmooth and constrained problems by obtaining differential inclusions associated to novel accelerated variants of the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). Through a Lyapunov analysis, we derive rates of convergence for these dynamical systems in different settings that illustrate an interesting tradeoff between decaying versus constant damping strategies. We also obtain perturbed equations capturing fine-grained details of these methods, which have improved stability and preserve the leading order convergence rates.
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交替的梯度 - 下降 - 上升(Altgda)是一种优化算法,已广泛用于各种机器学习应用中的模型培训,其旨在解决非渗透最小新的优化问题。然而,现有的研究表明,它遭受了非凸起最小值优化中的高计算复杂性。在本文中,我们开发了一种单环和快速Altgda型算法,利用了近端渐变更新和动量加速来解决正常的非透露极限优化问题。通过识别该算法的内在Lyapunov函数,我们证明它会收敛到非凸起最小化优化问题的临界点,并实现了计算复杂度$ \ mathcal {o}(\ kappa ^ {1.5} \ epsilon ^ { - 2} )$,其中$ \ epsilon $是理想的准确度,$ \ kappa $是问题的条件号。这种计算复杂性改善了单环GDA和AltGDA算法的最先进的复杂性(参见表1中的比较摘要)。我们通过对对抗深层学习的实验展示了算法的有效性。
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The implicit stochastic gradient descent (ISGD), a proximal version of SGD, is gaining interest in the literature due to its stability over (explicit) SGD. In this paper, we conduct an in-depth analysis of the two modes of ISGD for smooth convex functions, namely proximal Robbins-Monro (proxRM) and proximal Poylak-Ruppert (proxPR) procedures, for their use in statistical inference on model parameters. Specifically, we derive nonasymptotic point estimation error bounds of both proxRM and proxPR iterates and their limiting distributions, and propose on-line estimators of their asymptotic covariance matrices that require only a single run of ISGD. The latter estimators are used to construct valid confidence intervals for the model parameters. Our analysis is free of the generalized linear model assumption that has limited the preceding analyses, and employs feasible procedures. Our on-line covariance matrix estimators appear to be the first of this kind in the ISGD literature.* Equal contribution 1 Kakao Entertainment Corp.
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在本文中,我们介绍了泰坦(Titan),这是一种新型的惯性块最小化框架,用于非平滑非凸优化问题。据我们所知,泰坦是块坐标更新方法的第一个框架,该方法依赖于大型最小化框架,同时将惯性力嵌入到块更新的每个步骤中。惯性力是通过外推算子获得的,该操作员累积了重力和Nesterov型加速度,以作为特殊情况作为块近端梯度方法。通过选择各种替代功能,例如近端,Lipschitz梯度,布雷格曼,二次和复合替代功能,并通过改变外推操作员来生成一组丰富的惯性块坐标坐标更新方法。我们研究了泰坦生成序列的子顺序收敛以及全局收敛。我们说明了泰坦对两个重要的机器学习问题的有效性,即稀疏的非负矩阵分解和矩阵完成。
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Iterative regularization is a classic idea in regularization theory, that has recently become popular in machine learning. On the one hand, it allows to design efficient algorithms controlling at the same time numerical and statistical accuracy. On the other hand it allows to shed light on the learning curves observed while training neural networks. In this paper, we focus on iterative regularization in the context of classification. After contrasting this setting with that of regression and inverse problems, we develop an iterative regularization approach based on the use of the hinge loss function. More precisely we consider a diagonal approach for a family of algorithms for which we prove convergence as well as rates of convergence. Our approach compares favorably with other alternatives, as confirmed also in numerical simulations.
