尽管在计算机视觉中的深度学习成功,但识别微妙和小物体(或地区)的算法仍然具有挑战性。例如,识别棒球或在地面场景中的飞盘或X射线图像中的骨折可以容易地导致过度装备,除非有大量的训练数据。为缓解此问题,我们需要一种方法来强制模型应该在有限的培训数据中识别微妙地区。在本文中,我们提出了一种称为Cut \&Rest的简单但有效的监督增强方法。它在各种医学图像域(内部资源和公共数据集)和自然图像域(MS-Coco $ _S $)中取得了更好的性能,而不是其他监督的增强和明确的指导方法。此外,使用类激活图,我们确定了剪切\和保持方法驱动模型,以有效地专注于相关的微妙和小区域。我们还表明,沿着切割\和保持比单调增加的性能,表明即使仅应用了有限量的切割量,也可以提高模型,从而允许改进的低监督(注释)成本。
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使用X光片级注释(是或否疾病)和细粒病变级注释(病变边界框)开发了两个DL模型,分别为Chexnet和ChexDet。在测试集(n = 2,922)中比较了模型的内部分类性能和病变定位性能,在NIH-Google(n = 4,376)和Padchest(n = 24,536)数据集上比较了外部分类性能,以及外部病变的本地化性能性能在NIH-Chestx-Ray14数据集(n = 880)上进行了比较。还将模型与内部测试集子集的放射学家进行了比较(n = 496)。鉴于足够的训练数据,这两个模型都与放射科医生相当。 CHEXDET对外部分类有了显着改善,例如在NIH-Google上分类(ROC曲线下的ChexDet区域[AUC]:0.67:Chexnet AUC:0.51; P <.001)和PadChest(ChexDet AUC:0.78,Chexnet AUC,Chexnet AUC,Chexnet AUC,Chexnet auc:chexnet auc auc:chexnet auc auc auc:0.78,chexnet auc auc: :0.55; p <.001)。对于所有数据集的大多数异常,例如在内部集合中检测气胸(Chexdet Jacknife替代自由响应ROC的功绩[JAFROC-FOM]:0.87,0.87,CHEXNET JAFROC-FOM:0.113) ; p <.001)和NIH-Chestx-Ray14(Chexdet Jafroc-fom:0.55,Chexnet Jafroc-fom:0.04; p <.001)。总结,细粒的注释克服了快捷方式学习并启用了DL模型,以识别正确的病变模式,从而改善模型的概括性。
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大量标记的医学图像对于准确检测异常是必不可少的,但是手动注释是劳动密集型且耗时的。自我监督学习(SSL)是一种培训方法,可以在没有手动注释的情况下学习特定于数据的功能。在医学图像异常检测中已采用了几种基于SSL的模型。这些SSL方法有效地学习了几个特定特定图像的表示形式,例如自然和工业产品图像。但是,由于需要医学专业知识,典型的基于SSL的模型在医疗图像异常检测中效率低下。我们提出了一个基于SSL的模型,该模型可实现基于解剖结构的无监督异常检测(UAD)。该模型采用解剖学意识粘贴(Anatpaste)增强工具。 Anatpaste采用基于阈值的肺部分割借口任务来在正常的胸部X光片上创建异常,用于模型预处理。这些异常类似于实际异常,并帮助模型识别它们。我们在三个OpenSource胸部X光片数据集上评估了我们的模型。我们的模型在曲线(AUC)下展示了92.1%,78.7%和81.9%的模型,在现有UAD模型中最高。这是第一个使用解剖信息作为借口任务的SSL模型。 Anatpaste可以应用于各种深度学习模型和下游任务。它可以通过修复适当的细分来用于其他方式。我们的代码可在以下网址公开获取:https://github.com/jun-sato/anatpaste。
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我们考虑临床应用异常定位问题。虽然深入学习推动了最近的医学成像进展,但许多临床挑战都没有完全解决,限制了其更广泛的使用。虽然最近的方法报告了高的诊断准确性,但医生因普遍缺乏算法决策和解释性而涉及诊断决策的这些算法,这是关注这些算法。解决这个问题的一种潜在方法是进一步培训这些模型,以便除了分类它们之外,除了分类。然而,准确地进行这一临床专家需要大量的疾病定位注释,这是对大多数应用程序来实现昂贵的任务。在这项工作中,我们通过一种新的注意力弱监督算法来解决这些问题,该弱势监督算法包括分层关注挖掘框架,可以以整体方式统一激活和基于梯度的视觉关注。我们的关键算法创新包括明确序号注意约束的设计,实现了以弱监督的方式实现了原则的模型培训,同时还通过本地化线索促进了产生视觉关注驱动的模型解释。在两个大型胸部X射线数据集(NIH Chescx-Ray14和Chexpert)上,我们展示了对现有技术的显着本地化性能,同时也实现了竞争的分类性能。我们的代码可在https://github.com/oyxhust/ham上找到。
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The chest X-ray is one of the most commonly accessible radiological examinations for screening and diagnosis of many lung diseases. A tremendous number of X-ray imaging studies accompanied by radiological reports are accumulated and stored in many modern hospitals' Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS). On the other side, it is still an open question how this type of hospital-size knowledge database containing