图形神经网络(GNN)表现出令人满意的各种图分析问题的性能。因此,在各种决策方案中,它们已成为\ emph {de exto}解决方案。但是,GNN可以针对某些人口亚组产生偏差的结果。最近的一些作品在经验上表明,输入网络的偏见结构是GNN的重要来源。然而,没有系统仔细检查输入网络结构的哪一部分会导致对任何给定节点的偏见预测。对输入网络的结构如何影响GNN结果的偏见的透明度很大,在很大程度上限制了在各种决策方案中的安全采用GNN。在本文中,我们研究了GNN中偏见的结构解释的新研究问题。具体而言,我们提出了一个新颖的事后解释框架,以识别可以最大程度地解释出偏见的两个边缘集,并最大程度地促进任何给定节点的GNN预测的公平水平。这种解释不仅提供了对GNN预测的偏见/公平性的全面理解,而且在建立有效但公平的GNN模型方面具有实际意义。对现实世界数据集的广泛实验验证了拟议框架在为GNN偏见提供有效的结构解释方面的有效性。可以在https://github.com/yushundong/referee上找到开源代码。
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Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have shown satisfying performance on various graph learning tasks. To achieve better fitting capability, most GNNs are with a large number of parameters, which makes these GNNs computationally expensive. Therefore, it is difficult to deploy them onto edge devices with scarce computational resources, e.g., mobile phones and wearable smart devices. Knowledge Distillation (KD) is a common solution to compress GNNs, where a light-weighted model (i.e., the student model) is encouraged to mimic the behavior of a computationally expensive GNN (i.e., the teacher GNN model). Nevertheless, most existing GNN-based KD methods lack fairness consideration. As a consequence, the student model usually inherits and even exaggerates the bias from the teacher GNN. To handle such a problem, we take initial steps towards fair knowledge distillation for GNNs. Specifically, we first formulate a novel problem of fair knowledge distillation for GNN-based teacher-student frameworks. Then we propose a principled framework named RELIANT to mitigate the bias exhibited by the student model. Notably, the design of RELIANT is decoupled from any specific teacher and student model structures, and thus can be easily adapted to various GNN-based KD frameworks. We perform extensive experiments on multiple real-world datasets, which corroborates that RELIANT achieves less biased GNN knowledge distillation while maintaining high prediction utility.
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图神经网络(GNN)在图形上学习节点表示方面表现出很大的力量。但是,他们可能会从训练数据中继承历史偏见,从而导致预测的歧视性偏见。尽管某些工作已经开发出公平的GNN,但其中大多数直接从非图形域借用了公平代表性学习技术,而没有考虑GNN中特征传播引起的敏感属性泄漏的潜在问题。但是,我们从经验上观察到,特征传播可能会改变以前无害特征与敏感特征的相关性。这可以看作是敏感信息的泄漏,可以进一步加剧预测中的歧视。因此,我们根据特征相关性设计了两个特征掩盖策略,以突出考虑特征传播和相关性变化在减轻歧视中的重要性。通过我们的分析,我们提出了公平视图图神经网络(FAIRVGNN),以通过自动识别和掩盖敏感的相关特征来生成特征的公平视图,以考虑特征传播后的相关变化。鉴于博学的公平视图,我们适应编码器的夹紧权重,以避免使用敏感相关的功能。现实世界数据集的实验表明,Fairvgnn在模型实用程序和公平性之间取得了更好的权衡。我们的代码可在https://github.com/yuwvandy/fairvgnn上公开获取。
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Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are a powerful tool for machine learning on graphs. GNNs combine node feature information with the graph structure by recursively passing neural messages along edges of the input graph. However, incorporating both graph structure and feature information leads to complex models and explaining predictions made by GNNs remains unsolved. Here we propose GNNEXPLAINER, the first general, model-agnostic approach for providing interpretable explanations for predictions of any GNN-based model on any graph-based machine learning task. Given an instance, GNNEXPLAINER identifies a compact subgraph structure and a small subset of node features that have a crucial role in GNN's prediction. Further, GNNEXPLAINER can generate consistent and concise explanations for an entire class of instances. We formulate GNNEXPLAINER as an optimization task that maximizes the mutual information between a GNN's prediction and distribution of possible subgraph structures. Experiments on synthetic and real-world graphs show that our approach can identify important graph structures as well as node features, and outperforms alternative baseline approaches by up to 43.0% in explanation accuracy. GNNEXPLAINER provides a variety of benefits, from the ability to visualize semantically relevant structures to interpretability, to giving insights into errors of faulty GNNs.