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现代统计应用常常涉及最小化可能是非流动和/或非凸起的目标函数。本文侧重于广泛的Bregman-替代算法框架,包括本地线性近似,镜像下降,迭代阈值,DC编程以及许多其他实例。通过广义BREGMAN功能的重新发出使我们能够构建合适的误差测量并在可能高维度下建立非凸起和非凸起和非球形目标的全球收敛速率。对于稀疏的学习问题,在一些规律性条件下,所获得的估算器作为代理人的固定点,尽管不一定是局部最小化者,但享受可明确的统计保障,并且可以证明迭代顺序在所需的情况下接近统计事实准确地快速。本文还研究了如何通过仔细控制步骤和放松参数来设计基于适应性的动力的加速度而不假设凸性或平滑度。
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随机梯度下降血液(SGDM)是许多优化方案中的主要算法,包括凸优化实例和非凸神经网络训练。然而,在随机设置中,动量会干扰梯度噪声,通常导致特定的台阶尺寸和动量选择,以便保证收敛,留出加速。另一方面,近端点方法由于其数值稳定性和针对不完美调谐的弹性而产生了很多关注。他们随机加速的变体虽然已接受有限的注意:动量与(随机)近端点的稳定性相互作用仍然在很大程度上是不孤立的。为了解决这个问题,我们专注于随机近端点算法的动量(SPPAM)的收敛性和稳定性,并显示SPPAM与随机近端点算法(SPPA)相比具有更好的收缩因子的更快的线性收敛速度,如适当的HyperParameter调整。在稳定性方面,我们表明SPPAM取决于问题常数比SGDM更有利,允许更广泛的步长和导致收敛的动量。
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几种广泛使用的一阶马鞍点优化方法将衍生天然衍生时的梯度下降成本(GDA)方法的相同连续时间常分等式(ODE)。然而,即使在简单的双线性游戏上,它们的收敛性也很差异。我们使用一种来自流体动力学的技术,称为高分辨率微分方程(HRDE)来设计几个骑马点优化方法的杂散。在双线性游戏中,派生HRDE的收敛性属性对应于起始离散方法的收敛性。使用这些技术,我们表明乐观梯度下降的HRDE具有最后迭代单调变分不等式的迭代收敛。据我们所知,这是第一个连续时间动态,用于收敛此类常规设置。此外,我们提供了ogda方法的最佳迭代收敛的速率,仅依靠单调运营商的一阶平滑度。
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In this book chapter, we briefly describe the main components that constitute the gradient descent method and its accelerated and stochastic variants. We aim at explaining these components from a mathematical point of view, including theoretical and practical aspects, but at an elementary level. We will focus on basic variants of the gradient descent method and then extend our view to recent variants, especially variance-reduced stochastic gradient schemes (SGD). Our approach relies on revealing the structures presented inside the problem and the assumptions imposed on the objective function. Our convergence analysis unifies several known results and relies on a general, but elementary recursive expression. We have illustrated this analysis on several common schemes.
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遵循与[SSJ20]相同的常规,我们继续在本文中介绍具有动量(SGD)的随机梯度下降的理论分析。不同的是,对于具有动量的SGD,我们证明了这是两个超参数在一起,学习率和动量系数,它在非convex优化中的线性收敛速率起着重要作用。我们的分析基于使用超参数依赖性随机微分方程(HP依赖性SDE),该方程是SGD的连续替代,并具有动量。同样,我们通过动量建立了SGD连续时间公式的线性收敛,并通过分析Kramers-Fokker-Planck操作员的光谱来获得最佳线性速率的显式表达。相比之下,我们证明,仅在引入动量时,仅在学习率方面的最佳线性收敛速率和SGD的最终差距如何随着动量系数从零增加到一个而变化。然后,我们提出了一种数学解释,为什么具有动量的SGD比在实践中比标准SGD更快,更强大的学习率收敛。最后,我们显示了在噪声存在下的Nesterov动量与标准动量没有根本差异。
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本文提出了一种针对分布式凸复合优化问题的新型双重不精确拆分算法(DISA),其中本地损耗函数由$ L $ -SMOOTH的项组成,可能是由线性操作员组成的非平滑项。我们证明,当原始和双重尺寸$ \ tau $,$ \ beta $满足$ 0 <\ tau <{2}/{l} $和$ 0 <\ tau \ beta <1 $时,我们证明了DISA是收敛的。与现有的原始双侧近端分裂算法(PD-PSA)相比,DISA克服了收敛步骤范围对线性操作员欧几里得范围的依赖性。这意味着当欧几里得规范大时,DISA允许更大的步骤尺寸,从而确保其快速收敛。此外,我们分别在一般凸度和度量次级性下分别建立了disa的均值和线性收敛速率。此外,还提供了DISA的近似迭代版本,并证明了该近似版本的全局收敛性和sublinear收敛速率。最后,数值实验不仅证实了理论分析,而且还表明,与现有的PD-PSA相比,DISA达到了显着的加速度。
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近期在应用于培训深度神经网络和数据分析中的其他优化问题中的非凸优化的优化算法的兴趣增加,我们概述了最近对非凸优化优化算法的全球性能保证的理论结果。我们从古典参数开始,显示一般非凸面问题无法在合理的时间内有效地解决。然后,我们提供了一个问题列表,可以通过利用问题的结构来有效地找到全球最小化器,因为可能的问题。处理非凸性的另一种方法是放宽目标,从找到全局最小,以找到静止点或局部最小值。对于该设置,我们首先为确定性一阶方法的收敛速率提出了已知结果,然后是最佳随机和随机梯度方案的一般理论分析,以及随机第一阶方法的概述。之后,我们讨论了非常一般的非凸面问题,例如最小化$ \ alpha $ -weakly-are-convex功能和满足Polyak-lojasiewicz条件的功能,这仍然允许获得一阶的理论融合保证方法。然后,我们考虑更高阶和零序/衍生物的方法及其收敛速率,以获得非凸优化问题。