invaluable imaging informatics (i.e., loosely labeled) can be used to facilitate the data-hungry deep learning paradigms in building truly large-scale high precision computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems.In this paper, we present a new chest X-ray database, namely "ChestX-ray8", which comprises 108,948 frontalview X-ray images of 32,717 unique patients with the textmined eight disease image labels (where each image can have multi-labels), from the associated radiological reports using natural language processing. Importantly, we demonstrate that these commonly occurring thoracic diseases can be detected and even spatially-located via a unified weaklysupervised multi-label image classification and disease localization framework, which is validated using our proposed dataset. Although the initial quantitative results are promising as reported, deep convolutional neural network based "reading chest X-rays" (i.e., recognizing and locating the common disease patterns trained with only image-level labels) remains a strenuous task for fully-automated high precision CAD systems.
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Regional dropout strategies have been proposed to enhance the performance of convolutional neural network classifiers. They have proved to be effective for guiding the model to attend on less discriminative parts of objects (e.g. leg as opposed to head of a person), thereby letting the network generalize better and have better object localization capabilities. On the other hand, current methods for regional dropout remove informative pixels on training images by overlaying a patch of either black pixels or random noise. Such removal is not desirable because it leads to information loss and inefficiency during training. We therefore propose the CutMix augmentation strategy: patches are cut and pasted among training images where the ground truth labels are also mixed proportionally to the area of the patches. By making efficient use of training pixels and retaining the regularization effect of regional dropout, CutMix consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art augmentation strategies on CI-FAR and ImageNet classification tasks, as well as on the Im-ageNet weakly-supervised localization task. Moreover, unlike previous augmentation methods, our CutMix-trained ImageNet classifier, when used as a pretrained model, results in consistent performance gains in Pascal detection and MS-COCO image captioning benchmarks. We also show that CutMix improves the model robustness against input corruptions and its out-of-distribution detection performances. Source code and pretrained models are available at https://github.com/clovaai/CutMix-PyTorch.
