In this paper, we investigate a challenging unsupervised domain adaptation setting -unsupervised model adaptation. We aim to explore how to rely only on unlabeled target data to improve performance of an existing source prediction model on the target domain, since labeled source data may not be available in some real-world scenarios due to data privacy issues. For this purpose, we propose a new framework, which is referred to as collaborative class conditional generative adversarial net to bypass the dependence on the source data. Specifically, the prediction model is to be improved through generated target-style data, which provides more accurate guidance for the generator. As a result, the generator and the prediction model can collaborate with each other without source data. Furthermore, due to the lack of supervision from source data, we propose a weight constraint that encourages similarity to the source model. A clustering-based regularization is also introduced to produce more discriminative features in the target domain. Compared to conventional domain adaptation methods, our model achieves superior performance on multiple adaptation tasks with only unlabeled target data, which verifies its effectiveness in this challenging setting.

Domain Adaptation is an actively researched problem in Computer Vision. In this work, we propose an approach that leverages unsupervised data to bring the source and target distributions closer in a learned joint feature space. We accomplish this by inducing a symbiotic relationship between the learned embedding and a generative adversarial network. This is in contrast to methods which use the adversarial framework for realistic data generation and retraining deep models with such data. We demonstrate the strength and generality of our approach by performing experiments on three different tasks with varying levels of difficulty: (1) Digit classification (MNIST, SVHN and USPS datasets) (2) Object recognition using OFFICE dataset and (3) Domain adaptation from synthetic to real data. Our method achieves state-of-the art performance in most experimental settings and by far the only GAN-based method that has been shown to work well across different datasets such as OFFICE and DIGITS.

Adversarial learning methods are a promising approach to training robust deep networks, and can generate complex samples across diverse domains. They also can improve recognition despite the presence of domain shift or dataset bias: several adversarial approaches to unsupervised domain adaptation have recently been introduced, which reduce the difference between the training and test domain distributions and thus improve generalization performance. Prior generative approaches show compelling visualizations, but are not optimal on discriminative tasks and can be limited to smaller shifts. Prior discriminative approaches could handle larger domain shifts, but imposed tied weights on the model and did not exploit a GAN-based loss. We first outline a novel generalized framework for adversarial adaptation, which subsumes recent state-of-the-art approaches as special cases, and we use this generalized view to better relate the prior approaches. We propose a previously unexplored instance of our general framework which combines discriminative modeling, untied weight sharing, and a GAN loss, which we call Adversarial Discriminative Domain Adaptation (ADDA). We show that ADDA is more effective yet considerably simpler than competing domain-adversarial methods, and demonstrate the promise of our approach by exceeding state-of-the-art unsupervised adaptation results on standard cross-domain digit classification tasks and a new more difficult cross-modality object classification task.

在本文中，我们提出了一种使用域鉴别特征模块的双模块网络架构，以鼓励域不变的特征模块学习更多域不变的功能。该建议的架构可以应用于任何利用域不变功能的任何模型，用于无监督域适应，以提高其提取域不变特征的能力。我们在作为代表性算法的神经网络（DANN）模型的区域 - 对抗训练进行实验。在培训过程中，我们为两个模块提供相同的输入，然后分别提取它们的特征分布和预测结果。我们提出了差异损失，以找到预测结果的差异和两个模块之间的特征分布。通过对抗训练来最大化其特征分布和最小化其预测结果的差异，鼓励两个模块分别学习更多域歧视和域不变特征。进行了广泛的比较评估，拟议的方法在大多数无监督的域适应任务中表现出最先进的。

In this work, we present a method for unsupervised domain adaptation. Many adversarial learning methods train domain classifier networks to distinguish the features as either a source or target and train a feature generator network to mimic the discriminator. Two problems exist with these methods. First, the domain classifier only tries to distinguish the features as a source or target and thus does not consider task-specific decision boundaries between classes. Therefore, a trained generator can generate ambiguous features near class boundaries. Second, these methods aim to completely match the feature distributions between different domains, which is difficult because of each domain's characteristics.To solve these problems, we introduce a new approach that attempts to align distributions of source and target by utilizing the task-specific decision boundaries. We propose to maximize the discrepancy between two classifiers' outputs to detect target samples that are far from the support of the source. A feature generator learns to generate target features near the support to minimize the discrepancy. Our method outperforms other methods on several datasets of image classification and semantic segmentation. The codes are available at https://github. com/mil-tokyo/MCD_DA

Domain adaptation is critical for success in new, unseen environments. Adversarial adaptation models applied in feature spaces discover domain invariant representations, but are difficult to visualize and sometimes fail to capture pixel-level and low-level domain shifts. Recent work has shown that generative adversarial networks combined with cycle-consistency constraints are surprisingly effective at mapping images between domains, even without the use of aligned image pairs. We propose a novel discriminatively-trained Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Domain Adaptation model. CyCADA adapts representations at both the pixel-level and feature-level, enforces cycle-consistency while leveraging a task loss, and does not require aligned pairs. Our model can be applied in a variety of visual recognition and prediction settings. We show new state-of-the-art results across multiple adaptation tasks, including digit classification and semantic segmentation of road scenes demonstrating transfer from synthetic to real world domains.