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如今,重球(HB)是非凸优化中最流行的动量方法之一。已经广泛观察到,将重球动态纳入基于梯度的方法中可以加速现代机器学习模型的训练过程。但是,建立其加速理论基础的进展显然远远落后于其经验成功。现有的可证明的加速结果是二次或近二次功能,因为当前显示HB加速度的技术仅限于Hessian固定时的情况。在这项工作中,我们开发了一些新技术,这些新技术有助于表现出二次超越二次的加速度,这是通过分析在两个连续时间点上如何变化的Hessian的变化来实现的,从而影响了收敛速度。基于我们的技术结果,一类Polyak- \ l {} Ojasiewicz(PL)优化问题可以通过HB确定可证明的加速度。此外,我们的分析证明了适应性设置动量参数的好处。
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在本文中,我们开发了一种新型加速算法,以解决一些最大单调方程以及单调夹杂物。我们的方法而不是使用Nesterov的加速方法,而是依赖于[32]中所谓的Halpern型固定点迭代,最近由许多研究人员利用,包括[24,70]。首先,我们基于Popov过去的超梯度方法来解决[70]中的锚定梯度方案的新变种,以解决最大单调方程$ g(x)= 0 $。我们表明我们的方法与运营商规范$ \ vert g(x_k)\ vert上的锚定梯度算法相同$,但只需要在每次迭代的每次迭代时进行一次评估,其中$ k $是迭代计数器。接下来,我们开发两个分割算法,以近似两个最大单调的运算符之和的零点。第一算法源自与分裂技术组合的锚定梯度方法,而第二个是其波波夫的变体,其可以降低偏移复杂度。这两种算法似乎都是新的,可以被视为Douglas-Rachford(DR)分裂方法的加速变体。他们均达到$ \ mathcal {o}(1 / k)$ rations上的正常r_ {\ gamma}(x_k)\ vert $ g _ {\ gamma}(\ cdot) $与问题相关联。我们还提出了一个新的加速Douglas-Rachford分裂方案,用于解决这个问题,该问题在$ \ vert g _ {\ gamma}(x_k)\ vert $下的$ \ mathcal {o}(1 / k)$收敛率下面只有最大单调假设。最后,我们指定了我们的第一算法来解决凸凹minimax问题,并应用我们加速的DR方案来得出乘法器(ADMM)的交替方向方法的新变型。
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We consider the class of iterative shrinkage-thresholding algorithms (ISTA) for solving linear inverse problems arising in signal/image processing. This class of methods, which can be viewed as an extension of the classical gradient algorithm, is attractive due to its simplicity and thus is adequate for solving large-scale problems even with dense matrix data. However, such methods are also known to converge quite slowly. In this paper we present a new fast iterative shrinkage-thresholding algorithm (FISTA) which preserves the computational simplicity of ISTA but with a global rate of convergence which is proven to be significantly better, both theoretically and practically. Initial promising numerical results for wavelet-based image deblurring demonstrate the capabilities of FISTA which is shown to be faster than ISTA by several orders of magnitude.
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二重优化发现在现代机器学习问题中发现了广泛的应用,例如超参数优化,神经体系结构搜索,元学习等。而具有独特的内部最小点(例如,内部功能是强烈凸的,都具有唯一的内在最小点)的理解,这是充分理解的,多个内部最小点的问题仍然是具有挑战性和开放的。为此问题设计的现有算法适用于限制情况,并且不能完全保证融合。在本文中,我们采用了双重优化的重新制定来限制优化,并通过原始的双二线优化(PDBO)算法解决了问题。 PDBO不仅解决了多个内部最小挑战,而且还具有完全一阶效率的情况,而无需涉及二阶Hessian和Jacobian计算,而不是大多数现有的基于梯度的二杆算法。我们进一步表征了PDBO的收敛速率,它是与多个内部最小值的双光线优化的第一个已知的非质合收敛保证。我们的实验证明了所提出的方法的预期性能。
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黎曼优化中加速梯度方法的研究最近见证了显着的进展。然而,与欧几里德的环境相比,利莫曼环境仍然缺乏对加速的系统理解。我们重新审视\ citet {monteiro2013accelerated}的\ citet {monteiro2013accelerated}的\ citeterated {monteiro2013accelerated},这是一个强大的框架,用于获得加速的欧几里德方法。随后,我们提出了一个Riemannian版的A-HPE。我们对Riemannian A-HPE分析的基础是欧几里德A-HPE的一系列洞察力,我们将仔细控制Riemannian几何形状引起的扭曲。我们描述了许多riemannian加速梯度方法作为我们框架的具体实例。
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