Single-frame InfraRed Small Target (SIRST) detection has been a challenging task due to a lack of inherent characteristics, imprecise bounding box regression, a scarcity of real-world datasets, and sensitive localization evaluation. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive solution to these challenges. First, we find that the existing anchor-free label assignment method is prone to mislabeling small targets as background, leading to their omission by detectors. To overcome this issue, we propose an all-scale pseudo-box-based label assignment scheme that relaxes the constraints on scale and decouples the spatial assignment from the size of the ground-truth target. Second, motivated by the structured prior of feature pyramids, we introduce the one-stage cascade refinement network (OSCAR), which uses the high-level head as soft proposals for the low-level refinement head. This allows OSCAR to process the same target in a cascade coarse-to-fine manner. Finally, we present a new research benchmark for infrared small target detection, consisting of the SIRST-V2 dataset of real-world, high-resolution single-frame targets, the normalized contrast evaluation metric, and the DeepInfrared toolkit for detection. We conduct extensive ablation studies to evaluate the components of OSCAR and compare its performance to state-of-the-art model-driven and data-driven methods on the SIRST-V2 benchmark. Our results demonstrate that a top-down cascade refinement framework can improve the accuracy of infrared small target detection without sacrificing efficiency. The DeepInfrared toolkit, dataset, and trained models are available at https://github.com/YimianDai/open-deepinfrared to advance further research in this field.
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We propose a fully convolutional one-stage object detector (FCOS) to solve object detection in a per-pixel prediction fashion, analogue to semantic segmentation. Almost all state-of-the-art object detectors such as RetinaNet, SSD, YOLOv3, and Faster R-CNN rely on pre-defined anchor boxes. In contrast, our proposed detector FCOS is anchor box free, as well as proposal free. By eliminating the predefined set of anchor boxes, FCOS completely avoids the complicated computation related to anchor boxes such as calculating overlapping during training. More importantly, we also avoid all hyper-parameters related to anchor boxes, which are often very sensitive to the final detection performance. With the only post-processing non-maximum suppression (NMS), FCOS with ResNeXt-64x4d-101 achieves 44.7% in AP with single-model and single-scale testing, surpassing previous one-stage detectors with the advantage of being much simpler. For the first time, we demonstrate a much simpler and flexible detection framework achieving improved detection accuracy. We hope that the proposed FCOS framework can serve as a simple and strong alternative for many other instance-level tasks. Code is available at:tinyurl.com/FCOSv1
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Due to object detection's close relationship with video analysis and image understanding, it has attracted much research attention in recent years. Traditional object detection methods are built on handcrafted features and shallow trainable architectures. Their performance easily stagnates by constructing complex ensembles which combine multiple low-level image features with high-level context from object detectors and scene classifiers. With the rapid development in deep learning, more powerful tools, which are able to learn semantic, high-level, deeper features, are introduced to address the problems existing in traditional architectures. These models behave differently in network architecture, training strategy and optimization function, etc. In this paper, we provide a review on deep learning based object detection frameworks. Our review begins with a brief introduction on the history of deep learning and its representative tool, namely Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Then we focus on typical generic object detection architectures along with some modifications and useful tricks to improve detection performance further. As distinct specific detection tasks exhibit different characteristics, we also briefly survey several specific tasks, including salient object detection, face detection and pedestrian detection. Experimental analyses are also provided to compare various methods and draw some meaningful conclusions. Finally, several promising directions and tasks are provided to serve as guidelines for future work in both object detection and relevant neural network based learning systems.