无监督域适应（UDA）旨在将知识从相关但不同的良好标记的源域转移到新的未标记的目标域。大多数现有的UDA方法需要访问源数据，因此当数据保密而不相配在隐私问题时，不适用。本文旨在仅使用培训的分类模型来解决现实设置，而不是访问源数据。为了有效地利用适应源模型，我们提出了一种新颖的方法，称为源假设转移（拍摄），其通过将目标数据特征拟合到冻结源分类模块（表示分类假设）来学习目标域的特征提取模块。具体而言，拍摄挖掘出于特征提取模块的信息最大化和自我监督学习，以确保目标特征通过同一假设与看不见的源数据的特征隐式对齐。此外，我们提出了一种新的标签转移策略，它基于预测的置信度（标签信息），然后采用半监督学习来将目标数据分成两个分裂，然后提高目标域中的较为自信预测的准确性。如果通过拍摄获得预测，我们表示标记转移为拍摄++。关于两位数分类和对象识别任务的广泛实验表明，拍摄和射击++实现了与最先进的结果超越或相当的结果，展示了我们对各种视域适应问题的方法的有效性。代码可用于\ url {https：//github.com/tim-learn/shot-plus}。

Deep learning has produced state-of-the-art results for a variety of tasks. While such approaches for supervised learning have performed well, they assume that training and testing data are drawn from the same distribution, which may not always be the case. As a complement to this challenge, single-source unsupervised domain adaptation can handle situations where a network is trained on labeled data from a source domain and unlabeled data from a related but different target domain with the goal of performing well at test-time on the target domain. Many single-source and typically homogeneous unsupervised deep domain adaptation approaches have thus been developed, combining the powerful, hierarchical representations from deep learning with domain adaptation to reduce reliance on potentially-costly target data labels. This survey will compare these approaches by examining alternative methods, the unique and common elements, results, and theoretical insights. We follow this with a look at application areas and open research directions.

虽然在许多域内生成并提供了大量的未标记数据，但对视觉数据的自动理解的需求高于以往任何时候。大多数现有机器学习模型通常依赖于大量标记的训练数据来实现高性能。不幸的是，在现实世界的应用中，不能满足这种要求。标签的数量有限，手动注释数据昂贵且耗时。通常需要将知识从现有标记域传输到新域。但是，模型性能因域之间的差异（域移位或数据集偏差）而劣化。为了克服注释的负担，域适应（DA）旨在在将知识从一个域转移到另一个类似但不同的域中时减轻域移位问题。无监督的DA（UDA）处理标记的源域和未标记的目标域。 UDA的主要目标是减少标记的源数据和未标记的目标数据之间的域差异，并在培训期间在两个域中学习域不变的表示。在本文中，我们首先定义UDA问题。其次，我们从传统方法和基于深度学习的方法中概述了不同类别的UDA的最先进的方法。最后，我们收集常用的基准数据集和UDA最先进方法的报告结果对视觉识别问题。

Recent works on domain adaptation reveal the effectiveness of adversarial learning on filling the discrepancy between source and target domains. However, two common limitations exist in current adversarial-learning-based methods. First, samples from two domains alone are not sufficient to ensure domain-invariance at most part of latent space. Second, the domain discriminator involved in these methods can only judge real or fake with the guidance of hard label, while it is more reasonable to use soft scores to evaluate the generated images or features, i.e., to fully utilize the inter-domain information. In this paper, we present adversarial domain adaptation with domain mixup (DM-ADA), which guarantees domain-invariance in a more continuous latent space and guides the domain discriminator in judging samples' difference relative to source and target domains. Domain mixup is jointly conducted on pixel and feature level to improve the robustness of models. Extensive experiments prove that the proposed approach can achieve superior performance on tasks with various degrees of domain shift and data complexity.