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为医学图像评估构建准确和强大的人工智能系统,不仅需要高级深度学习模型的研究和设计,还需要创建大型和策划的注释训练示例。然而,构造这种数据集通常非常昂贵 - 由于注释任务的复杂性和解释医学图像所需的高度专业知识(例如,专家放射科医师)。为了对此限制来说,我们提出了一种基于对比学习和在线特征聚类的丰富图像特征自我监督学习方法。为此目的,我们利用各种方式的大超过100,000,000个医学图像的大型训练数据集,包括放射线照相,计算机断层扫描(CT),磁共振(MR)成像和超声检查。我们建议使用这些功能来指导在各种下游任务的监督和混合自我监督/监督制度的模型培训。我们突出了这种策略对射线照相,CT和MR:1的挑战性图像评估问题的许多优点,与最先进的(例如,检测3-7%的AUC升压为3-7%胸部射线照相扫描的异常和脑CT的出血检测); 2)与使用无预先训练(例如,83%,在培训MR扫描MR扫描中的脑转移的模型时,在训练期间训练期间的模型收敛在训练期间的培训期高达85%。 3)对各种图像增强的鲁棒性增加,例如在场中看到的数据变化的强度变化,旋转或缩放反射。
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在过去的几年中,卷积神经网络(CNN)占据了计算机视野的领域,这要归功于它们提取功能及其在分类问题中出色的表现,例如在自动分析X射线中。不幸的是,这些神经网络被认为是黑盒算法,即不可能了解该算法如何实现最终结果。要将这些算法应用于不同领域并测试方法论的工作原理,我们需要使用可解释的AI技术。医学领域的大多数工作都集中在二进制或多类分类问题上。但是,在许多现实生活中,例如胸部X射线射线,可以同时出现不同疾病的放射学迹象。这引起了所谓的“多标签分类问题”。这些任务的缺点是类不平衡,即不同的标签没有相同数量的样本。本文的主要贡献是一种深度学习方法,用于不平衡的多标签胸部X射线数据集。它为当前未充分利用的Padchest数据集建立了基线,并基于热图建立了可解释的AI技术。该技术还包括概率和模型间匹配。我们系统的结果很有希望,尤其是考虑到使用的标签数量。此外,热图与预期区域相匹配,即它们标志着专家将用来做出决定的区域。
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人类参加,过程和分类给定图像的方式有可能使深层学习模型的性能大大效益。利用人类聚焦的地方可以在偏离基本特征时纠正模型以获得正确的决策。为了验证人类注意力包含诸如细粒度分类等决策过程的有价值的信息,我们可以比较人类注意和模型解释在发现重要特征方面。为了实现这一目标,我们为细粒度分类数据集幼崽收集人的凝视数据,并建立一个名为CUB-GHA的数据集(基于凝视的人类注意)。此外,我们提出了凝视增强培训(GAT)和知识融合网络(KFN),将人类凝视知识整合到分类模型中。我们在Cub-Gha和最近发布的医疗数据集CXR眼中实施了我们的胸部X射线图像的建议,包括从放射科医师收集的凝视数据。我们的结果表明,整合人类注意知识有效效益,有效地进行分类,例如,在CXR上改善基线4.38%。因此,我们的工作不仅提供了在细粒度分类中了解人类注意的有价值的见解,而且还有助于将人类凝视与计算机视觉任务集成的未来研究。 CUB-GHA和代码可在https://github.com/yaorong0921/cub -gha获得。
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快捷方式学习对深度学习模型很常见,但导致了退化的特征表示形式,因此危害了该模型的可推广性和解释性。但是,在广泛使用的视觉变压器框架中的快捷方式学习在很大程度上是未知的。同时,引入特定领域的知识是纠正捷径的主要方法,捷径为背景相关因素。例如,在医学成像领域中,放射科医生的眼睛凝视数据是一种有效的人类视觉先验知识,具有指导深度学习模型的巨大潜力,可以专注于有意义的前景区域。但是,获得眼睛凝视数据是时必的,劳动密集型的,有时甚至是不切实际的。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种新颖而有效的显着性视觉变压器(SGT)模型,以在没有眼神数据的情况下在VIT中纠正快捷方式学习。具体而言,采用计算视觉显着性模型来预测输入图像样本的显着性图。然后,显着图用于散布最有用的图像贴片。在拟议的中士中,图像贴片之间的自我注意力仅集中于蒸馏的信息。考虑到这种蒸馏操作可能会导致全局信息丢失,我们在最后一个编码器层中进一步介绍了一个残留的连接,该连接捕获了所有图像贴片中的自我注意力。四个独立公共数据集的实验结果表明,我们的SGT框架可以有效地学习和利用人类的先验知识,而无需眼睛凝视数据,并且比基线更好。同时,它成功地纠正了有害的快捷方式学习并显着提高了VIT模型的解释性,证明了传递人类先验知识在纠正快捷方式学习方面传递人类先验知识的承诺
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B扫描超声模式中图像的精确和快速分类对于诊断眼部疾病至关重要。然而,在超声波中区分各种疾病仍然挑战经验丰富的眼科医生。因此,在这项工作中开发了一个新颖的对比度截面网络(CDNET),旨在应对超声图像中眼异常的细粒度图像分类(FGIC)挑战,包括眼内肿瘤(IOT),视网膜脱离(RD),后堆肥葡萄球菌(PSS)和玻璃体出血(VH)。 CDNET的三个基本组成部分分别是弱监督的病变定位模块(WSLL),对比度多Zoom(CMZ)策略和超级性对比度分解损失(HCD-LOSS)。这些组件促进了在输入和输出方面的细粒度识别的特征分离。所提出的CDNET在我们的ZJU Ocular Ultrasound数据集(Zjuuld)上进行了验证,该数据集由5213个样品组成。此外,在两个公共且广泛使用的胸部X射线FGIC基准上验证了CDNET的概括能力。定量和定性结果证明了我们提出的CDNET的功效,该CDNET在FGIC任务中实现了最新的性能。代码可在以下网址获得:https://github.com/zeroonegame/cdnet-for-ous-fgic。