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随着深度卷积神经网络的兴起,对象检测在过去几年中取得了突出的进步。但是,这种繁荣无法掩盖小物体检测(SOD)的不令人满意的情况,这是计算机视觉中臭名昭著的挑战性任务之一,这是由于视觉外观不佳和由小目标的内在结构引起的嘈杂表示。此外,用于基准小对象检测方法基准测试的大规模数据集仍然是瓶颈。在本文中,我们首先对小物体检测进行了详尽的审查。然后,为了催化SOD的发展,我们分别构建了两个大规模的小物体检测数据集(SODA),SODA-D和SODA-A,分别集中在驾驶和空中场景上。 SODA-D包括24704个高质量的交通图像和277596个9个类别的实例。对于苏打水,我们收集2510个高分辨率航空图像,并在9个类别上注释800203实例。众所周知,拟议的数据集是有史以来首次尝试使用针对多类SOD量身定制的大量注释实例进行大规模基准测试。最后,我们评估主流方法在苏打水上的性能。我们预计发布的基准可以促进SOD的发展,并产生该领域的更多突破。数据集和代码将很快在:\ url {https://shaunyuan22.github.io/soda}上。
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物体检测在计算机视觉中取得了巨大的进步。具有外观降级的小物体检测是一个突出的挑战,特别是对于鸟瞰观察。为了收集足够的阳性/阴性样本进行启发式训练,大多数物体探测器预设区域锚,以便将交叉联盟(iou)计算在地面判处符号数据上。在这种情况下,小物体经常被遗弃或误标定。在本文中,我们提出了一种有效的动态增强锚(DEA)网络,用于构建新颖的训练样本发生器。与其他最先进的技术不同,所提出的网络利用样品鉴别器来实现基于锚的单元和无锚单元之间的交互式样本筛选,以产生符合资格的样本。此外,通过基于保守的基于锚的推理方案的多任务联合训练增强了所提出的模型的性能,同时降低计算复杂性。所提出的方案支持定向和水平对象检测任务。对两个具有挑战性的空中基准(即,DotA和HRSC2016)的广泛实验表明,我们的方法以适度推理速度和用于训练的计算开销的准确性实现最先进的性能。在DotA上,我们的DEA-NET与ROI变压器的基线集成了0.40%平均平均精度(MAP)的先进方法,以便用较弱的骨干网(Resnet-101 VS Resnet-152)和3.08%平均 - 平均精度(MAP),具有相同骨干网的水平对象检测。此外,我们的DEA网与重新排列的基线一体化实现最先进的性能80.37%。在HRSC2016上,它仅使用3个水平锚点超过1.1%的最佳型号。
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大多数最先进的实例级人类解析模型都采用了两阶段的基于锚的探测器,因此无法避免启发式锚盒设计和像素级别缺乏分析。为了解决这两个问题,我们设计了一个实例级人类解析网络,该网络在像素级别上无锚固且可解决。它由两个简单的子网络组成:一个用于边界框预测的无锚检测头和一个用于人体分割的边缘引导解析头。无锚探测器的头继承了像素样的优点,并有效地避免了对象检测应用中证明的超参数的敏感性。通过引入部分感知的边界线索,边缘引导的解析头能够将相邻的人类部分与彼此区分开,最多可在一个人类实例中,甚至重叠的实例。同时,利用了精炼的头部整合盒子级别的分数和部分分析质量,以提高解析结果的质量。在两个多个人类解析数据集(即CIHP和LV-MHP-V2.0)和一个视频实例级人类解析数据集(即VIP)上进行实验,表明我们的方法实现了超过全球级别和实例级别的性能最新的一阶段自上而下的替代方案。
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面部检测是为了在图像中搜索面部的所有可能区域,并且如果有任何情况,则定位面部。包括面部识别,面部表情识别,面部跟踪和头部姿势估计的许多应用假设面部的位置和尺寸在图像中是已知的。近几十年来,研究人员从Viola-Jones脸上检测器创造了许多典型和有效的面部探测器到当前的基于CNN的CNN。然而,随着图像和视频的巨大增加,具有面部刻度的变化,外观,表达,遮挡和姿势,传统的面部探测器被挑战来检测野外面孔的各种“脸部。深度学习技术的出现带来了非凡的检测突破,以及计算的价格相当大的价格。本文介绍了代表性的深度学习的方法,并在准确性和效率方面提出了深度和全面的分析。我们进一步比较并讨论了流行的并挑战数据集及其评估指标。进行了几种成功的基于深度学习的面部探测器的全面比较,以使用两个度量来揭示其效率:拖鞋和延迟。本文可以指导为不同应用选择合适的面部探测器,也可以开发更高效和准确的探测器。