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Uncovering rationales behind predictions of graph neural networks (GNNs) has received increasing attention over recent years. Instance-level GNN explanation aims to discover critical input elements, like nodes or edges, that the target GNN relies upon for making predictions. Though various algorithms are proposed, most of them formalize this task by searching the minimal subgraph which can preserve original predictions. However, an inductive bias is deep-rooted in this framework: several subgraphs can result in the same or similar outputs as the original graphs. Consequently, they have the danger of providing spurious explanations and fail to provide consistent explanations. Applying them to explain weakly-performed GNNs would further amplify these issues. To address this problem, we theoretically examine the predictions of GNNs from the causality perspective. Two typical reasons of spurious explanations are identified: confounding effect of latent variables like distribution shift, and causal factors distinct from the original input. Observing that both confounding effects and diverse causal rationales are encoded in internal representations, we propose a simple yet effective countermeasure by aligning embeddings. Concretely, concerning potential shifts in the high-dimensional space, we design a distribution-aware alignment algorithm based on anchors. This new objective is easy to compute and can be incorporated into existing techniques with no or little effort. Theoretical analysis shows that it is in effect optimizing a more faithful explanation objective in design, which further justifies the proposed approach.
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图形神经网络(GNNS)已被证明是在预测建模任务中的Excel,其中底层数据是图形。然而,由于GNN广泛用于人以人为本的应用,因此出现了公平性问题。虽然边缘删除是用于促进GNNS中公平性的常用方法,但是当数据本质上缺少公平连接时,它就无法考虑。在这项工作中,我们考虑未删除的边缘添加方法,促进公平。我们提出了两个模型 - 不可知的算法来执行边缘编辑:蛮力方法和连续近似方法,公平。Fairedit通过利用公平损失的梯度信息来执行有效的边缘编辑,以找到改善公平性的边缘。我们发现Fairedit优于许多数据集和GNN方法的标准培训,同时表现了许多最先进的方法,展示了公平的能力,以改善许多领域和模型的公平性。
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深度学习方法正在实现许多人工智能任务上的不断增长。深层模型的一个主要局限性是它们不适合可解释性。可以通过开发事后技术来解释预测,从而产生解释性领域,从而规避这种限制。最近,关于图像和文本的深层模型的解释性取得了重大进展。在图数据的领域,图形神经网络(GNN)及其解释性正在迅速发展。但是,既没有对GNN解释性方法的统一处理,也没有标准的基准和测试床。在这项调查中,我们提供了当前GNN解释性方法的统一和分类观点。我们对这一主题的统一和分类治疗对现有方法的共同性和差异阐明了灯光,并为进一步的方法论发展奠定了基础。为了促进评估,我们生成了一组专门用于GNN解释性的基准图数据集。我们总结了当前的数据集和指标,以评估GNN的解释性。总的来说,这项工作提供了GNN解释性和评估标准化测试床的统一方法论。
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While machine learning models have achieved unprecedented success in real-world applications, they might make biased/unfair decisions for specific demographic groups and hence result in discriminative outcomes. Although research efforts have been devoted to measuring and mitigating bias, they mainly study bias from the result-oriented perspective while neglecting the bias encoded in the decision-making procedure. This results in their inability to capture procedure-oriented bias, which therefore limits the ability to have a fully debiasing method. Fortunately, with the rapid development of explainable machine learning, explanations for predictions are now available to gain insights into the procedure. In this work, we bridge the gap between fairness and explainability by presenting a novel perspective of procedure-oriented fairness based on explanations. We identify the procedure-based bias by measuring the gap of explanation quality between different groups with Ratio-based and Value-based Explanation Fairness. The new metrics further motivate us to design an optimization objective to mitigate the procedure-based bias where we observe that it will also mitigate bias from the prediction. Based on our designed optimization objective, we propose a Comprehensive Fairness Algorithm (CFA), which simultaneously fulfills multiple objectives - improving traditional fairness, satisfying explanation fairness, and maintaining the utility performance. Extensive experiments on real-world datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed CFA and highlight the importance of considering fairness from the explainability perspective. Our code is publicly available at https://github.com/YuyingZhao/FairExplanations-CFA .