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X-ray imaging technology has been used for decades in clinical tasks to reveal the internal condition of different organs, and in recent years, it has become more common in other areas such as industry, security, and geography. The recent development of computer vision and machine learning techniques has also made it easier to automatically process X-ray images and several machine learning-based object (anomaly) detection, classification, and segmentation methods have been recently employed in X-ray image analysis. Due to the high potential of deep learning in related image processing applications, it has been used in most of the studies. This survey reviews the recent research on using computer vision and machine learning for X-ray analysis in industrial production and security applications and covers the applications, techniques, evaluation metrics, datasets, and performance comparison of those techniques on publicly available datasets. We also highlight some drawbacks in the published research and give recommendations for future research in computer vision-based X-ray analysis.
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数据采集​​和注释中的困难基本上限制了3D医学成像应用的训练数据集的样本尺寸。结果,在没有足够的预训练参数的情况下,构建来自划痕的高性能3D卷积神经网络仍然是一项艰巨的任务。以前关于3D预培训的努力经常依赖于自我监督的方法,它在未标记的数据上使用预测或对比学习来构建不变的3D表示。然而,由于大规模监督信息的不可用,从这些学习框架获得语义不变和歧视性表示仍然存在问题。在本文中,我们重新审视了一种创新但简单的完全监督的3D网络预训练框架,以利用来自大型2D自然图像数据集的语义监督。通过重新设计的3D网络架构,重新设计的自然图像用于解决数据稀缺问题并开发强大的3D表示。四个基准数据集上的综合实验表明,所提出的预先接受的模型可以有效地加速收敛,同时还提高了各种3D医学成像任务,例如分类,分割和检测的准确性。此外,与从头划伤的训练相比,它可以节省高达60%的注释工作。在NIH Deeplesion数据集上,它同样地实现了最先进的检测性能,优于早期的自我监督和完全监督的预训练方法,以及从头训练进行培训的方法。为了促进3D医疗模型的进一步发展,我们的代码和预先接受的模型权重在https://github.com/urmagicsmine/cspr上公开使用。
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最近的人工智能(AI)算法已在各种医学分类任务上实现了放射科医生级的性能。但是,只有少数研究涉及CXR扫描异常发现的定位,这对于向放射学家解释图像级分类至关重要。我们在本文中介绍了一个名为Vindr-CXR的可解释的深度学习系统,该系统可以将CXR扫描分类为多种胸部疾病,同时将大多数类型的关键发现本地化在图像上。 Vindr-CXR接受了51,485次CXR扫描的培训,并通过放射科医生提供的边界盒注释进行了培训。它表现出与经验丰富的放射科医生相当的表现,可以在3,000张CXR扫描的回顾性验证集上对6种常见的胸部疾病进行分类,而在接收器操作特征曲线(AUROC)下的平均面积为0.967(95%置信区间[CI]:0.958---------0.958------- 0.975)。 VINDR-CXR在独立患者队列中也得到了外部验证,并显示出其稳健性。对于具有14种类型病变的本地化任务,我们的自由响应接收器操作特征(FROC)分析表明,VINDR-CXR以每扫描确定的1.0假阳性病变的速率达到80.2%的敏感性。还进行了一项前瞻性研究,以衡量VINDR-CXR在协助六名经验丰富的放射科医生方面的临床影响。结果表明,当用作诊断工具时,提出的系统显着改善了放射科医生本身之间的一致性,平均Fleiss的Kappa的同意增加了1.5%。我们还观察到,在放射科医生咨询了Vindr-CXR的建议之后,在平均Cohen的Kappa中,它们和系统之间的一致性显着增加了3.3%。