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遵循机器视觉系统在线自动化质量控制和检查过程的成功之后,这项工作中为两个不同的特定应用提供了一种对象识别解决方案,即,在医院准备在医院进行消毒的手术工具箱中检测质量控制项目,以及检测血管船体中的缺陷,以防止潜在的结构故障。该解决方案有两个阶段。首先,基于单镜头多伯克斯检测器(SSD)的特征金字塔体系结构用于改善检测性能,并采用基于地面真实的统计分析来选择一系列默认框的参数。其次,利用轻量级神经网络使用回归方法来实现定向检测结果。该方法的第一阶段能够检测两种情况下考虑的小目标。在第二阶段,尽管很简单,但在保持较高的运行效率的同时,检测细长目标是有效的。
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无锚的检测器基本上将对象检测作为密集的分类和回归。对于流行的无锚检测器,通常是引入单个预测分支来估计本地化的质量。当我们深入研究分类和质量估计的实践时,会观察到以下不一致之处。首先,对于某些分配了完全不同标签的相邻样品,训练有素的模型将产生相似的分类分数。这违反了训练目标并导致绩效退化。其次,发现检测到具有较高信心的边界框与相应的地面真相具有较小的重叠。准确的局部边界框将被非最大抑制(NMS)过程中的精确量抑制。为了解决不一致问题,提出了动态平滑标签分配(DSLA)方法。基于最初在FCO中开发的中心概念,提出了平稳的分配策略。在[0,1]中将标签平滑至连续值,以在正样品和负样品之间稳定过渡。联合(IOU)在训练过程中会动态预测,并与平滑标签结合。分配动态平滑标签以监督分类分支。在这样的监督下,质量估计分支自然合并为分类分支,这简化了无锚探测器的体系结构。全面的实验是在MS Coco基准上进行的。已经证明,DSLA可以通过减轻上述无锚固探测器的不一致来显着提高检测准确性。我们的代码在https://github.com/yonghaohe/dsla上发布。
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航空图像中的微小对象检测(TOD)是具有挑战性的,因为一个小物体只包含几个像素。最先进的对象探测器由于缺乏判别特征的监督而无法为微小对象提供令人满意的结果。我们的主要观察结果是,联合度量(IOU)及其扩展的相交对微小物体的位置偏差非常敏感,这在基于锚固的探测器中使用时会大大恶化标签分配的质量。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了一种新的评估度量标准,称为标准化的Wasserstein距离(NWD)和一个新的基于排名的分配(RKA)策略,以进行微小对象检测。提出的NWD-RKA策略可以轻松地嵌入到各种基于锚的探测器中,以取代标准的基于阈值的检测器,从而大大改善了标签分配并为网络培训提供了足够的监督信息。在四个数据集中测试,NWD-RKA可以始终如一地提高微小的对象检测性能。此外,在空中图像(AI-TOD)数据集中观察到显着的嘈杂标签,我们有动力将其重新标记并释放AI-TOD-V2及其相应的基准。在AI-TOD-V2中,丢失的注释和位置错误问题得到了大大减轻,从而促进了更可靠的培训和验证过程。将NWD-RKA嵌入探测器中,检测性能比AI-TOD-V2上的最先进竞争对手提高了4.3个AP点。数据集,代码和更多可视化可在以下网址提供:https://chasel-tsui.g​​ithub.io/ai/ai-tod-v2/
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基于无人机(UAV)基于无人机的视觉对象跟踪已实现了广泛的应用,并且由于其多功能性和有效性而引起了智能运输系统领域的越来越多的关注。作为深度学习革命性趋势的新兴力量,暹罗网络在基于无人机的对象跟踪中闪耀,其准确性,稳健性和速度有希望的平衡。由于开发了嵌入式处理器和深度神经网络的逐步优化,暹罗跟踪器获得了广泛的研究并实现了与无人机的初步组合。但是,由于无人机在板载计算资源和复杂的现实情况下,暹罗网络的空中跟踪仍然在许多方面都面临严重的障碍。为了进一步探索基于无人机的跟踪中暹罗网络的部署,这项工作对前沿暹罗跟踪器进行了全面的审查,以及使用典型的无人机板载处理器进行评估的详尽无人用分析。然后,进行板载测试以验证代表性暹罗跟踪器在现实世界无人机部署中的可行性和功效。此外,为了更好地促进跟踪社区的发展,这项工作分析了现有的暹罗跟踪器的局限性,并进行了以低弹片评估表示的其他实验。最后,深入讨论了基于无人机的智能运输系统的暹罗跟踪的前景。领先的暹罗跟踪器的统一框架,即代码库及其实验评估的结果,请访问https://github.com/vision4robotics/siamesetracking4uav。