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Learning fair graph representations for downstream applications is becoming increasingly important, but existing work has mostly focused on improving fairness at the global level by either modifying the graph structure or objective function without taking into account the local neighborhood of a node. In this work, we formally introduce the notion of neighborhood fairness and develop a computational framework for learning such locally fair embeddings. We argue that the notion of neighborhood fairness is more appropriate since GNN-based models operate at the local neighborhood level of a node. Our neighborhood fairness framework has two main components that are flexible for learning fair graph representations from arbitrary data: the first aims to construct fair neighborhoods for any arbitrary node in a graph and the second enables adaption of these fair neighborhoods to better capture certain application or data-dependent constraints, such as allowing neighborhoods to be more biased towards certain attributes or neighbors in the graph.Furthermore, while link prediction has been extensively studied, we are the first to investigate the graph representation learning task of fair link classification. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed neighborhood fairness framework for a variety of graph machine learning tasks including fair link prediction, link classification, and learning fair graph embeddings. Notably, our approach achieves not only better fairness but also increases the accuracy in the majority of cases across a wide variety of graphs, problem settings, and metrics.
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解释机器学习决策的问题是经过深入研究和重要的。我们对一种涉及称为图形神经网络的图形数据的特定类型的机器学习模型感兴趣。众所周知,由于缺乏公认的基准,评估图形神经网络(GNN)的可解释性方法是具有挑战性的。鉴于GNN模型,存在几种可解释性方法来解释具有多种(有时相互矛盾的)方法论的GNN模型。在本文中,我们提出了一个基准,用于评估称为Bagel的GNN的解释性方法。在百吉饼中,我们首先提出了四种不同的GNN解释评估制度 - 1)忠诚,2)稀疏性,3)正确性。 4)合理性。我们在现有文献中调和多个评估指标,并涵盖了各种概念以进行整体评估。我们的图数据集范围从引文网络,文档图,到分子和蛋白质的图。我们对四个GNN模型和九个有关节点和图形分类任务的事后解释方法进行了广泛的实证研究。我们打开基准和参考实现,并在https://github.com/mandeep-rathee/bagel-benchmark上提供它们。
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我们研究了图神经网络(GNN)的解释性,作为阐明其工作机制的一步。尽管大多数当前方法都集中在解释图节点,边缘或功能上,但我们认为,作为GNNS的固有功能机制,消息流对执行解释性更为自然。为此,我们在这里提出了一种新颖的方法,即FlowX,以通过识别重要的消息流来解释GNN。为了量化流量的重要性,我们建议遵循合作游戏理论中沙普利价值观的哲学。为了解决计算所有联盟边际贡献的复杂性,我们提出了一个近似方案,以计算类似沙普利的值,作为进一步再分配训练的初步评估。然后,我们提出一种学习算法来训练流量评分并提高解释性。关于合成和现实世界数据集的实验研究表明,我们提出的FlowX导致GNN的解释性提高。