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在深度学习方法进行自动医学图像分析的最新成功之前,从业者使用手工制作的放射线特征来定量描述当地的医学图像斑块。但是,提取区分性放射素特征取决于准确的病理定位,这在现实世界中很难获得。尽管疾病分类和胸部X射线的定位方面取得了进步,但许多方法未能纳入临床知名的领域知识。由于这些原因,我们提出了一个放射素引导的变压器(RGT),该变压器(RGT)与\ textit {global}图像信息与\ textit {local}知识引导的放射线信息信息提供准确的心肺病理学定位和分类\ textit {无需任何界限盒{ }。 RGT由图像变压器分支,放射线变压器分支以及聚集图像和放射线信息的融合层组成。 RGT使用对图像分支的自我注意事项,提取了一个边界框来计算放射线特征,该特征由放射线分支进一步处理。然后通过交叉注意层融合学习的图像和放射线特征。因此,RGT利用了一种新型的端到端反馈回路,该回路只能使用图像水平疾病标签引导精确的病理定位。 NIH CHESTXRAR数据集的实验表明,RGT的表现优于弱监督疾病定位的先前作品(在各个相交联合阈值的平均余量为3.6 \%)和分类(在接收器操作方下平均1.1 \%\%\%\%曲线)。接受代码和训练有素的模型将在接受后发布。
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预训练为深入学习支持的X线射线分析中最近的成功奠定了基础。它通过在源域上进行大规模完全监督或自我监督的学习来学习可转移的图像表示。然而,监督的预培训需要复杂和劳动密集的两级人类辅助注释过程,而自我监督的学习不能与监督范例竞争。为了解决这些问题,我们提出了一个跨监督的方法,命名为审查监督(指的)的自由文本报告,该报告从射线照相中获取来自原始放射学报告的自由监督信号。该方法采用了视觉变压器,旨在从每个患者研究中的多种视图中学习联合表示。在极其有限的监督下,引用其在4个众所周知的X射线数据集上的转移学习和自我监督学习对应。此外,甚至是基于具有人辅助结构标签的射线照相的源区的甚至超越方法。因此,有可能取代规范的预训练方法。
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Pneumonia, a respiratory infection brought on by bacteria or viruses, affects a large number of people, especially in developing and impoverished countries where high levels of pollution, unclean living conditions, and overcrowding are frequently observed, along with insufficient medical infrastructure. Pleural effusion, a condition in which fluids fill the lung and complicate breathing, is brought on by pneumonia. Early detection of pneumonia is essential for ensuring curative care and boosting survival rates. The approach most usually used to diagnose pneumonia is chest X-ray imaging. The purpose of this work is to develop a method for the automatic diagnosis of bacterial and viral pneumonia in digital x-ray pictures. This article first presents the authors' technique, and then gives a comprehensive report on recent developments in the field of reliable diagnosis of pneumonia. In this study, here tuned a state-of-the-art deep convolutional neural network to classify plant diseases based on images and tested its performance. Deep learning architecture is compared empirically. VGG19, ResNet with 152v2, Resnext101, Seresnet152, Mobilenettv2, and DenseNet with 201 layers are among the architectures tested. Experiment data consists of two groups, sick and healthy X-ray pictures. To take appropriate action against plant diseases as soon as possible, rapid disease identification models are preferred. DenseNet201 has shown no overfitting or performance degradation in our experiments, and its accuracy tends to increase as the number of epochs increases. Further, DenseNet201 achieves state-of-the-art performance with a significantly a smaller number of parameters and within a reasonable computing time. This architecture outperforms the competition in terms of testing accuracy, scoring 95%. Each architecture was trained using Keras, using Theano as the backend.