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深神网络的对象探测器正在不断发展,并用于多种应用程序,每个应用程序都有自己的要求集。尽管关键安全应用需要高准确性和可靠性,但低延迟任务需要资源和节能网络。不断提出了实时探测器,在高影响现实世界中是必需的,但是它们过分强调了准确性和速度的提高,而其他功能(例如多功能性,鲁棒性,资源和能源效率)则被省略。现有网络的参考基准不存在,设计新网络的标准评估指南也不存在,从而导致比较模棱两可和不一致的比较。因此,我们对广泛的数据集进行了多个实时探测器(基于锚点,关键器和变压器)的全面研究,并报告了一系列广泛指标的结果。我们还研究了变量,例如图像大小,锚固尺寸,置信阈值和架构层对整体性能的影响。我们分析了检测网络的鲁棒性,以防止分配变化,自然腐败和对抗性攻击。此外,我们提供了校准分析来评估预测的可靠性。最后,为了强调现实世界的影响,我们对自动驾驶和医疗保健应用进行了两个独特的案例研究。为了进一步衡量关键实时应用程序中网络的能力,我们报告了在Edge设备上部署检测网络后的性能。我们广泛的实证研究可以作为工业界对现有网络做出明智选择的指南。我们还希望激发研究社区的设计和评估网络的新方向,该网络着重于更大而整体的概述,以实现深远的影响。
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Recent one-stage object detectors follow a per-pixel prediction approach that predicts both the object category scores and boundary positions from every single grid location. However, the most suitable positions for inferring different targets, i.e., the object category and boundaries, are generally different. Predicting all these targets from the same grid location thus may lead to sub-optimal results. In this paper, we analyze the suitable inference positions for object category and boundaries, and propose a prediction-target-decoupled detector named PDNet to establish a more flexible detection paradigm. Our PDNet with the prediction decoupling mechanism encodes different targets separately in different locations. A learnable prediction collection module is devised with two sets of dynamic points, i.e., dynamic boundary points and semantic points, to collect and aggregate the predictions from the favorable regions for localization and classification. We adopt a two-step strategy to learn these dynamic point positions, where the prior positions are estimated for different targets first, and the network further predicts residual offsets to the positions with better perceptions of the object properties. Extensive experiments on the MS COCO benchmark demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our method. With a single ResNeXt-64x4d-101-DCN as the backbone, our detector achieves 50.1 AP with single-scale testing, which outperforms the state-of-the-art methods by an appreciable margin under the same experimental settings.Moreover, our detector is highly efficient as a one-stage framework. Our code is public at https://github.com/yangli18/PDNet.