大多数无监督的域适应性（UDA）方法假设在模型适应过程中可用标记的源图像可用。但是，由于机密性问题或移动设备上的内存约束，这种假设通常是不可行的。为了解决这些问题，我们提出了一种简单但有效的无源UDA方法，该方法仅使用预训练的源模型和未标记的目标图像。我们的方法通过合并数据增强并以两个一致性目标训练功能生成器来捕获局部不确定性。鼓励功能生成器从头部分类器的决策边界学习一致的视觉功能。受到自我监督学习的启发，我们的方法促进了预测空间和特征空间之间的空间间比对，同时在特征空间内结合了空间的一致性，以减少源域和目标域之间的域间隙。我们还考虑了认知不确定性，以提高模型适应性能。对流行的UDA基准测试的广泛实验表明，我们的方法的性能是可比甚至优于香草UDA方法，而无需使用源图像或网络修改。

大多数现有的多源域适配（MSDA）方法通过特征分布对准最小化多个源 - 目标域对之间的距离，从单个源设置借用的方法。但是，对于不同的源极域，对齐成对特征分布是具有挑战性的，甚至可以对MSDA进行反效率。在本文中，我们介绍了一种新颖的方法：可转让的属性学习。动机很简单：虽然不同的域可以具有急剧不同的视野，但它们包含相同的类类，其特征在一起相同的属性;因此，MSDA模型应该专注于学习目标域的最可转换的属性。采用这种方法，我们提出了域名关注一致性网络，称为DAC网。关键设计是一个特征通道注意模块，旨在识别可转移功能（属性）。重要的是，注意模块受到一致性损失的监督，这对源极和目标域之间的信道注意权重的分布施加。此外，为了促进对目标数据的鉴别特征学习，我们将伪标记与类紧凑性丢失相结合，以最小化目标特征和分类器的权重向量之间的距离。在三个MSDA基准测试中进行了广泛的实验表明，我们的DAC-NET在所有这些中实现了新的最新性能。

Collecting well-annotated image datasets to train modern machine learning algorithms is prohibitively expensive for many tasks. An appealing alternative is to render synthetic data where ground-truth annotations are generated automatically. Unfortunately, models trained purely on rendered images often fail to generalize to real images. To address this shortcoming, prior work introduced unsupervised domain adaptation algorithms that attempt to map representations between the two domains or learn to extract features that are domain-invariant. In this work, we present a new approach that learns, in an unsupervised manner, a transformation in the pixel space from one domain to the other. Our generative adversarial network (GAN)-based model adapts source-domain images to appear as if drawn from the target domain. Our approach not only produces plausible samples, but also outperforms the state-of-the-art on a number of unsupervised domain adaptation scenarios by large margins. Finally, we demonstrate that the adaptation process generalizes to object classes unseen during training.

We propose a general framework for unsupervised domain adaptation, which allows deep neural networks trained on a source domain to be tested on a different target domain without requiring any training annotations in the target domain. This is achieved by adding extra networks and losses that help regularize the features extracted by the backbone encoder network. To this end we propose the novel use of the recently proposed unpaired image-toimage translation framework to constrain the features extracted by the encoder network. Specifically, we require that the features extracted are able to reconstruct the images in both domains. In addition we require that the distribution of features extracted from images in the two domains are indistinguishable. Many recent works can be seen as specific cases of our general framework. We apply our method for domain adaptation between MNIST, USPS, and SVHN datasets, and Amazon, Webcam and DSLR Office datasets in classification tasks, and also between GTA5 and Cityscapes datasets for a segmentation task. We demonstrate state of the art performance on each of these datasets.

In this work, we connect two distinct concepts for unsupervised domain adaptation: feature distribution alignment between domains by utilizing the task-specific decision boundary [58] and the Wasserstein metric [73]. Our proposed sliced Wasserstein discrepancy (SWD) is designed to capture the natural notion of dissimilarity between the outputs of task-specific classifiers. It provides a geometrically meaningful guidance to detect target samples that are far from the support of the source and enables efficient distribution alignment in an end-to-end trainable fashion. In the experiments, we validate the effectiveness and genericness of our method on digit and sign recognition, image classification, semantic segmentation, and object detection.

最近，无监督的人重新识别（RE-ID）引起了人们的关注，因为其开放世界情景设置有限，可用的带注释的数据有限。现有的监督方法通常无法很好地概括在看不见的域上，而无监督的方法（大多数缺乏多范围的信息），并且容易患有确认偏见。在本文中，我们旨在从两个方面从看不见的目标域上找到更好的特征表示形式，1）在标记的源域上进行无监督的域适应性和2）2）在未标记的目标域上挖掘潜在的相似性。此外，提出了一种协作伪标记策略，以减轻确认偏见的影响。首先，使用生成对抗网络将图像从源域转移到目标域。此外，引入了人身份和身份映射损失，以提高生成图像的质量。其次，我们提出了一个新颖的协作多元特征聚类框架（CMFC），以学习目标域的内部数据结构，包括全局特征和部分特征分支。全球特征分支（GB）在人体图像的全球特征上采用了无监督的聚类，而部分特征分支（PB）矿山在不同人体区域内的相似性。最后，在两个基准数据集上进行的广泛实验表明，在无监督的人重新设置下，我们的方法的竞争性能。

