预测经济的短期动态 - 对经济代理商决策过程的重要意见 - 经常在线性模型中使用滞后指标。这通常在正常时期就足够了,但在危机期间可能不足。本文旨在证明,在非线性机器学习方法的帮助下,非传统和及时的数据(例如零售和批发付款)可以为决策者提供复杂的模型,以准确地估算几乎实时的关键宏观经济指标。此外,我们提供了一组计量经济学工具,以减轻机器学习模型中的过度拟合和解释性挑战,以提高其政策使用的有效性。我们的模型具有付款数据,非线性方法和量身定制的交叉验证方法,有助于提高宏观经济的启示准确性高达40 \% - 在COVID-19期间的增长较高。我们观察到,付款数据对经济预测的贡献很小,在低和正常增长期间是线性的。但是,在强年或正增长期间,付款数据的贡献很大,不对称和非线性。
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Building an accurate model of travel behaviour based on individuals' characteristics and built environment attributes is of importance for policy-making and transportation planning. Recent experiments with big data and Machine Learning (ML) algorithms toward a better travel behaviour analysis have mainly overlooked socially disadvantaged groups. Accordingly, in this study, we explore the travel behaviour responses of low-income individuals to transit investments in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area, Canada, using statistical and ML models. We first investigate how the model choice affects the prediction of transit use by the low-income group. This step includes comparing the predictive performance of traditional and ML algorithms and then evaluating a transit investment policy by contrasting the predicted activities and the spatial distribution of transit trips generated by vulnerable households after improving accessibility. We also empirically investigate the proposed transit investment by each algorithm and compare it with the city of Brampton's future transportation plan. While, unsurprisingly, the ML algorithms outperform classical models, there are still doubts about using them due to interpretability concerns. Hence, we adopt recent local and global model-agnostic interpretation tools to interpret how the model arrives at its predictions. Our findings reveal the great potential of ML algorithms for enhanced travel behaviour predictions for low-income strata without considerably sacrificing interpretability.
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Using a comprehensive sample of 2,585 bankruptcies from 1990 to 2019, we benchmark the performance of various machine learning models in predicting financial distress of publicly traded U.S. firms. We find that gradient boosted trees outperform other models in one-year-ahead forecasts. Variable permutation tests show that excess stock returns, idiosyncratic risk, and relative size are the more important variables for predictions. Textual features derived from corporate filings do not improve performance materially. In a credit competition model that accounts for the asymmetric cost of default misclassification, the survival random forest is able to capture large dollar profits.
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在本文中,我们研究了中途公司,即在市场资本化少于100亿美元的公开交易公司。在30年内使用美国中载公司的大型数据集,我们期望通过中期预测默认的概率术语结构,了解哪些数据源(即基本,市场或定价数据)对违约风险贡献最多。然而,现有方法通常要求来自不同时间段的数据首先聚合并转变为横截面特征,我们将问题框架作为多标签时间级分类问题。我们适应变压器模型,从自然语言处理领域发出的最先进的深度学习模型,以信用风险建模设置。我们还使用注意热图解释这些模型的预测。为了进一步优化模型,我们为多标签分类和新型多通道架构提供了一种自定义损耗功能,具有差异训练,使模型能够有效地使用所有输入数据。我们的结果表明,拟议的深度学习架构的卓越性能,导致传统模型的AUC(接收器运行特征曲线下的区域)提高了13%。我们还展示了如何使用特定于这些模型的福利方法生成不同数据源和时间关系的重要性排名。
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We introduce the XPER (eXplainable PERformance) methodology to measure the specific contribution of the input features to the predictive or economic performance of a model. Our methodology offers several advantages. First, it is both model-agnostic and performance metric-agnostic. Second, XPER is theoretically founded as it is based on Shapley values. Third, the interpretation of the benchmark, which is inherent in any Shapley value decomposition, is meaningful in our context. Fourth, XPER is not plagued by model specification error, as it does not require re-estimating the model. Fifth, it can be implemented either at the model level or at the individual level. In an application based on auto loans, we find that performance can be explained by a surprisingly small number of features. XPER decompositions are rather stable across metrics, yet some feature contributions switch sign across metrics. Our analysis also shows that explaining model forecasts and model performance are two distinct tasks.