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Modern object detectors rely heavily on rectangular bounding boxes, such as anchors, proposals and the final predictions, to represent objects at various recognition stages. The bounding box is convenient to use but provides only a coarse localization of objects and leads to a correspondingly coarse extraction of object features. In this paper, we present RepPoints (representative points), a new finer representation of objects as a set of sample points useful for both localization and recognition. Given ground truth localization and recognition targets for training, RepPoints learn to automatically arrange themselves in a manner that bounds the spatial extent of an object and indicates semantically significant local areas. They furthermore do not require the use of anchors to sample a space of bounding boxes. We show that an anchor-free object detector based on RepPoints can be as effective as the state-of-the-art anchor-based detection methods, with 46.5 AP and 67.4 AP 50 on the COCO test-dev detection benchmark, using ResNet-101 model. Code is available at https://github.com/microsoft/RepPoints.
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物体检测通常需要在现代深度学习方法中基于传统或锚盒的滑动窗口分类器。但是,这些方法中的任何一个都需要框中的繁琐配置。在本文中,我们提供了一种新的透视图,其中检测对象被激励为高电平语义特征检测任务。与边缘,角落,斑点和其他特征探测器一样,所提出的探测器扫描到全部图像的特征点,卷积自然适合该特征点。但是,与这些传统的低级功能不同,所提出的探测器用于更高级别的抽象,即我们正在寻找有物体的中心点,而现代深层模型已经能够具有如此高级别的语义抽象。除了Blob检测之外,我们还预测了中心点的尺度,这也是直接的卷积。因此,在本文中,通过卷积简化了行人和面部检测作为直接的中心和规模预测任务。这样,所提出的方法享有一个无盒设置。虽然结构简单,但它对几个具有挑战性的基准呈现竞争准确性,包括行人检测和面部检测。此外,执行交叉数据集评估,证明所提出的方法的卓越泛化能力。可以访问代码和模型(https://github.com/liuwei16/csp和https://github.com/hasanirtiza/pedestron)。
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由于字体,大小,颜色和方向的各种文本变化,任意形状的场景文本检测是一项具有挑战性的任务。大多数现有基于回归的方法求助于回归文本区域的口罩或轮廓点以建模文本实例。但是,回归完整的口罩需要高训练的复杂性,并且轮廓点不足以捕获高度弯曲的文本的细节。为了解决上述限制,我们提出了一个名为TextDCT的新颖的轻巧锚文本检测框架,该框架采用离散的余弦变换(DCT)将文本掩码编码为紧凑型向量。此外,考虑到金字塔层中训练样本不平衡的数量,我们仅采用单层头来进行自上而下的预测。为了建模单层头部的多尺度文本,我们通过将缩水文本区域视为正样本,并通过融合来介绍一个新颖的积极抽样策略,并通过融合来设计特征意识模块(FAM),以实现空间意识和规模的意识丰富的上下文信息并关注更重要的功能。此外,我们提出了一种分割的非量最大抑制(S-NMS)方法,该方法可以过滤低质量的掩模回归。在四个具有挑战性的数据集上进行了广泛的实验,这表明我们的TextDCT在准确性和效率上都获得了竞争性能。具体而言,TextDCT分别以每秒17.2帧(FPS)和F-measure的F-MEASIE达到85.1,而CTW1500和Total-Text数据集的F-Measure 84.9分别为15.1 fps。
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In object detection, the intersection over union (IoU) threshold is frequently used to define positives/negatives. The threshold used to train a detector defines its quality. While the commonly used threshold of 0.5 leads to noisy (low-quality) detections, detection performance frequently degrades for larger thresholds. This paradox of high-quality detection has two causes: 1) overfitting, due to vanishing positive samples for large thresholds, and 2) inference-time quality mismatch between detector and test hypotheses. A multi-stage object detection architecture, the Cascade R-CNN, composed of a sequence of detectors trained with increasing IoU thresholds, is proposed to address these problems. The detectors are trained sequentially, using the output of a detector as training set for the next. This resampling progressively improves hypotheses quality, guaranteeing a positive training set of equivalent size for all detectors and minimizing overfitting. The same cascade is applied at inference, to eliminate quality mismatches between hypotheses and detectors. An implementation of the Cascade R-CNN without bells or whistles achieves state-of-the-art performance on the COCO dataset, and significantly improves high-quality detection on generic and specific object detection datasets, including VOC, KITTI, CityPerson, and WiderFace. Finally, the Cascade R-CNN is generalized to instance segmentation, with nontrivial improvements over the Mask R-CNN. To facilitate future research, two implementations are made available at https://github.com/zhaoweicai/cascade-rcnn (Caffe) and https://github.com/zhaoweicai/Detectron-Cascade-RCNN (Detectron).