关于无监督域适应性（UDA）的大多数现有研究都认为每个域的训练样本都带有域标签（例如绘画，照片）。假定每个域中的样品都遵循相同的分布，并利用域标签通过特征对齐来学习域不变特征。但是，这样的假设通常并不成立 - 通常存在许多较细粒的领域（例如，已经开发出了数十种现代绘画样式，每种绘画样式与经典风格的范围都有很大不同）。因此，在每个人工定义和粗粒结构域之间强迫特征分布对齐可能是无效的。在本文中，我们从完全不同的角度解决了单源和多源UDA，即将每个实例视为一个良好的域。因此，跨域的特征对齐是冗余。相反，我们建议执行动态实例域的适应性（DIDA）。具体而言，开发了具有自适应卷积内核的动态神经网络，以生成实例自适应残差，以使域 - 无知的深度特征适应每个单独的实例。这使得共享分类器可以同时应用于源域数据，而无需依赖任何域注释。此外，我们没有施加复杂的特征对准损失，而是仅使用标记的源和伪标记为目标数据的跨透镜损失采用简单的半监督学习范式。我们的模型被称为DIDA-NET，可以在几种常用的单源和多源UDA数据集上实现最先进的性能，包括数字，办公室房屋，域名，域名，Digit-Five和PAC。

半监督域适应（SSDA）是一种具有挑战性的问题，需要克服1）以朝向域的较差的数据和2）分布换档的方法。不幸的是，由于培训数据偏差朝标标样本训练，域适应（DA）和半监督学习（SSL）方法的简单组合通常无法解决这两个目的。在本文中，我们介绍了一种自适应结构学习方法，以规范SSL和DA的合作。灵感来自多视图学习，我们建议的框架由共享特征编码器网络和两个分类器网络组成，用于涉及矛盾的目的。其中，其中一个分类器被应用于组目标特征以提高级别的密度，扩大了鲁棒代表学习的分类集群的间隙。同时，其他分类器作为符号器，试图散射源功能以增强决策边界的平滑度。目标聚类和源扩展的迭代使目标特征成为相应源点的扩张边界内的封闭良好。对于跨域特征对齐和部分标记的数据学习的联合地址，我们应用最大平均差异（MMD）距离最小化和自培训（ST）将矛盾结构投影成共享视图以进行可靠的最终决定。对标准SSDA基准的实验结果包括Domainnet和Office-Home，展示了我们对最先进的方法的方法的准确性和稳健性。

Deep domain adaptation has emerged as a new learning technique to address the lack of massive amounts of labeled data. Compared to conventional methods, which learn shared feature subspaces or reuse important source instances with shallow representations, deep domain adaptation methods leverage deep networks to learn more transferable representations by embedding domain adaptation in the pipeline of deep learning. There have been comprehensive surveys for shallow domain adaptation, but few timely reviews the emerging deep learning based methods. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey of deep domain adaptation methods for computer vision applications with four major contributions. First, we present a taxonomy of different deep domain adaptation scenarios according to the properties of data that define how two domains are diverged. Second, we summarize deep domain adaptation approaches into several categories based on training loss, and analyze and compare briefly the state-of-the-art methods under these categories. Third, we overview the computer vision applications that go beyond image classification, such as face recognition, semantic segmentation and object detection. Fourth, some potential deficiencies of current methods and several future directions are highlighted.

In recent years, machine learning has achieved impressive results across different application areas. However, machine learning algorithms do not necessarily perform well on a new domain with a different distribution than its training set. Domain Adaptation (DA) is used to mitigate this problem. One approach of existing DA algorithms is to find domain invariant features whose distributions in the source domain are the same as their distribution in the target domain. In this paper, we propose to let the classifier that performs the final classification task on the target domain learn implicitly the invariant features to perform classification. It is achieved via feeding the classifier during training generated fake samples that are similar to samples from both the source and target domains. We call these generated samples domain-agnostic samples. To accomplish this we propose a novel variation of generative adversarial networks (GAN), called the MiddleGAN, that generates fake samples that are similar to samples from both the source and target domains, using two discriminators and one generator. We extend the theory of GAN to show that there exist optimal solutions for the parameters of the two discriminators and one generator in MiddleGAN, and empirically show that the samples generated by the MiddleGAN are similar to both samples from the source domain and samples from the target domain. We conducted extensive evaluations using 24 benchmarks; on the 24 benchmarks, we compare MiddleGAN against various state-of-the-art algorithms and outperform the state-of-the-art by up to 20.1\% on certain benchmarks.