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机器学习渗透到许多行业,这为公司带来了新的利益来源。然而,在人寿保险行业中,机器学习在实践中并未被广泛使用,因为在过去几年中,统计模型表明了它们的风险评估效率。因此,保险公司可能面临评估人工智能价值的困难。随着时间的流逝,专注于人寿保险行业的修改突出了将机器学习用于保险公司的利益以及通过释放数据价值带来的利益。本文回顾了传统的生存建模方法论,并通过机器学习技术扩展了它们。它指出了与常规机器学习模型的差异,并强调了特定实现在与机器学习模型家族中面对审查数据的重要性。在本文的补充中,已经开发了Python库。已经调整了不同的开源机器学习算法,以适应人寿保险数据的特殊性,即检查和截断。此类模型可以轻松地从该SCOR库中应用,以准确地模拟人寿保险风险。
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天然气管道中的泄漏检测是石油和天然气行业的一个重要且持续的问题。这尤其重要,因为管道是运输天然气的最常见方法。这项研究旨在研究数据驱动的智能模型使用基本操作参数检测天然气管道的小泄漏的能力,然后使用现有的性能指标比较智能模型。该项目应用观察者设计技术,使用回归分类层次模型来检测天然气管道中的泄漏,其中智能模型充当回归器,并且修改后的逻辑回归模型充当分类器。该项目使用四个星期的管道数据流研究了五个智能模型(梯度提升,决策树,随机森林,支持向量机和人工神经网络)。结果表明,虽然支持向量机和人工神经网络比其他网络更好,但由于其内部复杂性和所使用的数据量,它们并未提供最佳的泄漏检测结果。随机森林和决策树模型是最敏感的,因为它们可以在大约2小时内检测到标称流量的0.1%的泄漏。所有智能模型在测试阶段中具有高可靠性,错误警报率为零。将所有智能模型泄漏检测的平均时间与文献中的实时短暂模型进行了比较。结果表明,智能模型在泄漏检测问题中的表现相对较好。该结果表明,可以与实时瞬态模型一起使用智能模型,以显着改善泄漏检测结果。
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本文研究了与可解释的AI(XAI)实践有关的两个不同但相关的问题。机器学习(ML)在金融服务中越来越重要,例如预批准,信用承销,投资以及各种前端和后端活动。机器学习可以自动检测培训数据中的非线性和相互作用,从而促进更快,更准确的信用决策。但是,机器学习模型是不透明的,难以解释,这是建立可靠技术所需的关键要素。该研究比较了各种机器学习模型,包括单个分类器(逻辑回归,决策树,LDA,QDA),异质集合(Adaboost,随机森林)和顺序神经网络。结果表明,整体分类器和神经网络的表现优于表现。此外,使用基于美国P2P贷款平台Lending Club提供的开放式访问数据集评估了两种先进的事后不可解释能力 - 石灰和外形来评估基于ML的信用评分模型。对于这项研究,我们还使用机器学习算法来开发新的投资模型,并探索可以最大化盈利能力同时最大程度地降低风险的投资组合策略。
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近年来,随着传感器和智能设备的广泛传播,物联网(IoT)系统的数据生成速度已大大增加。在物联网系统中,必须经常处理,转换和分析大量数据,以实现各种物联网服务和功能。机器学习(ML)方法已显示出其物联网数据分析的能力。但是,将ML模型应用于物联网数据分析任务仍然面临许多困难和挑战,特别是有效的模型选择,设计/调整和更新,这给经验丰富的数据科学家带来了巨大的需求。此外,物联网数据的动态性质可能引入概念漂移问题,从而导致模型性能降解。为了减少人类的努力,自动化机器学习(AUTOML)已成为一个流行的领域,旨在自动选择,构建,调整和更新机器学习模型,以在指定任务上实现最佳性能。在本文中,我们对Automl区域中模型选择,调整和更新过程中的现有方法进行了审查,以识别和总结将ML算法应用于IoT数据分析的每个步骤的最佳解决方案。为了证明我们的发现并帮助工业用户和研究人员更好地实施汽车方法,在这项工作中提出了将汽车应用于IoT异常检测问题的案例研究。最后,我们讨论并分类了该领域的挑战和研究方向。
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本文调查了股票回购,特别是分享回购公告。它解决了如何识别此类公告,股票回购的超额回报以及股票回购公告后的回报的预测。我们说明了两种NLP方法,用于自动检测股票回购公告。即使有少量的培训数据,我们也可以达到高达90%的准确性。该论文利用这些NLP方法生成一个由57,155个股票回购公告组成的大数据集。通过分析该数据集,本论文的目的是表明大多数宣布回购的公司的大多数公司都表现不佳。但是,少数公司的表现极大地超过了MSCI世界。当查看所有公司的平均值时,这种重要的表现过高会导致净收益。如果根据公司的规模调整了基准指数,则平均表现过高,并且大多数表现不佳。但是,发现宣布股票回购的公司至少占其市值的1%,即使使用调整后的基准,也平均交付了显着的表现。还发现,在危机时期宣布股票回购的公司比整个市场更好。此外,生成的数据集用于训练72个机器学习模型。通过此,它能够找到许多可以达到高达77%并产生大量超额回报的策略。可以在六个不同的时间范围内改善各种性能指标,并确定明显的表现。这是通过训练多个模型的不同任务和时间范围以及结合这些不同模型的方法来实现的,从而通过融合弱学习者来产生重大改进,以创造一个强大的学习者。
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As of 2022, greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions reporting and auditing are not yet compulsory for all companies and methodologies of measurement and estimation are not unified. We propose a machine learning-based model to estimate scope 1 and scope 2 GHG emissions of companies not reporting them yet. Our model, specifically designed to be transparent and completely adapted to this use case, is able to estimate emissions for a large universe of companies. It shows good out-of-sample global performances as well as good out-of-sample granular performances when evaluating it by sectors, by countries or by revenues buckets. We also compare our results to those of other providers and find our estimates to be more accurate. Thanks to the proposed explainability tools using Shapley values, our model is fully interpretable, the user being able to understand which factors split explain the GHG emissions for each particular company.