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使用深度学习模型从组织学数据中诊断癌症提出了一些挑战。这些图像中关注区域(ROI)的癌症分级和定位通常依赖于图像和像素级标签,后者需要昂贵的注释过程。深度弱监督的对象定位(WSOL)方法为深度学习模型的低成本培训提供了不同的策略。仅使用图像级注释,可以训练这些方法以对图像进行分类,并为ROI定位进行分类类激活图(CAM)。本文综述了WSOL的​​最先进的DL方法。我们提出了一种分类法,根据模型中的信息流,将这些方法分为自下而上和自上而下的方法。尽管后者的进展有限,但最近的自下而上方法目前通过深层WSOL方法推动了很多进展。早期作品的重点是设计不同的空间合并功能。但是,这些方法达到了有限的定位准确性,并揭示了一个主要限制 - 凸轮的不足激活导致了高假阴性定位。随后的工作旨在减轻此问题并恢复完整的对象。评估和比较了两个具有挑战性的组织学数据集的分类和本地化准确性,对我们的分类学方法进行了评估和比较。总体而言,结果表明定位性能差,特别是对于最初设计用于处理自然图像的通用方法。旨在解决组织学数据挑战的方法产生了良好的结果。但是,所有方法都遭受高假阳性/阴性定位的影响。在组织学中应用深WSOL方法的应用是四个关键的挑战 - 凸轮的激活下/过度激活,对阈值的敏感性和模型选择。
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Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a degenerative disorder affecting the macula, a key area of the retina for visual acuity. Nowadays, it is the most frequent cause of blindness in developed countries. Although some promising treatments have been developed, their effectiveness is low in advanced stages. This emphasizes the importance of large-scale screening programs. Nevertheless, implementing such programs for AMD is usually unfeasible, since the population at risk is large and the diagnosis is challenging. All this motivates the development of automatic methods. In this sense, several works have achieved positive results for AMD diagnosis using convolutional neural networks (CNNs). However, none incorporates explainability mechanisms, which limits their use in clinical practice. In that regard, we propose an explainable deep learning approach for the diagnosis of AMD via the joint identification of its associated retinal lesions. In our proposal, a CNN is trained end-to-end for the joint task using image-level labels. The provided lesion information is of clinical interest, as it allows to assess the developmental stage of AMD. Additionally, the approach allows to explain the diagnosis from the identified lesions. This is possible thanks to the use of a CNN with a custom setting that links the lesions and the diagnosis. Furthermore, the proposed setting also allows to obtain coarse lesion segmentation maps in a weakly-supervised way, further improving the explainability. The training data for the approach can be obtained without much extra work by clinicians. The experiments conducted demonstrate that our approach can identify AMD and its associated lesions satisfactorily, while providing adequate coarse segmentation maps for most common lesions.
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Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision loss in the world, and early DR detection is necessary to prevent vision loss and support an appropriate treatment. In this work, we leverage interactive machine learning and introduce a joint learning framework, termed DRG-Net, to effectively learn both disease grading and multi-lesion segmentation. Our DRG-Net consists of two modules: (i) DRG-AI-System to classify DR Grading, localize lesion areas, and provide visual explanations; (ii) DRG-Expert-Interaction to receive feedback from user-expert and improve the DRG-AI-System. To deal with sparse data, we utilize transfer learning mechanisms to extract invariant feature representations by using Wasserstein distance and adversarial learning-based entropy minimization. Besides, we propose a novel attention strategy at both low- and high-level features to automatically select the most significant lesion information and provide explainable properties. In terms of human interaction, we further develop DRG-Net as a tool that enables expert users to correct the system's predictions, which may then be used to update the system as a whole. Moreover, thanks to the attention mechanism and loss functions constraint between lesion features and classification features, our approach can be robust given a certain level of noise in the feedback of users. We have benchmarked DRG-Net on the two largest DR datasets, i.e., IDRID and FGADR, and compared it to various state-of-the-art deep learning networks. In addition to outperforming other SOTA approaches, DRG-Net is effectively updated using user feedback, even in a weakly-supervised manner.
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