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在高措施应用中大量部署图神经网络(GNNS)对对噪声的强大解释产生了强烈的需求,这些解释与人类的直觉很好。大多数现有方法通过识别与预测有很强相关性的输入图的子图来生成解释。这些解释对噪声并不强大,因为独立优化单个输入的相关性很容易过分拟合噪声。此外,它们与人类直觉并不十分吻合,因为从输入图中删除已识别的子图并不一定会改变预测结果。在本文中,我们提出了一种新颖的方法,可以通过在类似的输入图上明确建模GNNS的共同决策逻辑来生成对GNN的强大反事实解释。我们的解释自然对噪声是强大的,因为它们是由控制许多类似输入图的GNN的共同决策边界产生的。该解释也与人类的直觉很好地吻合,因为从输入图中的解释中删除了一组边缘,从而显着改变了预测。许多公共数据集上的详尽实验证明了我们方法的出色性能。
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由于图形神经网络(GNN)在各个域中的出色性能,因此对GNN解释问题越来越感兴趣“ \ emph {输入图的哪一部分是决定模型决定的最关键?}“现有的解释?方法集中在监督的设置,例如节点分类和图形分类上,而无监督的图形表示学习的解释仍未探索。当部署高级决策情况时,图表表示的不透明可能会导致意外风险。在本文中,我们推进了信息瓶颈原理(IB),以解决无监督的图表表示所提出的解释问题,这导致了一个新颖的原理,\ textit {无监督的子图表信息瓶颈}(USIB)。我们还理论上分析了标签空间上图表和解释子图之间的联系,这表明表示的表现力和鲁棒性有益于解释性子图的保真度。合成和现实世界数据集的实验结果证明了我们发达的解释器的优越性以及我们的理论分析的有效性。
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由于事后解释越来越多地用于了解图神经网络(GNN)的行为,因此评估GNN解释的质量和可靠性至关重要。但是,评估GNN解释的质量是具有挑战性的,因为现有的图形数据集对给定任务没有或不可靠的基础真相解释。在这里,我们介绍了一个合成图数据生成器ShapeGgen,该生成可以生成各种基准数据集(例如,不同的图形大小,度分布,同粒细胞与异性图)以及伴随着地面真相解释。此外,生成各种合成数据集和相应的基础真相解释的灵活性使我们能够模仿各种现实世界应用程序生成的数据。我们将ShapeGgen和几个现实图形数据集包括在开源图形图库GraphXai中。除了带有基础真相说明的合成和现实图形数据集外,GraphXAI还提供数据加载程序,数据处理功能,可视化器,GNN模型实现和评估指标,以基准基准GNN解释性方法的性能。
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With the increasing use of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) in critical real-world applications, several post hoc explanation methods have been proposed to understand their predictions. However, there has been no work in generating explanations on the fly during model training and utilizing them to improve the expressive power of the underlying GNN models. In this work, we introduce a novel explanation-directed neural message passing framework for GNNs, EXPASS (EXplainable message PASSing), which aggregates only embeddings from nodes and edges identified as important by a GNN explanation method. EXPASS can be used with any existing GNN architecture and subgraph-optimizing explainer to learn accurate graph embeddings. We theoretically show that EXPASS alleviates the oversmoothing problem in GNNs by slowing the layer wise loss of Dirichlet energy and that the embedding difference between the vanilla message passing and EXPASS framework can be upper bounded by the difference of their respective model weights. Our empirical results show that graph embeddings learned using EXPASS improve the predictive performance and alleviate the oversmoothing problems of GNNs, opening up new frontiers in graph machine learning to develop explanation-based training frameworks.