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即使有效,模型的使用也必须伴随着转换数据的各个级别的理解(上游和下游)。因此,需求增加以定义单个数据与算法可以根据其分析可以做出的选择(例如,一种产品或一种促销报价的建议,或代表风险的保险费率)。模型用户必须确保模型不会区分,并且也可以解释其结果。本文介绍了模型解释的重要性,并解决了模型透明度的概念。在保险环境中,它专门说明了如何使用某些工具来强制执行当今可以利用机器学习的精算模型的控制。在一个简单的汽车保险中损失频率估计的示例中,我们展示了一些解释性方法的兴趣,以适应目标受众的解释。
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在这项工作中,我们评估了人口模型和机器学习模型的合奏,以预测COVID-19大流行的不久的将来的演变,并在西班牙有特殊的用例。我们仅依靠开放和公共数据集,将发生率,疫苗接种,人类流动性和天气数据融合来喂养我们的机器学习模型(随机森林,梯度增强,K-Nearest邻居和内核岭回归)。我们使用发病率数据来调整经典人群模型(Gompertz,Logistic,Richards,Bertalanffy),以便能够更好地捕获数据的趋势。然后,我们整合了这两个模型家族,以获得更强大,更准确的预测。此外,我们已经观察到,当我们添加新功能(疫苗,移动性,气候条件)时,使用机器学习模型获得的预测有所改善,使用Shapley添加说明值分析了每个功能的重要性。就像在任何其他建模工作中一样,数据和预测质量都有多个局限性,因此必须从关键的角度看待它们,如我们在文本中所讨论的那样。我们的工作得出的结论是,这些模型的合奏使用可以改善单个预测(仅使用机器学习模型或仅使用人口模型),并且在由于缺乏相关数据而无法使用隔室模型的情况下,可以谨慎地应用。
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PV power forecasting models are predominantly based on machine learning algorithms which do not provide any insight into or explanation about their predictions (black boxes). Therefore, their direct implementation in environments where transparency is required, and the trust associated with their predictions may be questioned. To this end, we propose a two stage probabilistic forecasting framework able to generate highly accurate, reliable, and sharp forecasts yet offering full transparency on both the point forecasts and the prediction intervals (PIs). In the first stage, we exploit natural gradient boosting (NGBoost) for yielding probabilistic forecasts, while in the second stage, we calculate the Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) values in order to fully comprehend why a prediction was made. To highlight the performance and the applicability of the proposed framework, real data from two PV parks located in Southern Germany are employed. Comparative results with two state-of-the-art algorithms, namely Gaussian process and lower upper bound estimation, manifest a significant increase in the point forecast accuracy and in the overall probabilistic performance. Most importantly, a detailed analysis of the model's complex nonlinear relationships and interaction effects between the various features is presented. This allows interpreting the model, identifying some learned physical properties, explaining individual predictions, reducing the computational requirements for the training without jeopardizing the model accuracy, detecting possible bugs, and gaining trust in the model. Finally, we conclude that the model was able to develop complex nonlinear relationships which follow known physical properties as well as human logic and intuition.
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Platelet products are both expensive and have very short shelf lives. As usage rates for platelets are highly variable, the effective management of platelet demand and supply is very important yet challenging. The primary goal of this paper is to present an efficient forecasting model for platelet demand at Canadian Blood Services (CBS). To accomplish this goal, four different demand forecasting methods, ARIMA (Auto Regressive Moving Average), Prophet, lasso regression (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) and LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) networks are utilized and evaluated. We use a large clinical dataset for a centralized blood distribution centre for four hospitals in Hamilton, Ontario, spanning from 2010 to 2018 and consisting of daily platelet transfusions along with information such as the product specifications, the recipients' characteristics, and the recipients' laboratory test results. This study is the first to utilize different methods from statistical time series models to data-driven regression and a machine learning technique for platelet transfusion using clinical predictors and with different amounts of data. We find that the multivariate approaches have the highest accuracy in general, however, if sufficient data are available, a simpler time series approach such as ARIMA appears to be sufficient. We also comment on the approach to choose clinical indicators (inputs) for the multivariate models.