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复杂的水下环境为物体检测带来了新的挑战,例如未平衡的光条件,低对比度,阻塞和水生生物的模仿。在这种情况下,水下相机捕获的物体将变得模糊,并且通用探测器通常会在这些模糊的物体上失败。这项工作旨在从两个角度解决问题:不确定性建模和艰难的例子采矿。我们提出了一个名为Boosting R-CNN的两阶段水下检测器,该检测器包括三个关键组件。首先,提出了一个名为RetinArpn的新区域建议网络,该网络提供了高质量的建议,并考虑了对象和IOU预测,以确定对象事先概率的不确定性。其次,引入了概率推理管道,以结合第一阶段的先验不确定性和第二阶段分类评分,以模拟最终检测分数。最后,我们提出了一种名为Boosting Reweighting的新的硬示例挖掘方法。具体而言,当区域提案网络误认为样品的对象的事先概率时,提高重新加权将在训练过程中增加R-CNN头部样品的分类损失,同时减少具有准确估计的先验的简易样品丢失。因此,可以在第二阶段获得强大的检测头。在推理阶段,R-CNN具有纠正第一阶段的误差以提高性能的能力。在两个水下数据集和两个通用对象检测数据集上进行的全面实验证明了我们方法的有效性和鲁棒性。
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检测微小的物体是一个非常具有挑战性的问题,因为一个小物体只包含几个像素的大小。我们证明,由于缺乏外观信息,最新的检测器不会对微小物体产生令人满意的结果。我们的主要观察结果是,基于联合(IOU)的相交(例如IOU本身及其扩展)对微小物体的位置偏差非常敏感,并且在基于锚固的检测器中使用时会大大恶化检测性能。为了减轻这一点,我们提出了使用Wasserstein距离进行微小对象检测的新评估度量。具体而言,我们首先将边界框建模为2D高斯分布,然后提出一个新的公制称为标准化的瓦斯汀距离(NWD),以通过相应的高斯分布来计算它们之间的相似性。提出的NWD度量可以轻松地嵌入分配中,非最大抑制作用以及任何基于锚固的检测器的损耗函数,以替换常用的IOU度量。我们在新的数据集上评估了我们的度量,以用于微小对象检测(AI-TOD),其中平均对象大小比现有对象检测数据集小得多。广泛的实验表明,在配备NWD指标时,我们的方法的性能比标准的微调基线高6.7 AP点,并且比最先进的竞争对手高6.0 AP点。代码可在以下网址提供:https://github.com/jwwangchn/nwd。
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X-ray imaging technology has been used for decades in clinical tasks to reveal the internal condition of different organs, and in recent years, it has become more common in other areas such as industry, security, and geography. The recent development of computer vision and machine learning techniques has also made it easier to automatically process X-ray images and several machine learning-based object (anomaly) detection, classification, and segmentation methods have been recently employed in X-ray image analysis. Due to the high potential of deep learning in related image processing applications, it has been used in most of the studies. This survey reviews the recent research on using computer vision and machine learning for X-ray analysis in industrial production and security applications and covers the applications, techniques, evaluation metrics, datasets, and performance comparison of those techniques on publicly available datasets. We also highlight some drawbacks in the published research and give recommendations for future research in computer vision-based X-ray analysis.
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