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公平机器学习旨在减轻模型预测的偏见,这对于关于诸如种族和性别等敏感属性的某些群体的偏见。在许多现有的公平概念中,反事实公平通过比较来自原始数据和反事实的预测来衡量因因果角度来源的模型公平。在反事实上,该个人的敏感属性值已被修改。最近,少数作品将反事实公平扩展到图数据,但大多数忽略了可能导致偏差的以下事实:1)每个节点邻居的敏感属性可能会影响预测w.r.t.这个节点; 2)敏感属性可能会导致其他特征和图形结构。为了解决这些问题,在本文中,我们提出了一种新颖的公平概念 - 图形反应性公平,这考虑了上述事实领导的偏差。要学习对图形反事实公平的节点表示,我们提出了一种基于反事实数据增强的新颖框架。在此框架中,我们生成对应于每个节点和邻居敏感属性的扰动的反应性。然后,我们通过最大限度地减少从原始图表中学到的表示与每个节点的反事实之间的差异来执行公平性。合成和真实图的实验表明,我们的框架优于图形反事实公平性的最先进的基线,并且还实现了可比的预测性能。
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近年来,图形神经网络(GNNS)在许多现实世界中的应用(例如建议和药物发现)中取得了巨大的成功。尽管取得了成功,但已将过度厚度确定为限制GNN绩效的关键问题之一。这表明由于堆叠聚合器,学到的节点表示是无法区分的。在本文中,我们提出了一种新的观点,以研究深度GNN的性能降低,即特征过度相关。通过有关此问题的经验和理论研究,我们证明了更深层次的GNN中的特征过度相关的存在,并揭示了导致该问题的潜在原因。为了减少功能相关性,我们提出了一个通用框架,可以鼓励GNN编码较少的冗余信息。广泛的实验表明,Decorr可以帮助实现更深入的GNN,并与现有的技术相辅相成。
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图形神经网络(GNN)已成为编码图形结构数据的强大工具。由于其广泛的应用程序,越来越需要开发工具来解释GNN如何做出给定的图形结构数据决定。现有的基于学习的GNN解释方法在培训中是特定于任务的,因此遭受了关键的缺点。具体而言,它们无法为使用单个解释器提供多任务预测模型的解释。在GNN以自我监督的方式训练的情况下,他们也无法提供解释,并且在未来的下游任务中使用了结果表示。为了解决这些局限性,我们提出了一个任务不合时宜的GNN解释器(TAGE),该解释器(Tage)独立于下游模型,并在自学人员的情况下接受了训练,而对下游任务不了解。 Tage可以通过看不见的下游任务来解释GNN嵌入模型,并可以有效解释多任务模型。我们的广泛实验表明,通过使用相同的模型来解释多个下游任务的预测,同时实现了与当前最新的GNN解释方法一样好甚至更好的解释质量,可以显着提高解释效率。我们的代码可公开作为DIG库的一部分,网址为https://github.com/divelab/dig/tree/main/main/dig/xgraph/tage/。
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图形神经网络(GNN)是用于建模图数据的流行机器学习方法。许多GNN在同质图上表现良好,同时在异质图上表现不佳。最近,一些研究人员将注意力转移到设计GNN,以通过调整消息传递机制或扩大消息传递的接收场来设计GNN。与从模型设计的角度来减轻异性疾病问题的现有作品不同,我们建议通过重新布线结构来从正交角度研究异质图,以减少异质性并使传统GNN的表现更好。通过全面的经验研究和分析,我们验证了重新布线方法的潜力。为了充分利用其潜力,我们提出了一种名为Deep Hertophilly Graph Rewiring(DHGR)的方法,以通过添加同粒子边缘和修剪异质边缘来重新线图。通过比较节点邻居的标签/特征 - 分布的相似性来确定重新布线的详细方法。此外,我们为DHGR设计了可扩展的实现,以确保高效率。 DHRG可以轻松地用作任何GNN的插件模块,即图形预处理步骤,包括同型和异性的GNN,以提高其在节点分类任务上的性能。据我们所知,这是研究图形的第一部重新绘图图形的作品。在11个公共图数据集上进行的广泛实验证明了我们提出的方法的优势。
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图表学习目的旨在将节点内容与图形结构集成以学习节点/图表示。然而,发现许多现有的图形学习方法在具有高异性级别的数据上不能很好地工作,这是不同类标签之间很大比例的边缘。解决这个问题的最新努力集中在改善消息传递机制上。但是,尚不清楚异质性是否确实会损害图神经网络(GNNS)的性能。关键是要展现一个节点与其直接邻居之间的关系,例如它们是异性还是同质性?从这个角度来看,我们在这里研究了杂质表示在披露连接节点之间的关系之前/之后的杂音表示的作用。特别是,我们提出了一个端到端框架,该框架既学习边缘的类型(即异性/同质性),并利用边缘类型的信息来提高图形神经网络的表现力。我们以两种不同的方式实施此框架。具体而言,为了避免通过异质边缘传递的消息,我们可以通过删除边缘分类器鉴定的异性边缘来优化图形结构。另外,可以利用有关异性邻居的存在的信息进行特征学习,因此,设计了一种混合消息传递方法来汇总同质性邻居,并根据边缘分类使异性邻居多样化。广泛的实验表明,在整个同质级别的多个数据集上,通过在多个数据集上提出的框架对GNN的绩效提高了显着提高。
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