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The application of deep learning algorithms to financial data is difficult due to heavy non-stationarities which can lead to over-fitted models that underperform under regime changes. Using the Numerai tournament data set as a motivating example, we propose a machine learning pipeline for trading market-neutral stock portfolios based on tabular data which is robust under changes in market conditions. We evaluate various machine-learning models, including Gradient Boosting Decision Trees (GBDTs) and Neural Networks with and without simple feature engineering, as the building blocks for the pipeline. We find that GBDT models with dropout display high performance, robustness and generalisability with relatively low complexity and reduced computational cost. We then show that online learning techniques can be used in post-prediction processing to enhance the results. In particular, dynamic feature neutralisation, an efficient procedure that requires no retraining of models and can be applied post-prediction to any machine learning model, improves robustness by reducing drawdown in volatile market conditions. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the creation of model ensembles through dynamic model selection based on recent model performance leads to improved performance over baseline by improving the Sharpe and Calmar ratios. We also evaluate the robustness of our pipeline across different data splits and random seeds with good reproducibility of results.
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学术研究和金融业最近引起了机器学习算法,因为他们的权力解决了复杂的学习任务。然而,在公司的默认预测领域,缺乏可解释性阻止了广泛采用了黑箱类型的模型。为了克服这一缺点并保持黑盒的高性能,本文依赖于模型 - 无症方法。累计的本地效果和福芙值用于塑造预测因子对默认可能性的影响,并根据其对模型结果的贡献进行排名。与三种标准判别模型相比,通过两个机器学习算法(极端梯度升压和前馈神经网络)实现了预测。结果表明,我们对意大利中小企业制造业的分析通过极端梯度提升算法从整体最高分类功率的优势,而不放弃丰富的解释框架。
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我们介绍了数据科学预测生命周期中各个阶段开发和采用自动化的技术和文化挑战的说明概述,从而将重点限制为使用结构化数据集的监督学习。此外,我们回顾了流行的开源Python工具,这些工具实施了针对自动化挑战的通用解决方案模式,并突出了我们认为进步仍然需要的差距。
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我们使用深层部分最小二乘(DPL)来估算单个股票收益的资产定价模型,该模型以灵活而动态的方式利用调理信息,同时将超额回报归因于一小部分统计风险因素。新颖的贡献是解决非线性因子结构,从而推进经验资产定价中深度学习的当前范式,该定价在假设高斯资产回报和因素的假设下使用线性随机折现因子。通过使用预测的最小二乘正方形来共同投影公司特征和资产回报到潜在因素的子空间,并使用深度学习从因子负载到资产回报中学习非线性图。捕获这种非线性风险因素结构的结果是通过线性风险因素暴露和相互作用效应来表征资产回报中的异常情况。因此,深度学习捕获异常值的众所周知的能力,在潜在因素结构中的角色和高阶项在因素风险溢价上的作用。从经验方面来说,我们实施了DPLS因子模型,并表现出比Lasso和Plain Vanilla深度学习模型表现出卓越的性能。此外,由于DPL的更简约的架构,我们的网络培训时间大大减少了。具体而言,在1989年12月至2018年1月的一段时间内使用Russell 1000指数中的3290资产,我们评估了我们的DPLS因子模型,并生成比深度学习大约1.2倍的信息比率。 DPLS解释了变化和定价错误,并确定了最突出的潜在因素和公司特征。
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在人类循环机器学习应用程序的背景下,如决策支持系统,可解释性方法应在不使用户等待的情况下提供可操作的见解。在本文中,我们提出了加速的模型 - 不可知论解释(ACME),一种可解释的方法,即在全球和本地层面迅速提供特征重要性分数。可以将acme应用于每个回归或分类模型的后验。 ACME计算功能排名不仅提供了一个什么,但它还提供了一个用于评估功能值的变化如何影响模型预测的原因 - 如果分析工具。我们评估了综合性和现实世界数据集的建议方法,同时也与福芙添加剂解释(Shap)相比,我们制作了灵感的方法,目前是最先进的模型无关的解释性方法。我们在生产解释的质量方面取得了可比的结果,同时急剧减少计算时间并为全局和局部解释提供一致的可视化。为了促进该领域的研究,为重复性,我们还提供了一种存储库,其中代码用于实验。
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